2. The message is that there are
no “knowns.” There are
things we know that we
know. There are known
unknowns. That is to say
there are things that we now
know we don’t know. But
there are also unknown
unknowns. There are things
we do not know we don’t
know.
Donald Rumsfeld
(2002)
20. Mathias Klang
klang@ituniv.se or @klang67
www.digital-rights.net
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Editor's Notes
Eskatol (8 of 12) from Synne Tonidas cc by nc sa Norms: Expected patterns of behavior and belief. The underpinnings of regulation.
old man grumbling ... by * hiro008 cc by nc sa Criticism Slavoj Žižek extrapolates from these three categories a fourth, the unknown known , that which we intentionally refuse to acknowledge that we know: If Rumsfeld thinks that the main dangers in the confrontation with Iraq were the "unknown unknowns," that is, the threats from Saddam whose nature we cannot even suspect, then the Abu Ghraib scandal shows that the main dangers lie in the "unknown knowns" – the disavowed beliefs, suppositions and obscene practices we pretend not to know about, even though they form the background of our public values.
student_ipad_school - 030 By flickingerbrad cc by Mobile Social Relationships
Typical Riley Pose By peasap cc by A digital native is a person who was born during or after the general introduction of digital technologies and through interacting with digital technology from an early age, has a greater understanding of its concepts . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_native
Slum tour by Wrote CC BY NC Natives, immigrants, tourists
Conquerors from Gabo Morales cc by sa Since the publication of Edward Said's Orientalism in 1978, much academic discourse has begun to use the term "Orientalism" to refer to a general patronizing Western attitude towards Middle Eastern, Asian and North African societies. In Said's analysis, the West essentializes these societies as static and undeveloped—thereby fabricating a view of Oriental culture that can be studied, depicted, and reproduced. Implicit in this fabrication, writes Said, is the idea that Western society is developed, rational, flexible, and superior. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientalism
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Sequined Reflection from ktspix cc by nc sa
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Untitled from Alain Bachellier cc by nc sa Cultural relativism is a principle that was established as axiomatic in anthropological research by Franz Boas in the first few decades of the 20th century and later popularized by his students. Boas first articulated the idea in 1887: "... civilization is not something absolute, but ... is relative, and ... our ideas and conceptions are true only so far as our civilization goes ."[1] However, Boas did not coin the term. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_relativism
Sound of silence by Daniel Gasienica cc by nc nd Moral relativism may be any of several philosophical positions concerned with the differences in moral judgments across different people and cultures. Descriptive moral relativism holds only that some people do in fact disagree about what is moral; meta-ethical moral relativism holds that in such disagreements, nobody is objectively right or wrong ; and normative moral relativism holds that because nobody is right or wrong, we ought to tolerate the behavior of others even when we disagree about the morality of it.
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Smiling in the rain from swan-t cc by nc What norms? Whose norms?
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Eyes ! (Youth from Antikythera!) by agelakis cc by nc sa Across time and culture