The document discusses green intelligent buildings and focuses on energy. It addresses topics like global warming, renewable energy sources, air conditioning, and how environmental design affects human well-being. It provides data on issues like rising global temperatures, increasing carbon emissions, and the growth of renewable technologies. It also examines how building design can incorporate natural ventilation, daylighting, and greenery to reduce energy usage while improving occupant health and productivity.

1. Green Intelligent Buildings:Green Intelligent Buildings:
An Energy FocusAn Energy Focus
Professor Derek Clements-Professor Derek Clements-
CroomeCroome
School of Construction Management & EngineeringSchool of Construction Management & Engineering
The University of ReadingThe University of Readingwww.ibrg.rdg.ac.ukwww.ibrg.rdg.ac.uk

2.  ContradictionsContradictions
 Changes in Living, Innovation andChanges in Living, Innovation and
GlobalisationGlobalisation
 Global WarmingGlobal Warming
 Renewable EnergyRenewable Energy
 Airconditioning: For Betterment of Mankind?Airconditioning: For Betterment of Mankind?
 Environmental Design Affects Well-Being ofEnvironmental Design Affects Well-Being of
PeoplePeople
Preview

3. Ideas for ProgressIdeas for Progress

4. Fact Consequence Question
Warmer weather More airconditioning Is this sustainable?
Tighter construction Less infiltration Is this healthy?
More technology Increasing complexity Less reliability?
Rising user expectations More demands Client participative design?
Capital cost outlook Cheap ineffective solutions Mindset cultural change?
Contradictions

5. Changes in Living, InnovationChanges in Living, Innovation
and Globalisationand Globalisation

6. Source: Economic Division, Department
of Economic and Social Affairs,
United Nations, Outlook 2004, IBM

7. Source: Joseph Jacobsen, Organizational and Individual Innovation Diffusion
Global Innovation Outlook 2004, IBM, p.6

8. Source: Gartner Dataquest, June 2003
Outlook 2004, IBM

9. Wider cross sector collaboration is essential to innovation inWider cross sector collaboration is essential to innovation in
many fields.many fields.
Source: Dr. H. Fuchs, Wilhelm University of Munster in Westphalia. Courtesy: Lux Research Outlook 2004, IBM

10. The limit of current manufacturing techniques is about 5 nm
The smallest transistor that may be manufactured cost effectively is 9nm
New Technologies such as spintronics, will be needed to go below these limits
The limit of current manufacturing techniques is about 5nm
Moore’s law 1: Device Downsizing
Wong, Hiroshi, Physics World, Vol 18 No 9 Sep 05

11. Moore’s law 2: Chip Density
Wong, Hiroshi, Physics World, Vol 18 No 9 Sep 05
In the last 40 years the number of transistors that can be integrated onto a single silicon
chip contributes to Moore's law. The level of integration will depend on our ability to
interconnect transistors on the giga scale.

12. The KnowledgeThe Knowledge
Economy Index,Economy Index,
calculated by the Worldcalculated by the World
Bank Institute, is basedBank Institute, is based
on the averageon the average
performance scores of:performance scores of:
– Economic incentiveEconomic incentive
regimeregime
– EducationEducation
– InnovationInnovation
– Information andInformation and
communicationscommunications
technologytechnology
Source: Knowledge for Development,
World Bank Institute, Outlook 2004, IBM

13. Global WarmingGlobal Warming

14. Climate
Change
www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/external.php#sustain
Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate
Change 2001

15. Source: CIBSE- Climate change and the indoor environment: impacts and adaptation. TM36:2005
(UKCIP02 Scientific Report)
Global Carbon Dioxide Increases

16. World Carbon Dioxide Emissions
2001-2025
Region Carbon Dioxide emissions
(million tonnes)
2001 2010 2025
Industrialised Countries
East Europe/Russian Federation
Developing Countries
3179
856
2487
3572
1038
3075
4346
1267
4749
Total 6522 7685 10361
Energy Information Administration, US
www.eia.doe.gov/iea

17. Air pollution spreads out over
eastern China, across the
East China Sea towards
Japan in October 2004.
The haze accumulates in the
atmosphere from the burning
of carbon-based fuels.
Pollution (dark grey) is easy
to distinguish from clouds
(bright white).
The World Energy Book Issue 1 Autumn 05
Image courtesy of the SeaWiFS Project,
Nasa/Goddard Space Flight Centre and
Orbimage

18. Two photos of the same Beijing skyline
taken less than 24 hours apart
Air pollution in Beijing

19. Relative Carbon Emissions Life
Cycle Energy
System BasisSystem Basis Annual CarbonAnnual Carbon
Emission (kg/mEmission (kg/m22
))
CIBSE (2002)CIBSE (2002)
Natural Ventilation - goodNatural Ventilation - good
- typical- typical
Airconditioning - goodAirconditioning - good
- typical- typical
1313
1212
2020
2020
3737
CIBSE (2002)

20. Pollution in ChinaPollution in China

21. Pollution in BeijingPollution in Beijing

22. Renewable Energy SourcesRenewable Energy Sources

23. EIA: Wold Energy Outlook 2005

24. Africa and Asia –
national usage per
capita of electricity
(megawatt hours per
person, per year).
Against GDP growth
(%) and population
size, 2003
The Wold Energy Book Issue 1 Autumn 05

25. ChinaChina
generating-capacity additionsgenerating-capacity additions
The Wold Energy Book Issue 1 Autumn 05

26. World electricity generation by sourceWorld electricity generation by source
Share (%)Share (%) Share (%)Share (%)
Fossil FuelsFossil Fuels 64.564.5 OthersOthers 36.536.5
CoalCoal 38.738.7 NuclearNuclear 17.117.1
GasGas 18.718.7 Hydro-electricHydro-electric 16.616.6
OilOil 7.17.1 RenewablesRenewables 1.81.8
Source IEA in World Energy Book Issue 1, 2005

27. Worldwide distribution of geothermal powerWorldwide distribution of geothermal power
plants –these currently produce 0-4% of theplants –these currently produce 0-4% of the
world’s electricityworld’s electricity
Civil Engineering Nov 05 Vol. 158 Special Issue 2

28. Installed capacity of geothermalInstalled capacity of geothermal
power plants has been steadilypower plants has been steadily
growing at over 200MWe per annumgrowing at over 200MWe per annum
over the past 25 yearsover the past 25 years
Civil Engineering Nov 05 Vol. 158 Special Issue 2

29. Operational and proposed marineOperational and proposed marine
energy project worldwideenergy project worldwide

30. Annual mean wave power in deepAnnual mean wave power in deep
water around the world’s coastlines iswater around the world’s coastlines is
up to 100 MW/kmup to 100 MW/km
Civil Engineering Nov 05 Vol. 158 Special Issue 2

31. Global Consumption of Energy in 1998
Energy Source Consumption (Mtoe*) Consumption (%)
Oil 3500 41.1
Natural gas 1900 22.4
Coal 2100 24.7
Nuclear 800 9.4
Hydro-electric 200 2.4
Total 8500 100
*Mtoe = Million tonnes oil equivalent = 42 GJ. Colls (2002)

32. World ElectricityWorld Electricity
 World Primary Energy DemandWorld Primary Energy Demand
 Africa & AsiaAfrica & Asia
 China generating growthChina generating growth

33. Global Renewable Energy
Potentials
EJ thermal equivalent annual contributions (1 Exa Joule = 1018
J)
Energy Source 1990 2025 Long term
Hydro-electricity* 21 35-55 >130
Geothermal <1 4 >20
Wind - 7-10 >130
Ocean - 2 >20
Solar - 16-22 >2,600
Biomass 55 72-137 >1.300
Total 76 130-230 >4,200
* Hydropower accounts for about 19% of the world electricity supply; largest producers
are Canada, US and Brazil.
Kirkwood (1998)

35. A Predicted Expansion in
Renewable Energy Use in EU
Type of Energy 1995 2010
Biomass
Photovoltaics
Solar Collectors
Wind
Geothermal (Heatpumps)
45Mtoe*
0.03 GW
6.5 Mm2
2.5 GW
1.3 GW
135Mtoe
3GW
100 Mm2
40 GW
5 GW
* 1Mtoe = 42GJ Edwards (2002)

36. India Cambodia ThailandIndia Cambodia Thailand

37. Forecast growth rates in world solar-thermal markets. 2005-2010.
Three different scenarios for the near-term growth of micro-chp in the UK.

38. The average price of a photovoltaic module divided by its peak power versus the total
power generated by all the modules ever sold. The trend shows the cost of modules
falling by about 20% each time that sales double. (Data from Strategies Unlimited.)
Terry Peterson, Brien Fies, Sloar Power to the people,
Physics World, Energy Challenges for the 21st Century,
Volume 15, No: 7, 2002

39. Rules of Thumb for Solar
Design
Form •create sun spaces, lighting ducts, light shelves
Orientation: •main glazing to face 30 degrees either side of due south
•reduce north glazing
•minimise tree over-shadowing
•on housing estates build to a density of < 40 properties/ha
•design atriums/roof lighting in accordance with the position of the
sun in both summer and winter
Fabric:
•fabric transmission losses may be reduced by improving insulation or
by reducing the mean inside air temperature.
Rawlings (1999)

40. Airconditioning for theAirconditioning for the
Betterment of Mankind?Betterment of Mankind?

41. Reverse Cycle Systems Annual Energy Consumption
Vs National Benchmarks for Office Energy Use
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Site23-ChilledCeiling
Site24-Fancoils
Site25-DXSplit
Site26-DXSplit
Site27-DXSplit
Site28-VRFHR
Site29-VRFHR
Site30-VRFHR
Site31-VRFHR
Note: Heating & cooling energy consumption
kWh/m2
kWh/m2
Typical Practice
Good Practice
Dunn and Knight 2005

42. Cooling Only Systems Annual Energy Consumption
Vs National Benchmarks for Office Energy Use
0
50
100
150
200
Site1-All-Air
Site2-All-Air
Site3-All-Air
Site4-All-Air
Site5-All-Air
Site6-All-Air
Site7-All-Air
Site8-ChilledCeiling
Site9-ChilledCeiling
Site10-ChilledCeiling
Site11-ChilledCeiling
Site12-Fancoils
Site13-Fancoils
Site14-Fancoils
Site15-Fancoils
Site16-Fancoils
Site17-DXSplit
Site18-DXSplit
Site19-DXSplit
Site20-DXSplit
Site21-DXSplit
Site22-DXSplit
Site32-UnitaryHP
Note: Cooling energy consumption
kWh/m2
kWh/m2
Good Practice
Typical Practice
Dunn and Knight 2005

43. China supplied 75% of the
world air-conditioning
market by 2004.
Comparison of exports
from China to all regions
in 2003 and 2004.
BSRIA, Delta, Sept 04

44. Relation between MV and PD in summer for 29 air-Relation between MV and PD in summer for 29 air-
conditioned buildings and for 32 buildings with individualconditioned buildings and for 32 buildings with individual
temperature control and natural or mechanical ventilation.temperature control and natural or mechanical ventilation.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
-2 -1,5 -1 -0,5 0 0,5 1 1,5 2
Mean Vote
Percentageofdissatisfied
Natural ventilation
Mechanical ventilation
Airconditioning
Mechanical
ventilation
(11 buildings)
Natural
ventilation
(21 buildings)
PMV
Airconditioning
(29 buildings)
International Journal of Construction Innovation Magazine. 2005/2006

45. Environmental Design AffectsEnvironmental Design Affects
Well-Being of PeopleWell-Being of People

46. Stata Building at MITStata Building at MIT by Frank Gehry.
University officials sought an unconventional building
to inspire creativity
exteriorexterior
Joyce N, 2004Joyce N, 2004

47. Stata Building at MITStata Building at MIT
InteriorInterior
Joyce N, 2004Joyce N, 2004

48.  VeriFone a Californian Manufacturer, renovatedVeriFone a Californian Manufacturer, renovated
and daylit one of its buildings. Theand daylit one of its buildings. The
improvements that saved 60 percent of theimprovements that saved 60 percent of the
energy would have paid for themselves in 7.5energy would have paid for themselves in 7.5
years. The increase in productivity of more thanyears. The increase in productivity of more than
5 percent and drop in absenteeism of 45 percent5 percent and drop in absenteeism of 45 percent
brought the payback to under a year -brought the payback to under a year - a return ona return on
investment of more than 100 percent.investment of more than 100 percent.
 Lockheed built a daylit, energy-efficientLockheed built a daylit, energy-efficient
engineering development-and- design facility inengineering development-and- design facility in
Sunnyvale, California, that saves $300,000 toSunnyvale, California, that saves $300,000 to
$400,000 a year on energy bills-and$400,000 a year on energy bills-and productivityproductivity
roserose 1515 percent.percent.
Joseph J Romm Cool Companies. Earthscan, London 1999.

49. Gensler, These Four Walls, Real British Office Report, 2005

50. Life Costs and Value RatiosLife Costs and Value Ratios
Design & ConstructionDesign & Construction (X)(X)
Facilities ManagementFacilities Management (Y)(Y)
UtilisationUtilisation (Z)(Z)
ZZ >>>> YY > X> X
e.g. 80 : 8 : 1e.g. 80 : 8 : 1
Wu & Clements-Croome, 2004

51. Ideas for ProgressIdeas for Progress

52. Return Grille
(Lighting Fixture)
Upper
Space
Habitable
Space
Creation of Comfortable Space
by New HVAC Theory Floor Flow
Shimizu Corporation, Japan

53. (Ceiling Space)
Slit on Ceiling
Ventilating (Porous)
Carpet Tile
Perforated Floor
Panel
(Raised Floor)
Air-Conditioner
Ventilating (Porous) Carpet Tile Perforated Floor Panel
Floor Ventilation by Shimizu Corporation, Japan

54. Bedzed Energy
Development

55. How the Zed system Works
Gasified wood technology
provides heat and electricity to
the entire site with zero net CO2
emissions

56. Lewis, The Times, 26 Jan 06

57. Fuel Cell TypesFuel Cell Types
PEMFCPEMFC -- Proton Exchange Membrane FuelProton Exchange Membrane Fuel
CellsCells
PAFCPAFC -- Phosphoric Acid Fuel CellsPhosphoric Acid Fuel Cells
SOFCSOFC -- Solid Oxide Fuel CellsSolid Oxide Fuel Cells
MCFCMCFC -- Molten Carbonate Fuel CellsMolten Carbonate Fuel Cells
AlkalineAlkaline -- Alkaline Fuel CellsAlkaline Fuel Cells
Regenerative -Regenerative - Regenerative Fuel CellsRegenerative Fuel Cells
DMFCDMFC -- Direct Methanol Fuel CellsDirect Methanol Fuel Cells
ZAFCZAFC -- Zinc-Air Fuel CellsZinc-Air Fuel Cells
PCFCPCFC -- Protonic Ceramic Fuel CellsProtonic Ceramic Fuel Cells
Fuel Cells for Offices, BCO Guide April 2004

58. Fuel Cell Types -CharacteristicsFuel Cell Types -Characteristics
Fuel Cells for Offices, BCO Guide April 2004

59. Projected Commercialization of Fuel CellsProjected Commercialization of Fuel Cells
Image: Courtesy of Rolls Royce Fuel Cell Systems Fuel Cells for Offices, BCO Guide April 2004

60. How to adapt a 1960s office block to the UK'sHow to adapt a 1960s office block to the UK's
changing climate?changing climate?
upgrade the windows to double glazing
Increase fabric insulation and air tightness
Use solar shading
Expose the thermal mass in concrete floor
slabs by removing suspended ceilings
Use automatically controllable mechanical
ventilation via an underfloor airsupply
system
Use nighttime cooling in summer
Reclaim heat from the exhaust air in winter
Use water-chilled beams to provide
additional cooling when temperatures go
above 25°C
Bennett, Building Design, Oct 05, Issue 1693

61. Façade Swiss Journal, 3/05
Genzyme
Headquarters,
Cambridge, MA
6-Climate Systems
7-Atrium
8-Lighting in Atrium

62. Façade Swiss Journal, 3/05
Genzyme
Headquarters,
Cambridge, MA
Double Façade Design

63. IntegratedIntegrated
RenewableRenewable
Energy atEnergy at
Beaufort CourtBeaufort Court
225 kW Wind Turbine
Photovoltaic/Thermal
Solar Array
Crop Store
PV Invertors
1500 m3
Water
Heat Sink
Biomass Crop
(Miscanthus)
Crop Shedder
Electrical Import/Export Meters
Exhaust Air
Fr
es
h
Ai
r
Irrigation
80m Deep
Borehole in Chalk
Aquifer for Cooling
Wood Fuel (Miscanthus)
Boilers and Gas Fired Backup
Boilers
Renewable Energy Centre
Max Fordham and Partners

64. Lessons from Animals:Lessons from Animals:
BiomimeticsBiomimetics

65. Sensory Filiform Hairs of Crickets:
Detection of Predators
The filiform sensing
hairs are located on
the cerci (from a few
tens in young, up to
500+ in adults)
cerci
Filiform hair
length varies
between 100 μm
and 1500 μm

66. (Seidel, 2004)
(Dangles et al., 2004)
Array of filiform hairs
in cricket’s cerci
Detail of hair insertion structure
into exocuticle

67. Airflow SensorsAirflow Sensors
 Variation between 200-2000µm in lengthVariation between 200-2000µm in length
 Detection of frequencies between 20 and 2000HzDetection of frequencies between 20 and 2000Hz
 Sensitivity: deflection of 0.05° corresponding to aSensitivity: deflection of 0.05° corresponding to a
displacement less than 1nm.displacement less than 1nm.

68. ConclusionsConclusions
 Biomimetics tries to extract good ideas from NatureBiomimetics tries to extract good ideas from Nature
 Insect Flow Sensors consist of hairs, which detect theInsect Flow Sensors consist of hairs, which detect the
direction of small currents of airdirection of small currents of air
 Modern Imaging Techniques allow us to build exactModern Imaging Techniques allow us to build exact
virtual replicatesvirtual replicates
 MicroElectroMechanical Systems made out of SiliconMicroElectroMechanical Systems made out of Silicon
may be able to mimic insect flow sensors in the futuremay be able to mimic insect flow sensors in the future

69.  Ventilation systems in buildingsVentilation systems in buildings
 Blood vessel flow monitoringBlood vessel flow monitoring
 Wing shape optimizationsWing shape optimizations
 Highly accurate sensing devices forHighly accurate sensing devices for
scientific usescientific use
Where Does that Take Us?Where Does that Take Us?

70. New MaterialsNew Materials

71. Key Grand ChallengesKey Grand Challenges
Lawrence, 2004, New Technologies and Smart Textiles for Industry and Fashion
Energy
Develop materials to be used in energy
storage, generation and transportation
cleaner, lower cost, sustainable energy
Security
New materials and measurement devices
for protection against acts of terrorism and
crime detecting dangerous
substances and organisms
Shelter
Production of new materials and practices
that are sustainable for large scale housing
issues

72. Key Grand ChallengesKey Grand Challenges
Lawrence, 2004, New Technologies and Smart Textiles for Industry and Fashion
Medical & Healthcare
Develop treatment therapies and
procedures as radical improvements
to current methods
Development of self-assembly to
synthesis and manufacture of
complex materials
Communications
Manufacture of electronics components
for personal communication systems
and health monitoring

73. NanotechnologyNanotechnology

74. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles with a smooth
surface may be used as an anti-adhesive
coating for windows or spectacle lenses
Annabelle Hett, Small matter many unknowns, Ingenia, march 2005, issue 22,

75. Scanning electron micrograph of nanospheres filling one of the tiny
holes that cause sensitive teeth (Leeds University)
Reid, Institude of Physics, Interactions, Oct 2005

76. Embedded Sensors inEmbedded Sensors in
Buildings. Equipment andBuildings. Equipment and
ClothingClothing

77. Occupants lifestyle affectOccupants lifestyle affect
energy consumptionenergy consumption
Embedded sensors helpEmbedded sensors help
occupants to save money andoccupants to save money and
society save energysociety save energy

78. Eleksen, 2004, New Technologies and Smart Textiles for Industry and Fashion , Dec 2004
Intelligent Homes

79. Sensory TranslationSensory Translation
Pearson 2004 New Technologies and Smart Textiles for Industry and Fashion

80. CLOTHING IN 2020?
 Embedded computing within textiles
 Clothes that read-out body processes
 Clothes that ‘talk’
 The end of washing and ironing?
Greenfield, 2004, New Technologies and Smart Textiles for Industry and Fashion

81. Bolger, The Times, Tue, 3 Jan 06

82. Using Electrical Energy of Human BodyUsing Electrical Energy of Human Body
Times, July 14, p.40, World News, 2005Times, July 14, p.40, World News, 2005

83. Past & Future Patterns of Working
Past Future
Wyatt., T.,
2003,

84. Meeting the ChallengesMeeting the Challenges
 Processes, Products (Systems), People IntegrationProcesses, Products (Systems), People Integration
 Whole Life ValueWhole Life Value
 Cross-Sectoral LearningCross-Sectoral Learning
 Design for Sustainable Healthy EnvironmentsDesign for Sustainable Healthy Environments
 Consider Environmental, Economic and SocialConsider Environmental, Economic and Social
ValuesValues
 Use Innovation as an EnablerUse Innovation as an Enabler
 Building Services Engineers become Architect-Building Services Engineers become Architect-
EngineersEngineers

85. Control and Maintenance of cleanliness of air handling system
Commissioning Periodic Inspection
Visually
Clean?
Clearly
Unclean?
Acceptable
Cleanliness
Level?
Objective
Measurements
Documentation
Cleaning
Verification
A Procedure to evaluate and maintain the cleanliness in ventilation system
Pasanen & Holopanen, ReHVA Workshops, Clima 2005
No
Yes

86. Performance of school work as a function of outdoor air supply ratePerformance of school work as a function of outdoor air supply rate
Boerstra et al, Rehva Workshops Clima 2005

87. Average, maximum and minimum CO2 concentrations in 11DutchAverage, maximum and minimum CO2 concentrations in 11Dutch
Primary schools (source: Dijken et ai, 2005)Primary schools (source: Dijken et ai, 2005)
Boerstra et al, Rehva Workshops Clima 2005

88. Change in performance per 10 L/s per person increase of outdoor air supply rate
Seppanen et al, Rehva Workshops Clima 2005

89. Change in performance per 1o
C increase in indoor temperature
Seppanen et al, Rehva Workshops Clima 2005

90. Relative Performance of office work as a function of perceived indoor air quality
Seppanen et al, Rehva Workshops Clima 2005

91. Relative sick-leave as a function of ventilation Seppanen et al, Rehva Workshops Clima 2005

92. Schematic diagram of four humanSchematic diagram of four human
circadian rhythmscircadian rhythms
Source: CIE, 2004 in
Chung 2005 Int Lighting Symposium Proceedings, Hong Kong

93. Status of the World’s generation IIIStatus of the World’s generation III
fusion reactorsfusion reactors
Civil Engineering Nov 05 Vol. 158 Special Issue 2

94. Less than half of Europe’s technicallyLess than half of Europe’s technically
feasible hydropower resources have sofeasible hydropower resources have so
far been exploitedfar been exploited
(source: Aqua-media Int)(source: Aqua-media Int)
Civil Engineering Nov 05 Vol. 158 Special Issue 2

95. Three categoriesThree categories
 >150 °C: primarily for power generation>150 °C: primarily for power generation
 40-150 °C: large-scale heating and process40-150 °C: large-scale heating and process
applications with some limited and low-applications with some limited and low-
efficiency power generationefficiency power generation
 <40 °C: mostly used with heat pumps on<40 °C: mostly used with heat pumps on
closed-loop ('ground source'), open-loop andclosed-loop ('ground source'), open-loop and
mine-water source systems to provide heating,mine-water source systems to provide heating,
cooling and hot water.cooling and hot water.
Civil Engineering Nov 05 Vol. 158 Special Issue 2

96. Countries generating more thanCountries generating more than
10% of their electricity from10% of their electricity from
geothermal power plantsgeothermal power plants
Civil Engineering Nov 05 Vol. 158 Special Issue 2

97. Essential FeaturesEssential Features
 heated geological formations, accessible atheated geological formations, accessible at
a temperature appropriate for the applicationa temperature appropriate for the application
 substantial permeability and heat transfersubstantial permeability and heat transfer
contact area between the groundwater and thecontact area between the groundwater and the
heated rockheated rock
 sustained aquifer support for the thermalsustained aquifer support for the thermal
reservoir to keep the groundwater supply fullyreservoir to keep the groundwater supply fully
fed and maintain production.fed and maintain production.

98. China faces serious challenges to improving
welfare in socially and environmentally
sustainable manner
 Low per capita GDP and energy consumption
 Industrialization and urbanization
 Transformation of domestic political economy
 Integration into world markets
 Changing role of government
 Environmental protection enforcement
 High uncertainty regarding improvement
structure (move away from solid fuels)
Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratories, 2004

99. Comparison among scenarios shows
potential for substantial energy demand
reduction
Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratories, 2004

100. Carbon dioxide emissions following the
A1B-C (left) and B2-C (right) scenario.
National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM). Bilthoven. The
Netherlands. Energy Research Institute (ERI). Beijing. China.

101. Primary energy use in the alternative B1-C
(left) and A1F-C (right) scenarios.
Note: NTE = Non thermal electricity (Nuclear, solar, wind).
National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM). Bilthoven. The
Netherlands. Energy Research Institute (ERI). Beijing. China.

102. Primary Energy Intensities for 6 Representative
Regions out of the 11 Wold Regions, 1970–96,
and in Three Cases, 1990–2020
Nakicenovic (Austria) WORLD ENERGY ASSESSMENT: ENERGY AND THE CHALLENGE OF

103. Nakicenovic (Austria) WORLD ENERGY ASSESSMENT: ENERGY AND THE CHALLENGE OF

104. Regional Distribution of PopulationRegional Distribution of Population
1950- 20501950- 2050
Source: United NationsSource: United Nations World Populations Prospects:World Populations Prospects:

105. MeasuringMeasuring
SolarSolar
InsolationInsolation
(Source: Earth Observatory,(Source: Earth Observatory,
NASA)NASA)

106. World cell/module shipmentsWorld cell/module shipments
1993-20001993-2000
(consumer and commercials)(consumer and commercials)
World Energy Council 2005

107. China -two-thirds of the territory receiving in excess of 4.6 kWh/m2/dayChina -two-thirds of the territory receiving in excess of 4.6 kWh/m2/day
solar radiation.solar radiation.
In 1996 there were the following installations utilising solarIn 1996 there were the following installations utilising solar
energy:energy:
 720 million m2 solar green houses;720 million m2 solar green houses;
 390 000 ha of polyethylene film-covered green houses;390 000 ha of polyethylene film-covered green houses;
 62 million m2 solar heated pigsties;62 million m2 solar heated pigsties;
 >8 million m2 (aperture area) of solar water heaters (of>8 million m2 (aperture area) of solar water heaters (of
which 5.24 million m2 were in rural areas);which 5.24 million m2 were in rural areas);
 7.4 million m2 passive solar residential houses (of which7.4 million m2 passive solar residential houses (of which
4.56 million m2 were in rural areas);4.56 million m2 were in rural areas);
 7 MW PV panels;7 MW PV panels;
 195 000 solar cooker units.195 000 solar cooker units.
Renewable resources will account for 0.7% of the totalRenewable resources will account for 0.7% of the total
commercial energy consumption by end-2005 and forcommercial energy consumption by end-2005 and for
2% by 2015.2% by 2015.

108. DELIVERING SUSTAINABILITY:DELIVERING SUSTAINABILITY:
 Keep all energy options openKeep all energy options open
 Ensure the necessary investment in energyEnsure the necessary investment in energy
infrastructureinfrastructure
 Adopt a pragmatic approach to market reformAdopt a pragmatic approach to market reform
 Place priority on the measures needed to ensurePlace priority on the measures needed to ensure
reliability of supplyreliability of supply
 Promote regional integration of energy supply systemsPromote regional integration of energy supply systems
 Exploit the "win-win" opportunities of emerging climateExploit the "win-win" opportunities of emerging climate
change responseschange responses
 Ensure technical innovationEnsure technical innovation
 Foster and sustain public understanding and trustFoster and sustain public understanding and trust
World Energy Council 2005

109. A Key Growth B Reference C Ecology Driven
World Energy Council 2005

110. World Energy Council 2005

111. World Energy Council 2005

112. World Energy Council 2005

113. World Energy Council 2005

114. Carbon NanotubesCarbon Nanotubes
Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical carbon molecules with novel properties that
make them potentially useful in a wide variety of applications. They exhibit
extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties, and are efficient
conductors of heat.