This document discusses the musculoskeletal system, including the skeletal system, joints, and common disorders. It notes that the adult human skeleton has 206 bones, and that joints are where two bones meet to allow movement. It describes the main types of joints - fixed joints, slightly movable joints, and synovial joints, which have synovial fluid and allow the most movement. Within synovial joints it outlines the ball-and-socket, hinge, pivot, gliding, ellipsoidal, and saddle joints. Ligaments connect bone to bone and tendons connect bone to muscle. In conclusion, it briefly discusses common musculoskeletal disorders like osteoarthritis, osteomalacia, and osteoporosis.

1. Anatomy
and
Physiology
Musculoskeletal
System
Version 1 17/11/09
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2. The Skeletal System
Prefix : oste/o – referring to bone
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3. The adult human skeleton has 206 named
bones
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8. Joints
Joints are the place where two
bones meet. All of your bones,
except for one (the hyoid bone
in your neck), form a joint with
another bone. Joints hold your
bones together and allow your
rigid skeleton to move.
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9. Fixed Joints
Some of your joints, like those in your
skull, are fixed and don't allow any
movement. The bones in your skull
are held together with fibrous
connective tissue.
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11. Slightly Movable Joints
Other joints, such as those
between the vertebrae in your
spine, which are connected to
each other by pads of cartilage,
can only move a small amount.
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13. Synovial Joints
Most of your joints are 'synovial
joints'. They are movable joints
containing a lubricating liquid called
synovial fluid. Synovial joints are
predominant in your limbs where
mobility is important. Ligaments
help provide their stability and
muscles contract to produce
movement. The most common
synovial joints are:
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14. Ball & Socket
are the most mobile type of joint in the
human body. They allow you to swing
your arms and legs in many different
directions.
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16. Ellipsoidal joints
allow bending and extending, rocking
from side to side, but rotation is limited.
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18. Gliding Joints
occur between the surfaces of two flat
bones that are held together by
ligaments.
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20. Hinge Joints
enable movement similar to the
opening and closing of a hinged
door.
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22. Pivot Joint
Allows movement on one plane only in a
pivot fashion
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24. Saddle Joint
The bones in a saddle joint can rock
back and forth and from side to
side, but they have limited rotation.
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27. Ligaments:
Tendons:
connect bone to bone
connect bone to muscle
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28. Common Disorders
•OSTEOARTHRITIS – Degeneration of joints
causing pain, stiffness and limited movement.
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29. •OSTEOMALACIA – Softening of the
bones due to a deficiency of Vitamin D.
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30. •OSTEOPOROSIS – Decrease in bone
mass producing a porous skeleton.
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