1.
Towards A Digital Repository of Ship-Operations: The Capture & Management of A Maritime Knowledge-base for Safety & Education<br />Kalyan Chatterjea1,Rose Alinda2,Pradeep Chandrasen Nadkar3<br />1 Head, Research & Consultancy, Malaysian Maritime Academy, Malacca, Malaysia [kchatterjea@alam.edu.my] <br />2 Professor Computer Science, Dean, Graduate School (Engg.), University Technology Malaysia [alinda@utm.my]<br />3 Director, Training & Education, Malaysian Maritime Academy, Malacca, Malaysia [kchatterjea@alam.edu.my]<br />

2.
Towards A Digital Repository of Ship-Operations<br /><ul><li>Introduction

3.
Knowledge-capture & Repository Building

4.
Knowledge-capture Arena

5.
Knowledge-capture Methodology

6.
Information and Knowledge visualization

7.
Domain and Task Ontology

8.
Knowledge capture at sea

9.
Digital Repository

10.
Conclusion</li></ul>Source: Novak& Cañas, 2008<br />Digital Ship Singapore 2009 22nd - 23rd Sept.<br />2<br />2<br />

11.
Towards A Digital Repository of Ship-Operations:INTRODUCTION<br /><ul><li>In a survey by the Delphi Group (Schoonover, 2006), it was discovered that more than 40% of the knowledge of an organization exists solely in the brains of their employees. </li></ul>Digital Ship Singapore 2009 22nd - 23rd Sept.<br />3<br />3<br />

12.
Towards A Digital Repository of Ship-Operations:INTRODUCTION<br />I shall discuss <br /><ul><li>Capture of the knowledge and experiences of the ships officers/ engineers

13.
Built up over the years & which is constantly enriched through on board exposure and experience. </li></ul>Digital Ship Singapore 2009 22nd - 23rd Sept.<br />4<br />4<br />

14.
Towards A Digital Repository of Ship-Operations:INTRODUCTION<br />Capt Nicholas Cooper<br /><ul><li> Expressed his concern in Seaways (September, 2009)

15.
About the danger of a possible depletion of this knowledge-base due to the reduced sea-time built into the training of cadets and junior officers.</li></ul>Digital Ship Singapore 2009 22nd - 23rd Sept.<br />5<br />5<br />

16.
Towards A Digital Repository of Ship-Operations:INTRODUCTION<br /><ul><li>While referring to traditional training in MET Institutes, Dr Barry Strauch of US National Transportation Safety Board, said in the US Merchant Marine Academy (USMMA) Seminar on Bridge Resource Management (Strauch, 2008) that “Traditional training primarily:

17.
Ensures familiarity

18.
Overlooks proficiency

19.
Overlooks most challenges presented by highly automated systems”</li></ul>Digital Ship Singapore 2009 22nd - 23rd Sept.<br />6<br />6<br />

20.
Towards A Digital Repository of Ship-Operations:INTRODUCTION<br />At the same conference, Captain George Sandberg, Professor and Director of Nautical Science Simulation at the US Merchant Marine Academy said<br /> <br /><ul><li>"Advanced navigation systems are being fitted and used aboard ships at a rate faster than best practices are established.

21.
Many ships today are using ECDIS routinely, but the best practice for the use of that equipment has not really been established.

22.
Do the majority of today's mariners know how to use this new equipment effectively or correctly?

23.
And, of even more concern, due to self-teaching, do they really understand the capabilities of the equipment, or do they have misunderstandings of how to use it?"</li></ul>Digital Ship Singapore 2009 22nd - 23rd Sept.<br />7<br />7<br />

24.
Towards A Digital Repository of Ship-Operations:INTRODUCTION<br />Recognizing that in today’s shipboard practice, <br /><ul><li>Procedural changes are very dynamic, it becomes evident that MET institutions require

25.
Constant updating and

26.
Revision of knowledge delivery using technology

27.
In order to keep pace and remain relevant in the fast changing maritime industry.</li></ul>Digital Ship Singapore 2009 22nd - 23rd Sept.<br />8<br />

28.
<ul><li>Managing teaching and learning at the MET institutions is also becoming increasingly more challenging. </li></ul>Digital Ship Singapore 2009 22nd - 23rd Sept.<br />9<br />Towards A Digital Repository of Ship-Operations:INTRODUCTION<br />9<br />

29.
<ul><li>In previous decades, MET lecturers could fall back on their own rich and varied shipboard experiences.

30.
Today some find themselves lacking in many areas of operational knowledge, whilst others may be lacking on knowledge of the latest equipment on board.

31.
The books, which once used to be good sources of information are also dated and cannot provide the updated knowledge sought by ships’ officers and MET lecturers.</li></ul>Digital Ship Singapore 2009 22nd - 23rd Sept.<br />10<br />Towards A Digital Repository of Ship-Operations:INTRODUCTION<br />10<br />

32.
Digital Ship Singapore 2009 22nd - 23rd Sept.<br />11<br />Towards A Digital Repository of Ship-Operations:KNOWLEDGE CAPTURE & REPOSITORY BUILDINGKnowledge-capture Arena<br />Serova (2009) revealed <br />findings at Intel, <br />when they studied <br />contributions of various <br />learning sources towards <br />actual productivity <br />at the workplace. <br />11<br />

33.
12<br />Towards A Digital Repository of Ship-Operations:KNOWLEDGE CAPTURE & REPOSITORY BUILDINGKnowledge-capture Arena<br /><ul><li>Hence, capturing through work-integrated leaning appears lucrative, especially in maritime, where learners frequently revisit MET institutions to fulfill their STCW requirements.

34.
This allows for a shipboard knowledge-capture arena , which could function as a knowledge-lab for learners. </li></ul>Digital Ship Singapore 2009 22nd - 23rd Sept.<br />12<br />

35.
Digital Ship Singapore 2009 22nd - 23rd Sept.<br />13<br />Towards A Digital Repository of Ship-Operations:KNOWLEDGE CAPTURE & REPOSITORY BUILDINGKnowledge-capture Arena<br /><ul><li>Given the right assignmentsand adequate guidance, the learner could help populate and update the institutional knowledgebase with regular update cycles.</li></ul>13<br />

36.
<ul><li>Stephen Downes (2004.) says: Knowledge Capture “consists of being able to capture those artifacts, of being able to recognize the salient features of the context of transmission, of being able to store them in digital form, and of being able to recognize new contexts in which the same transmission would be of value. Though this sounds daunting, it has already been accomplished in simple form; the trick is to make it work with the complexity and richness of actual human communication.”</li></ul>Digital Ship Singapore 2009 22nd - 23rd Sept.<br />14<br />Towards A Digital Repository of Ship-Operations:KNOWLEDGE CAPTURE & REPOSITORY BUILDINGKnowledge-capture Methodology<br />14<br />

37.
<ul><li>To simplify the shipboard experience transfer to the MET Institute, we plan to build the domain knowledge using

38.
Concept maps, which are frequently used for knowledge elicitation and visual depiction of knowledge

39.
Concept maps describe a domain using simple graphical representation of concepts, which are shown as nodes and the relationships between these concepts are sown as arcs.

40.
Earlier work: Chatterjea, 2006; Chatterjea and Nakazawa, 2007; Chatterjea and Nakazawa, 2008.</li></ul>Digital Ship Singapore 2009 22nd - 23rd Sept.<br />15<br />Towards A Digital Repository of Ship-Operations:KNOWLEDGE CAPTURE & REPOSITORY BUILDINGKnowledge-capture Methodology<br />15<br />

41.
<ul><li>“Information visualization has been a research topic for many years, leading to a mature field where guidelines and practices are well established.

42.
Knowledge visualization, in contrast, is a relatively new area of research that has received more attention recently due to the interest from the business community in Knowledge Management.”[ Cañas et al. 2005]</li></ul>Digital Ship Singapore 2009 22nd - 23rd Sept.<br />16<br />Towards A Digital Repository of Ship-Operations:KNOWLEDGE CAPTURE & REPOSITORY BUILDINGInformation and Knowledge visualization<br />16<br />

43.
Digital Ship Singapore 2009 22nd - 23rd Sept.<br />17<br />Towards A Digital Repository of Ship-Operations:KNOWLEDGE CAPTURE & REPOSITORY BUILDINGInformation and Knowledge visualization<br />17<br />

44.
Digital Ship Singapore 2009 22nd - 23rd Sept.<br />18<br />Towards A Digital Repository of Ship-Operations:KNOWLEDGE CAPTURE & REPOSITORY BUILDINGInformation and Knowledge visualization<br />18<br />

45.
Digital Ship Singapore 2009 22nd - 23rd Sept.<br />19<br />Towards A Digital Repository of Ship-Operations:KNOWLEDGE CAPTURE & REPOSITORY BUILDINGInformation and Knowledge visualization<br />19<br />

46.
<ul><li>“Ontological analysis clarifies the structure of knowledge.

47.
The first reason is that they form the heart of any system of knowledge representation.

48.
If we do not have the conceptualizations that underlie knowledge, then we do not have a vocabulary for representing knowledge.

49.
Thus the first step in knowledge representation is performing an effective ontological analysis of some field of knowledge.” (Chandrasekaran et al., 1998)</li></ul>Digital Ship Singapore 2009 22nd - 23rd Sept.<br />20<br />Towards A Digital Repository of Ship-Operations:KNOWLEDGE CAPTURE & REPOSITORY BUILDINGDomain and Task Ontology<br />20<br />

50.
<ul><li>A domain ontology is a formalisation of the knowledge in a subject area (domain) such as stability, navigation, thermodynamics etc.

51.
This could be considered as static knowledge from a particular perspective and is frequently referred to as declarative and classificatory (Ferguson-Hessler and de Jong, 1990; Cañas and Novak, 2006).

52.
It is usually arranged hierarchically. </li></ul>Digital Ship Singapore 2009 22nd - 23rd Sept.<br />21<br />Towards A Digital Repository of Ship-Operations:KNOWLEDGE CAPTURE & REPOSITORY BUILDINGDomain and Task Ontology<br />21<br />

53.
Digital Ship Singapore 2009 22nd - 23rd Sept.<br />22<br />Towards A Digital Repository of Ship-Operations:KNOWLEDGE CAPTURE & REPOSITORY BUILDINGDomain and Task Ontology<br />22<br />

54.
Digital Ship Singapore 2009 22nd - 23rd Sept.<br />23<br />Towards A Digital Repository of Ship-Operations:KNOWLEDGE CAPTURE & REPOSITORY BUILDINGDomain and Task Ontology<br />23<br />

55.
Digital Ship Singapore 2009 22nd - 23rd Sept.<br />24<br />Towards A Digital Repository of Ship-Operations:KNOWLEDGE CAPTURE & REPOSITORY BUILDINGDomain and Task Ontology<br /><ul><li>Task ontology is a formalisation of the knowledge necessary to solve a specific problem or task e.g. warming up the propulsion engine, changing over fuel or making fast of the vessel after arriving port</li></ul>24<br />

56.
<ul><li>Perhaps, the easiest channel of capturing updated operational knowledge from the practitioners is when our engineers/officers go to sea for their sea-time and get exposed to both domain ontology as well as the procedural knowledge as practiced on board. </li></ul>Digital Ship Singapore 2009 22nd - 23rd Sept.<br />25<br />Towards A Digital Repository of Ship-Operations:KNOWLEDGE CAPTURE & REPOSITORY BUILDINGKnowledge capture at sea<br />25<br />

57.
<ul><li>Appropriate assignments should be given to the engineers and officers to capture these ontologies.

58.
The process will ensure currency of both types of the ontologies discussed earlier and as the engineers/ officers are placed on various ships, the different case-studies captured will enrich the knowledge-base with adequate diversity.

59.
Thus, the trainee officers/engineers would be asked to develop their portfolios of organised knowledge, which could be vetted by seniors on the ships and by the facilitators at the MET Institute, before these are allowed to populate a digital repository at the Institute. </li></ul>Digital Ship Singapore 2009 22nd - 23rd Sept.<br />26<br />Towards A Digital Repository of Ship-Operations:KNOWLEDGE CAPTURE & REPOSITORY BUILDINGKnowledge capture at sea<br />26<br />

60.
Digital Ship Singapore 2009 22nd - 23rd Sept.<br />27<br />Towards A Digital Repository of Ship-Operations:KNOWLEDGE CAPTURE & REPOSITORY BUILDINGProject Scope<br />1, 2 & 3<br />27<br />

61.
<ul><li>Visual ontologies with resources attached to nodes lend themselves as efficient knowledge organisers and are reported to be suitable for digital libraries or repositories with text-based searching facility.

62.
Concept maps created by learners serve as summarization of a domain. </li></ul>Digital Ship Singapore 2009 22nd - 23rd Sept.<br />28<br />Towards A Digital Repository of Ship-Operations:KNOWLEDGE CAPTURE & REPOSITORY BUILDINGDigital Repository<br />28<br />

63.
<ul><li>The planned repository will be capable of renewal and updating of shipboard operational knowledge with dynamic inputs from shipboard practitioners.

64.
This will serve the learner community well at the MET institutions and over a period of time, will have the potential to provide just-in-time knowledge for solving ships’ operational problems.</li></ul>Digital Ship Singapore 2009 22nd - 23rd Sept.<br />29<br />Towards A Digital Repository of Ship-Operations:KNOWLEDGE CAPTURE & REPOSITORY BUILDINGDigital Repository<br />29<br />

65.
<ul><li>The paper described a large-scale knowledge-based project plan to improve teaching and learning undertaken at the Malaysian Maritime Academy.

66.
The experience gained in smaller pilot projects earlier; provide the impetus for this project.

67.
The project has the potential to reduce the knowledge and proficiency gaps for the mariners of the future and thereby improve operational safety and reduce human error.

68.
For successful implementation, the project will need to get the support of industry stakeholders as well as technology support from the academia. </li></ul>Digital Ship Singapore 2009 22nd - 23rd Sept.<br />30<br />Towards A Digital Repository of Ship-Operations:CONCLUSION<br />30<br />

69.
Thank you!<br />Digital Ship Singapore 2009 22nd - 23rd Sept.<br />31<br />Towards A Digital Repository of Ship-Operations: The Capture & Management of A Maritime Knowledge-base for Safety & Education<br />31<br />