Bye Bye Cowboy-Coder
days!

What do developers do for living?
Change the code!

Four Reasons to Change Software
• Adding a feature
• Fixing a bug
• Improving the design
• Optimizing resource usage

Changing Software
Adding a
Feature
Fixing a Bug Refactoring Optimizing
Structure Changes Changes Changes
New
Changes
Functionality
Functionality Changes
Resource
Usage
Changes

Preserving behavior
Existing Behavior New Behavior

Risky Change
1. What changes do we have to make?
2. How will we know that we've done them correctly?
3. How will we know that we haven't broken anything?

How?

Working with Feedback!
Yes, Unit Tests…

Few qualities of Unit Tests
• They run fast
• They help us localize problems

Dependencies…
• No way to run separately
• Takes time to load
• Hard to localize problem

GUI Tests
Integration
Tests
Unit Tests

GUI Tests
Integration
Tests
Unit Tests

Lag Time
Time to fix/Price
1 Minute 10 Minutes 1 Hour 1 Day 1 Week
Time to fix/Price

The Legacy Code Dilemma
When we change code, we should have tests in place. To put
tests in place, we often have to change code.

The Legacy Code Change Algorithm
1. Identify change points
2. Find test points
3. Break dependencies
4. Write tests
5. Make changes and refactor

Sensing and Separation
• We break dependencies to sense when we can't access
values our code computes
• We break dependencies to separate when we can't even get
a piece of code into a test harness to run

Faking Collaborators
• Fake Objects
• Mock Objects
• Nothing!

Sprout

Sprout Method
1. Identify where to change
2. Wdown a method call and then comment it out.
3. Determine what local variables you need for the call
4. Determine return value
5. Develop the sprout method using test-driven development
6. Remove the comment in the source method

Sprout Class
1. Identify where you need to make your code change.
2. Write class in that place, and call a method; then
comment those lines out
3. Determine what local variables you need from the source
method, and make them arguments to the classes'
constructor
4. Determine return values to the source method and add a
call in the source method to receive those values.
5. Develop the sprout class test first
6. Remove the comment in the source

Wrap

Wrap Method
1. Identify a method you need to change
2. If the change can be formulated as a single sequence of
statements in one place, develop a new method for it
using test-driven development
3. Create another method that calls the new method and the
old method

Wrap Class
1. Identify a method where you need to make a change.
2. Create a class that accepts the class you are going to
wrap as a constructor argument.
3. Create a method on that class, using test-driven
development.
4. Write another method that calls the new method and the
old method on the wrapped class
5. Instantiate the wrapper class in your code in the place
where you need to enable the new behavior

TDD and Legacy Code
1. Get the class you want to change under test
2. Write a failing test case
3. Get it to compile
4. Make it pass (Try not to change existing code as you do
this)
5. Remove duplication
6. Repeat

Allways check if tests are testing
1. Write test and new code in separate changelist
2. Shelve new code change list
3. Ensure tests are failing

Characterization Tests
1. Use a piece of code in a test harness
2. Write an assertion that you know will fail - let the
failure tell you what the behavior is
3. Change the test so that it expects the behavior that
the code produces
4. Repeat

I Can't Get This Class into a Test
Harness
• Lean on the Compiler
• Extract Interface
• Extract Implementer
• Subclass and Override Method
• Parameterize Constructor
• Parameterize Method
• Extract and Override Getter
• Extract and Override Factory Method
• Singleton Design Pattern

When All Else Fails, Do Some Scratch
Refactoring

Questions?

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