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Século XIX

Explosão demográfica nas grandes cidades industrializadas
Novas necessidades >> novos tipos de construções:
• ...
Os criadores destas novas tipologias foram os engenheiros que eram novos
profissionais saídos do ensino moderno e atualiza...
Ferro: desde meados do século XVIII que já era aplicado em vários tipos de
construção, principalmente pela sua plasticidad...
O início da aceitação do ferro deu-se a partir da construção do Palácio de Cristal, de Joseph
Paxton, que acolheu a Primei...
Crystal Palace, Joseph Paxton, Londres, 1851
Crystal Palace, Joseph Paxton, Londres, 1851
Crystal Palace, Joseph Paxton, Londres, 1851
Crystal Palace, Joseph Paxton, Londres, 1851
Crystal Palace, Joseph Paxton, Londres, 1851
Crystal Palace, Joseph Paxton, Londres, 1851
Crystal Palace, Joseph Paxton, Londres, 1851
Crystal Palace, Joseph Paxton, Londres, 1851
Incêndio de 30 novembro 1936
Crystal Palace, Joseph Paxton, Londres, 1851
Incêndio de 30 novembro 1936
Crystal Palace, Joseph Paxton, Londres, 1851
Alguns dias após o
Incêndio de 30 novembro 1936
Crystal Palace, Joseph Paxton, Londres, 1851
Outras realizações tiveram
igual êxito como a Torre Eiffel,
construída juntamente com a
Galeria das Máquinas para a
Exposi...
Galeria das Máquinas, 1889, Paris
Galeria das Máquinas, 1889, Paris
Giuseppe Mengoni, abóboda e cúpula em ferro e vidro do pátio central das
Galerias Vittorio Emmanuelle II, Milão, Itália, 1...
Giuseppe Mengoni, abóboda e cúpula em ferro e vidro do pátio central das Galerias
Vittorio Emmanuelle II, Milão, Itália, 1...
Em conclusão a arquitetura do Ferro e do Vidro traduziu-se em duas tendências:
1. A que seguiu uma necessidade de moderniz...
Em Portugal a utilização do ferro e do vidro foi tardia e rara…

Primeiras obras produzidas:
• Companhia de Fiação e Tecid...
Companhia de Fiação e Tecidos Lisbonense (1846-47)
Gare da Estação de Santa Apolónia – Lisboa (1865)
Outros exemplos

Elevador do Carmo ou de Santa Justa,
Raul Mesnier du Ponsard, Lisboa, 1898
Outros exemplos

Ponte D. Luís – 1886 (Porto)
Outros exemplos

Ponte D. Maria Pia – 1879 (Porto)
A arquitetura do ferro e do vidro
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A arquitetura do ferro e do vidro

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A arquitetura do ferro e do vidro nos finais do século XIX/Início do século XX

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A arquitetura do ferro e do vidro

  1. 1. Século XIX Explosão demográfica nas grandes cidades industrializadas Novas necessidades >> novos tipos de construções: • Necessidade de alojamento de milhares de trabalhadores; • Novas infraestruturas materiais para a produção e para o transporte (fábricas, armazéns, estufas, caminhos de ferro, mercados, pontes, gares, etc.); • Necessidade de aproveitamento de espaço (propicia a construção em altura);
  2. 2. Os criadores destas novas tipologias foram os engenheiros que eram novos profissionais saídos do ensino moderno e atualizado e que por isso tinham mais preparação científico-técnica: • Conhecimentos de física mecânica; • Resistência de materiais; • Geometria; • Matemática; • Utilização de novos equipamentos e novos meios construtivos; • Aproveitamento de novos materiais, produzidos industrialmente e por isso mais baratos (tijolo cozido, ferro, vidro, aço e, mais tarde, cimento e betão).
  3. 3. Ferro: desde meados do século XVIII que já era aplicado em vários tipos de construção, principalmente pela sua plasticidade e resistência, sobre a forma de barras lineares em secção de “I”, que se podiam associar entre si, criando estruturas construtivas, fáceis de montar e adaptáveis a todas as formas e dimensões. Inicialmente o seu formato em barras aplicou-se primeiro a construções abertas, como pontes, e depois da resistência e funcionalidade comprovadas foi aplicado em grandes cúpulas e coberturas mais arrojadas. Em 1830, o emprego do ferro foi generalizado nas construções, pela invenção da viga-mestra em ferro pelo francês Polonceau. Aligeiraram-se os suportes (mais finos e mais afastados), reforçaram-se alicerces, vigas e paredes mestras, sobretudo nas construções em altura. A generalização do uso do ferro também se deu pela sua resistência ao fogo. Esteticamente não era bonito e talvez por isso inicialmente ficava escondido, pela pedra, tijolo, mármore ou por formas decorativas ao gosto da época.
  4. 4. O início da aceitação do ferro deu-se a partir da construção do Palácio de Cristal, de Joseph Paxton, que acolheu a Primeira Exposição Mundial de Londres, em 1851. Crystal Palace, Joseph Paxton, Londres, 1851 Esta construção foi inovadora não só ao nível construtivo mas também ao nível estético. As paredes eram formadas por amplas e contínuas vidraças (ao estilo de uma estufa) e foi decorado por estruturas metálicas pintadas em azul e vermelho.
  5. 5. Crystal Palace, Joseph Paxton, Londres, 1851
  6. 6. Crystal Palace, Joseph Paxton, Londres, 1851
  7. 7. Crystal Palace, Joseph Paxton, Londres, 1851
  8. 8. Crystal Palace, Joseph Paxton, Londres, 1851
  9. 9. Crystal Palace, Joseph Paxton, Londres, 1851
  10. 10. Crystal Palace, Joseph Paxton, Londres, 1851
  11. 11. Crystal Palace, Joseph Paxton, Londres, 1851
  12. 12. Crystal Palace, Joseph Paxton, Londres, 1851
  13. 13. Incêndio de 30 novembro 1936 Crystal Palace, Joseph Paxton, Londres, 1851
  14. 14. Incêndio de 30 novembro 1936 Crystal Palace, Joseph Paxton, Londres, 1851
  15. 15. Alguns dias após o Incêndio de 30 novembro 1936 Crystal Palace, Joseph Paxton, Londres, 1851
  16. 16. Outras realizações tiveram igual êxito como a Torre Eiffel, construída juntamente com a Galeria das Máquinas para a Exposição Universal de Paris de 1889. Não tinha nenhum objetivo funcional, foi construída apenas para demonstrar as capacidades técnicas da nova engenharia e acabou por ficar até hoje como símbolo universal de Paris. Torre Eiffel, Gustave Eiffel, Paris, 1889
  17. 17. Galeria das Máquinas, 1889, Paris
  18. 18. Galeria das Máquinas, 1889, Paris
  19. 19. Giuseppe Mengoni, abóboda e cúpula em ferro e vidro do pátio central das Galerias Vittorio Emmanuelle II, Milão, Itália, 1865-77
  20. 20. Giuseppe Mengoni, abóboda e cúpula em ferro e vidro do pátio central das Galerias Vittorio Emmanuelle II, Milão, Itália, 1865-77
  21. 21. Em conclusão a arquitetura do Ferro e do Vidro traduziu-se em duas tendências: 1. A que seguiu uma necessidade de modernizar os sistemas e processos construtivos, aproveitando os novos materiais da industrialização e o avanço da engenharia; 2. A que promoveu o desenvolvimento de novos gostos e conceitos estéticos, que acompanhavam os novos tempos, desenvolvendo uma nova estética assente nos elementos estruturais e não nos artifícios decorativos.
  22. 22. Em Portugal a utilização do ferro e do vidro foi tardia e rara… Primeiras obras produzidas: • Companhia de Fiação e Tecidos Lisbonense (1846-47) • Palácio de Cristal – Porto (1865) [Demolido em 1951] • Gare da Estação de Santa Apolónia – Lisboa (1865) Palácio de Cristal – Porto (1865)
  23. 23. Companhia de Fiação e Tecidos Lisbonense (1846-47)
  24. 24. Gare da Estação de Santa Apolónia – Lisboa (1865)
  25. 25. Outros exemplos Elevador do Carmo ou de Santa Justa, Raul Mesnier du Ponsard, Lisboa, 1898
  26. 26. Outros exemplos Ponte D. Luís – 1886 (Porto)
  27. 27. Outros exemplos Ponte D. Maria Pia – 1879 (Porto)

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