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The current development of technology and scientificresearch may give rise to several applications on human beings. In this context, emerging technologies can further foster the applications on human beings and pave the way for new and incisive research towards human enhancement (HE). 2 Thanks to emerging technologies, HE can be more effective and represent a concrete challenge for present societies, also in Europe. Scientists of the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, for instance, recently created a brain-synthesized estrogen that influences the synaptic structure, function and cognitive processes by augmenting the networks among neurons (Svrivastava et al. 2010). Thus it could be a case of future brain-doping.
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In addition, surveillance of the public by companies or by other individuals should be subject to conditions, and again, the opinion addresses the principles that govern these forms of ‘commercial’ or individual surveillance, and the manner in which the data so gathered may be used as part of a data mining or profiling system by private entities or the state. The digital revolution and subsequent advances in mobile, wireless and networked devices have significantly contributed to the development of security and surveillance technologies. New technologies offer the possibility of recording the everyday activities of billions of individuals across the globe. Our mobile phones can identify and pinpoint our location at any given moment, loyalty cards allow commercial entities to analyse our spending and track our personal preferences, keystroke software monitors our performance and productivity in the workplace and our electronic communications can be screened for key words or phrases by intelligence services. Moreover, personal data concerning our health, employment, travel and electronic communications are stored in databases, and data mining techniques allow for large amounts of personal data from these disparate sources to be organised and analysed, thereby facilitating the discovery of previously unknown relationships within these data. Security technologies are no longer discrete; the trend is toward convergence, creating more powerful networked systems. Thus, our everyday lives are scrutinised by many actors as never before, all made possible by developments in technology together with political choices or lack thereof.
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AHS may be that f... system In this deliverable, the protection and promotion of human rights is explored in connection with various case-studies in robotics, bionics, and AI agent technologies. This is done along various dimensions, prominently including human dignity, autonomy, responsibility, privacy,liberty, fairness, justice, and personal identity. Ethical case-studies in robotics concern learning robots, unmanned combat air vehicles,robot companions, surgery robots, and a robotic street cleaning system. Case-studies illustrating current developments of the field with imminent potential applications comprise the robotic street cleaning system, surgery robots, and the unmanned air vehicles. Robots making extensive use of learning capabilities and robots acting as companions to human beings represent somewhat more distant possibilities, enabling one to connect in meaningful ways an analysis of short-term ethical issues in robotics with a pro-active interest in longterm ethical issues. The bionics case-studies considered here concern specific kinds of implants in the human body, investing the human peripheral or central nervous system, and other kinds of noninvasive brain-computer interfaces. These case-studies are closely related to the robotics case-studies, insofar as these bionic technologies enable one to connect to and often control robotic effectors and sensors. Ethical issues examined in connection with these technologies concern both a short-term perspective, mostly arising from their therapeutic uses, and a longterm perspective, mostly arising from the possibility of extending communication, control, cognitive, and perceptual capabilities of both disabled and non-disabled individuals. This networking of humans with both robotic and computer-based information systems motivates the inclusion of a case-study about AI agent technologies in this report, concerning systems that have been with us for quite a while, that is, adaptive hypermedia systems for educational applications. These technologies enable one to design and implement software agents that are similar to robotic agents, also from an ethical standpoint, insofar as they are capable of, e.g., autonomous action, reasoning, perception, and planning. Ethical issues examined in this report will be amplified from the convergence of softbot and robotic technologies directly interacting with human beings and other biological systems by means of bionic interfaces. This long-term perspective shows that the case-studies examined here - which are significant in their own right from the isolated perspectives of robotics,bionics, and AI - can soon become parts of broader ethical problems that we will have to address and come with in the near future.
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The identity [r]evolution is happening. Who are you, who am I in the information society ? In recent years, the convergence of several factors – technological, political, economic – has accelerated a fundamental change in our networked world. On a technological level, information becomes easier to gather, to store, to exchange and to process. The belief that more information brings more security has been a strong political driver to promote information gathering since September 11. Profiling intends to transform information into knowledge in order to anticipate one’s behaviour, or needs, or preferences. It can lead to categorizations according to some specific risk criteria, for example, or to direct and personalized marketing. As a consequence, new forms of identities appear. They are not necessarily related to our names anymore. They are based on information, on traces that we leave when we act or interact, when we go somewhere or just stay in one place, or even sometimes when we make a choice. They are related to the SIM cards of our mobile phones, to our credit card numbers, to the pseudonyms that we use on the Internet, to our email addresses, to the IP addresses of our computers, to our profiles… Like traditional identities, these new forms of identities can allow us to distinguish an individual within a group of people, or describe this person as belonging to a community or a category.
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For ages, humans have developed cures for diseases and devised techniques which make the hardships of life more endurable. All these were believed to make human life more humane, i.e. to help humans to live out their inherent (natural, God-given) potentiality to a fuller extent. Recent technology, known as human enhancement, challenges this 'natural'normativity: going beyond restoring wellbeing and optimizing human potentiality, enhancement also develops capacities which can, in a sense, be called new. Chemicals have become available that increase physical performance in, for example the field of sports. Other chemicals enhance psychological endurance, mood, and cognition. Work is in progress on developing functional implants within the body, such as computer chips integrated in the brain, with the aim of enhancing performance beyond what humans are naturally capable of. Changes are being made to body cells and systems, and techniques are being discussed to change human genes. Finally, techniques are being developed, and in part already applied, which extend the human life-span. Human Enhancement is about trying to make changes to minds and bodies – to characteristics, abilities, emotions and capacities – beyond what we currently regard as normal.
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The Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues (Bioethics Commission) is an advisory panel of the nation’s leaders in medicine, science, ethics, religion, law, and engineering. The Bioethics Commission advises the President on bioethical issues arising from advances in biomedicine and related areas of science and technology. The Bioethics Commission seeks to identify and promote policies and practices that ensure scientific research, health care delivery, and technological innovation are conducted in a socially and ethically responsible manner. For more information about the Bioethics Commission, please see http://www. bioethics.gov.
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Such human enhancements may include brain modifications to increae memory or reasoning capabilities, alterations to biochemistry to increase resilience to the environment or the creation of new capacities. It may also include living for much longer or alterations to our appearance to make us more attractive or more aesthetically distinct.
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The above discussion focused on compensation (or restitution) through providing medical care or the funds to remunerate participants in human subjects research for the direct costs of medical care for injuries that have proximately resulted from their participation in research.
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The current development of technology and scientificresearch may give rise to several applications on human beings. In this context, emerging technologies can further foster the applications on human beings and pave the way for new and incisive research towards human enhancement (HE). 2 Thanks to emerging technologies, HE can be more effective and represent a concrete challenge for present societies, also in Europe. Scientists of the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, for instance, recently created a brain-synthesized estrogen that influences the synaptic structure, function and cognitive processes by augmenting the networks among neurons (Svrivastava et al. 2010). Thus it could be a case of future brain-doping.
A rights based model of governance - the case of human enhancement
A rights based model of governance - the case of human enhancement
Karlos Svoboda
Evropská dohoda o experimentech "Cindy"
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Karlos Svoboda
In addition, surveillance of the public by companies or by other individuals should be subject to conditions, and again, the opinion addresses the principles that govern these forms of ‘commercial’ or individual surveillance, and the manner in which the data so gathered may be used as part of a data mining or profiling system by private entities or the state. The digital revolution and subsequent advances in mobile, wireless and networked devices have significantly contributed to the development of security and surveillance technologies. New technologies offer the possibility of recording the everyday activities of billions of individuals across the globe. Our mobile phones can identify and pinpoint our location at any given moment, loyalty cards allow commercial entities to analyse our spending and track our personal preferences, keystroke software monitors our performance and productivity in the workplace and our electronic communications can be screened for key words or phrases by intelligence services. Moreover, personal data concerning our health, employment, travel and electronic communications are stored in databases, and data mining techniques allow for large amounts of personal data from these disparate sources to be organised and analysed, thereby facilitating the discovery of previously unknown relationships within these data. Security technologies are no longer discrete; the trend is toward convergence, creating more powerful networked systems. Thus, our everyday lives are scrutinised by many actors as never before, all made possible by developments in technology together with political choices or lack thereof.
Ethics of security and surveillance technologies opinion 28
Ethics of security and surveillance technologies opinion 28
Karlos Svoboda
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AHS may be that f... system In this deliverable, the protection and promotion of human rights is explored in connection with various case-studies in robotics, bionics, and AI agent technologies. This is done along various dimensions, prominently including human dignity, autonomy, responsibility, privacy,liberty, fairness, justice, and personal identity. Ethical case-studies in robotics concern learning robots, unmanned combat air vehicles,robot companions, surgery robots, and a robotic street cleaning system. Case-studies illustrating current developments of the field with imminent potential applications comprise the robotic street cleaning system, surgery robots, and the unmanned air vehicles. Robots making extensive use of learning capabilities and robots acting as companions to human beings represent somewhat more distant possibilities, enabling one to connect in meaningful ways an analysis of short-term ethical issues in robotics with a pro-active interest in longterm ethical issues. The bionics case-studies considered here concern specific kinds of implants in the human body, investing the human peripheral or central nervous system, and other kinds of noninvasive brain-computer interfaces. These case-studies are closely related to the robotics case-studies, insofar as these bionic technologies enable one to connect to and often control robotic effectors and sensors. Ethical issues examined in connection with these technologies concern both a short-term perspective, mostly arising from their therapeutic uses, and a longterm perspective, mostly arising from the possibility of extending communication, control, cognitive, and perceptual capabilities of both disabled and non-disabled individuals. This networking of humans with both robotic and computer-based information systems motivates the inclusion of a case-study about AI agent technologies in this report, concerning systems that have been with us for quite a while, that is, adaptive hypermedia systems for educational applications. These technologies enable one to design and implement software agents that are similar to robotic agents, also from an ethical standpoint, insofar as they are capable of, e.g., autonomous action, reasoning, perception, and planning. Ethical issues examined in this report will be amplified from the convergence of softbot and robotic technologies directly interacting with human beings and other biological systems by means of bionic interfaces. This long-term perspective shows that the case-studies examined here - which are significant in their own right from the isolated perspectives of robotics,bionics, and AI - can soon become parts of broader ethical problems that we will have to address and come with in the near future.
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Emerging Technoethics of Human Interaction with Communication, Bionic and Rob...
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Some futurists and artificial intelligence experts envision credible scenarios in which synthetic brains will, within this century, extend the functionality of our own brains to the point where they will rival and then surpass the power of an or-ganic human brain. At the same time, humans seem to have no limitations when it comes to finding ways to attack the computerized devices that others have invent-ed. Attackers have successfully compromised computers, mobile phones, ATMs, telephone networks, and even networked power grids. If neural devices fulfill the promise of treatment, and enhance our quality of lives and functionality—which appears likely, given the preliminary clinical success demonstrated from neuropros-thetics— their use and adoption will likely grow in the future. When this happens, inevitably, a wide variety of legal, security, and public policy concerns will follow. We will begin this article with an overview of brain implants and neural devic-es and their likely uses in the future. We will then discuss the legal issues that will arise from the intersection among neural devices, information security, cybercrime, and the law.
Neural devices will change humankind
Neural devices will change humankind
Karlos Svoboda
The aim of this report is to provide a review of current developments in nanotechnology, ubiquitous computing and what is increasingly being referred to as “domotics” – the integration of domestic architectures (domus) with information systems and devices (imformatics). The report will also provide a preliminary analysis of the potential impacts of these developments on the right to privacy and to data protection. These areas of technological development represent the convergence of two domains of current research – nanoscience and distributed computing. Much of the existing literature suggests that advances in nanotechnology are likely to operate as a underlying suite of techniques that will enable the development of miniaturised and distributed information systems and the integration of informatics devices into a range of everyday consumer goods and household architectures. As we outline below the convergence of nanotechnology and research in ubiquitous and distributed systems is likely to result in the development of a range of new sensor technologies and advances in surveillance and monitoring techniques, deployed in civilian, military and security contexts. For these reasons advances in nanotechnology and ubiquitous computing are likely to intensify existing concerns associated with data collection and the right to privacy. In order to provide some background to our review of these issues in this section of the report we outline definitions of the field and current trends in surveillance, data-mining and monitoring.
Nanotechnology, ubiquitous computing and the internet of things
Nanotechnology, ubiquitous computing and the internet of things
Karlos Svoboda
The identity [r]evolution is happening. Who are you, who am I in the information society ? In recent years, the convergence of several factors – technological, political, economic – has accelerated a fundamental change in our networked world. On a technological level, information becomes easier to gather, to store, to exchange and to process. The belief that more information brings more security has been a strong political driver to promote information gathering since September 11. Profiling intends to transform information into knowledge in order to anticipate one’s behaviour, or needs, or preferences. It can lead to categorizations according to some specific risk criteria, for example, or to direct and personalized marketing. As a consequence, new forms of identities appear. They are not necessarily related to our names anymore. They are based on information, on traces that we leave when we act or interact, when we go somewhere or just stay in one place, or even sometimes when we make a choice. They are related to the SIM cards of our mobile phones, to our credit card numbers, to the pseudonyms that we use on the Internet, to our email addresses, to the IP addresses of our computers, to our profiles… Like traditional identities, these new forms of identities can allow us to distinguish an individual within a group of people, or describe this person as belonging to a community or a category.
Identity REvolution multi disciplinary perspectives
Identity REvolution multi disciplinary perspectives
Karlos Svoboda
Medical body are network
MBAN medical body area network - first report and order
MBAN medical body area network - first report and order
Karlos Svoboda
This essay aims to spark a wave of public and political debate about a series of new products already showered out over you, the volume of which will continue to increase during the coming years. This essay takes a serious look at the trend that technology is rapidly nesting itself in between us, very close to us and even within us, increasingly coming to know us and even receiving human traits. In short, we have become human-machine mixtures, cyborgs.
Intimate technology - the battle for our body and behaviour
Intimate technology - the battle for our body and behaviour
Karlos Svoboda
For ages, humans have developed cures for diseases and devised techniques which make the hardships of life more endurable. All these were believed to make human life more humane, i.e. to help humans to live out their inherent (natural, God-given) potentiality to a fuller extent. Recent technology, known as human enhancement, challenges this 'natural'normativity: going beyond restoring wellbeing and optimizing human potentiality, enhancement also develops capacities which can, in a sense, be called new. Chemicals have become available that increase physical performance in, for example the field of sports. Other chemicals enhance psychological endurance, mood, and cognition. Work is in progress on developing functional implants within the body, such as computer chips integrated in the brain, with the aim of enhancing performance beyond what humans are naturally capable of. Changes are being made to body cells and systems, and techniques are being discussed to change human genes. Finally, techniques are being developed, and in part already applied, which extend the human life-span. Human Enhancement is about trying to make changes to minds and bodies – to characteristics, abilities, emotions and capacities – beyond what we currently regard as normal.
Human enhancement
Human enhancement
Karlos Svoboda
The STOA project ‘Making Perfect Life’ looked into four fields of 21st century bioengineering: engineering of living artefacts, engineering of the body, engineering of the brain, and engineering of intelligent artefacts. This report describes the main results of the project. The report shows how developments in the four fields of bio-engineering are shaped by two megatrends: “biology becoming technology” and “technology becoming biology”. These developments result in a broadening of the bioengineering debate in our society. The report addresses the long term viewsthat are inspiring this debate and discusses a multitude of ethical, legal and social issues that arise from bioengineering developments in the fields described. Against this background four specific developments are studied in more detail: the rise of human genome sequencing, the market introduction of neurodevices, the capturing by information technology of the psychological and physiological states of users, and the pursuit of standardisation in synthetic biology. These developments are taken in this report as a starting point for an analysis of some of the main European governance challenges in 21st century bio-engineering.
Making perfect life european governance challenges in 21st Century Bio-engine...
Making perfect life european governance challenges in 21st Century Bio-engine...
Karlos Svoboda
AmI
Ambient intelligence
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Karlos Svoboda
The Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues (Bioethics Commission) is an advisory panel of the nation’s leaders in medicine, science, ethics, religion, law, and engineering. The Bioethics Commission advises the President on bioethical issues arising from advances in biomedicine and related areas of science and technology. The Bioethics Commission seeks to identify and promote policies and practices that ensure scientific research, health care delivery, and technological innovation are conducted in a socially and ethically responsible manner. For more information about the Bioethics Commission, please see http://www. bioethics.gov.
GRAY MATTERS Integrative Approaches for Neuroscience, Ethics, and Society
GRAY MATTERS Integrative Approaches for Neuroscience, Ethics, and Society
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Such human enhancements may include brain modifications to increae memory or reasoning capabilities, alterations to biochemistry to increase resilience to the environment or the creation of new capacities. It may also include living for much longer or alterations to our appearance to make us more attractive or more aesthetically distinct.
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Values and ethics for the 21st century
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The above discussion focused on compensation (or restitution) through providing medical care or the funds to remunerate participants in human subjects research for the direct costs of medical care for injuries that have proximately resulted from their participation in research.
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A rights based model of governance - the case of human enhancement
A rights based model of governance - the case of human enhancement
Evropská dohoda o ochraně obratlovců
Evropská dohoda o ochraně obratlovců
Ethics of security and surveillance technologies opinion 28
Ethics of security and surveillance technologies opinion 28
Ethical aspect of ICT Implants in the Human body
Ethical aspect of ICT Implants in the Human body
Emerging Technoethics of Human Interaction with Communication, Bionic and Rob...
Emerging Technoethics of Human Interaction with Communication, Bionic and Rob...
Neural devices will change humankind
Neural devices will change humankind
Nanotechnology, ubiquitous computing and the internet of things
Nanotechnology, ubiquitous computing and the internet of things
Identity REvolution multi disciplinary perspectives
Identity REvolution multi disciplinary perspectives
MBAN medical body area network - first report and order
MBAN medical body area network - first report and order
Intimate technology - the battle for our body and behaviour
Intimate technology - the battle for our body and behaviour
Human enhancement
Human enhancement
Making perfect life european governance challenges in 21st Century Bio-engine...
Making perfect life european governance challenges in 21st Century Bio-engine...
Ambient intelligence
Ambient intelligence
GRAY MATTERS Integrative Approaches for Neuroscience, Ethics, and Society
GRAY MATTERS Integrative Approaches for Neuroscience, Ethics, and Society
Neuroscience, mental privacy and the law
Neuroscience, mental privacy and the law
Biotechnology and science probing the mind
Biotechnology and science probing the mind
Values and ethics for the 21st century
Values and ethics for the 21st century
Protecting participants in human research
Protecting participants in human research
Boosting brainpower
Boosting brainpower
Brain machine interface and limb reanimation
Brain machine interface and limb reanimation
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