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Space heating

Achieving interior thermal comfort
        in a cold climate


                                          Royal
                                     Agricultural
                                        College
What is space heating?
• Technical term for providing heat to
  raise the internal environmental
  temperature.
• Space heating can be achieved with
  stand alone heaters, e.g. open fire
  places: local heating
• More efficiently achieved with a
  single heat source which distributes
  heat round the building using a heat        Royal
                                         Agricultural
  transfer medium: central heating          College
Open fires: nice but… you need
                                   lots, they are dirty, uncontrolled,
                                   need constant fresh air




Central heating: one heat source
with a heat distribution system.
Complicated but controllable




                                                                              Royal
                                                                         Agricultural
                                                                            College
Why do we need it?

• Good question
 –By careful design and
  building management it is
  almost possible to manage
  without it.

                                   Royal
                              Agricultural
                                 College
“Laws” of thermodynamics
• Heat flows from a hot body to a cold
  body until the two are at equal
  temperatures
  – Understanding and controlling heat flow
    is the key to space heating design
• Energy can neither be created nor
  destroyed. It can only change forms
  – Managing sources of energy, in
    different forms, is the challenge of           Royal
    space heating design                      Agricultural
                                                 College
Basics of heat flow




                           Royal
                      Agricultural
                         College
Basics of heat flow




                           Royal
                      Agricultural
                         College
Basics of heat flow




            Barrier to heat flow:
            Insulation




                                         Royal
                                    Agricultural
                                       College
Controlling heat loss
• Reducing heat loss through the
  building envelope reduces the need
  for space heating.
• The thermal conductivity of a
  wall, floor or roof enclosure is called
  its “U” value
  – Watts of power lost per square metre for
    each degree centigrade temperature
    difference: W/m2 OC                             Royal
                                               Agricultural
                                                  College
U value in practice
                                 Inside temp
                                    10 OC


                             Difference in
               1m2 of wall   temperature between
                             inside and outside is
                             1OC
                             The amount of heat
                             travelling through one
                             m2 of wall is the U
                             value
Outside temp                 Acceptable U values:
    9 OC                     Walls - 0.35 W/m2 OC
                             Roofs - 0.16 W/m2 OC          Royal
                                                      Agricultural
                                                         College
U value calculation for a wall
   plaster
                         • Thermal resistivity of 1 m2 for
             blockwork
insulation                 1mm thickness of each material
                           in wall found from published
                           data
                         • Resistivity multiplied by actual
                           thickness of materials
                         • All resistances added, plus
                           theoretical resistances for
                           boundary layers of air, to give
                           total thermal resistance of 1 m2
                           wall = R
                         • Reciprocal of R = 1/R = U value
                         • Must be 0.35 W/m2 OC or less
                           to satisfy current Building             Royal
             brickwork
                           Regulations                        Agricultural
                                                                 College
Heat loss calculation


• Wall area = 500m2 U value = 0.35 W/m2 OC    loss =175W OC
  Roof area = 100m2 U value = 0.16 W/m2 OC   loss = 16W OC




                                                                   Royal
                                                              Agricultural
                                                                 College
Heat loss calculation


• Wall area = 500m2 U value = 0.35 W/m2 OC loss =175W OC
  Roof area = 100m2 U value = 0.16 W/m2 OC loss = 16W OC
• The external “design temperature” in England is -1OC
  The internal design temperature is what you want, say 22OC
  Temperature difference is 23OC




                                                                    Royal
                                                               Agricultural
                                                                  College
Heat loss calculation


• Wall area = 500m2 U value = 0.35 W/m2 OC loss =175W OC
  Roof area = 100m2 U value = 0.16 W/m2 OC loss = 16W OC
• The external “design temperature” in England is -1OC
  The internal design temperature is what you want, say 22OC
  Temperature difference is 23OC
• Heat loss through walls = 175 X 23 = 4,025W
  Heat loss through roof = 16 X 23 = 368W
  Total heat loss =      4,025 + 368 = 4,393W approx 4.5KW

                                                                    Royal
                                                               Agricultural
                                                                  College
Heat loss calculation


• Wall area = 500m2 U value = 0.35 W/m2 OC loss =175W OC
  Roof area = 100m2 U value = 0.16 W/m2 OC loss = 16W OC
• The external “design temperature” in England is -1OC
  The internal design temperature is what you want, say 22OC
  Temperature difference is 23OC
• Heat loss through walls = 175 X 23 = 4,025W
  Heat loss through roof = 16 X 23 = 368W
  Total heat loss =       4,025 + 368 = 4,393W approx 4.5KW
• Disregarding floors, windows, doors etc. this house will need a
  space heating input of about 4.5KW to keep it warm on a cold           Royal
                                                                    Agricultural
  English winter’s day
                                                                       College
Environmental heat input
• The space heating system is not the only
  source of heat.
  – 100W bulbs produces about 80W of waste
    heat
  – A sedentary person produces about 100W of
    heat
  – So if there are four people reading by the light
    of 4 light bulbs, they are producing about
    780W of heat, say roughly 1KW
• The boiler only needs to make up the
  3.5KW difference                                          Royal
                                                       Agricultural
                                                          College
The law of unintended
       consequences
• We are being encouraged and required by
  central governments to change heat
  producing lights bulbs for lower energy
  replacements.




                                                 Royal
                                            Agricultural
                                               College
The law of unintended
       consequences
• We are being encouraged and required by
  central governments to change heat
  producing lights bulbs for lower energy
  replacements.
• This saves around 1.5KW of electricity
  needs for lighting in a house




                                                 Royal
                                            Agricultural
                                               College
The law of unintended
       consequences
• We are being encouraged and required by
  central governments to change heat
  producing lights bulbs for lower energy
  replacements.
• This saves around 1.5KW of electricity
  needs for lighting in a house
• In the winter we loose about 1.5KW of
  heating which came from those bulbs

                                                 Royal
                                            Agricultural
                                               College
The law of unintended
        consequences
• We are being encouraged and required by
  central governments to change heat
  producing lights bulbs for lower energy
  replacements.
• This saves around 1.5KW of electricity
  needs for lighting in a house
• In the winter we loose about 1.5KW of
  heating which came from those bulbs
• In the winter we are all turning our boilers
  up as a consequence, wiping out much of             Royal
                                                 Agricultural
  the intended energy saving.                       College
The basics of central
           heating
• Fuel (chemical energy) is burned in
  one location to raise the temperature
  of a “heat transfer medium”.
• The heat transfer medium is moved
  to a distant location where the heat is
  needed through a “heat distribution
  system”
• At the distant location the heat
  transfer medium gives up its heat to           Royal
                                            Agricultural
  the local environment.                       College
Energy sources
• Overwhelmingly space heating
  energy sources are biological fuels
  – Oil, coal, natural gas
  – Bio mass, bio gas
• When they burn, they are combined
  with oxygen to create water and
  carbon dioxide, releasing heat
  energy during this “exothermic
  reaction”                                  Royal
                                        Agricultural
                                           College
Central heat source
• The heat source is usually a boiler, where water
  is heated
• It can be a heat exchanger where air is
  heated, but these are less efficient and little used
  unless there is a need for mechanical ventilation.
• Size of boiler chosen after carrying out heat loss
  calculations and adding in predictable
  environmental heating inputs




                                                              Royal
                                                         Agricultural
                                                            College
Heat transfer media
• A transfer medium is a fluid which can
  move heat from source to destination
• The desirable medium properties are
   – high thermal capacity (it can hold a lot of heat
     in a small volume)
   – Ease of control
   – Non-hazardous
• Water is ideal in most situations
• Steam is useful in large scale installations
• Air is much less efficient due to its low                  Royal
                                                        Agricultural
  thermal capacity                                         College
Heat distribution system
• Water: pipework, usually copper or
  stainless steel if it needs to be strong
• Steam: high pressure, large diameter
  pipes with integral insulation
• Air: large ducts with minimum
  number of corners, interruptions or
  leaks

                                                  Royal
                                             Agricultural
                                                College
Hot water pipework
• Pipes should be insulated when they
  pass through unheated spaces: roof
  spaces, under ground floors
• Pipes are not usually insulated where
  they pass through the heated part of
  the house, as the heat they radiate
  contributes to warming the house
• Pipe work must be kept full, must be
  ventilated at high level and must            Royal
                                          Agricultural
  have drainage taps at all low points       College
Local heat emission
• Where the heat is needed, the
  surface area of the pipework is
  maximised to emit as much heat as
  possible
• This can be done through
  radiators, convector units or under
  floor pipe networks

                                             Royal
                                        Agricultural
                                           College
Radiators
•Radiant heat and natural
convection currents
•Simple and largely fail safe




                                     Royal
                                Agricultural
                                   College
Convector units




•Air is blown over hot water pipes by a fan.
•Very hot water can be used, which is efficient
•Can be combined with ventilation using outside air intake.                Royal
                                                                      Agricultural
•Can be served by chilled water pipes from an air conditioning unit
                                                                         College
•Noisy but very good where intermittent use is needed
Under floor heating
         • Entire floor is a radiator
         • Expensive to install
         • Efficient in areas where constant
         heating is needed,
         • Inefficient for intermittent heating
         • Insulation must be placed below
         hot pipes




                                                       Royal
                                                  Agricultural
                                                     College
System control
• Electronic control systems have increased
  the efficiency of heating systems more
  than any other technology
• Time switches on boilers
• Thermostats for radiators in rooms
• Zoning of buildings with separate controls
  for each zone
• Remote control via mobile phones/internet

                                                    Royal
                                               Agricultural
                                                  College
District heating
• Central district boiler
• Steam pumped to
  individual buildings
• Heat exchangers in each building
  heats water for radiators in the
  building
• Can be highly efficient in urban
  locations for large developments
                                          Royal
• Loss of personal control           Agricultural
                                        College
Professional advice
• Space heating systems are amongst the
  biggest consumers of fossil fuels and
  biggest contributors to green house gas
  (CO2) emissions nationally
• The design of any new building should aim
  to reduce the need for space heating to a
  minimum
• In all but the simplest installations, the
  systems should be designed by a qualified
  services engineer to minimise their               Royal
  environmental impact                         Agricultural
                                                  College

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Space heating

  • 1. Space heating Achieving interior thermal comfort in a cold climate Royal Agricultural College
  • 2. What is space heating? • Technical term for providing heat to raise the internal environmental temperature. • Space heating can be achieved with stand alone heaters, e.g. open fire places: local heating • More efficiently achieved with a single heat source which distributes heat round the building using a heat Royal Agricultural transfer medium: central heating College
  • 3. Open fires: nice but… you need lots, they are dirty, uncontrolled, need constant fresh air Central heating: one heat source with a heat distribution system. Complicated but controllable Royal Agricultural College
  • 4. Why do we need it? • Good question –By careful design and building management it is almost possible to manage without it. Royal Agricultural College
  • 5. “Laws” of thermodynamics • Heat flows from a hot body to a cold body until the two are at equal temperatures – Understanding and controlling heat flow is the key to space heating design • Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It can only change forms – Managing sources of energy, in different forms, is the challenge of Royal space heating design Agricultural College
  • 6. Basics of heat flow Royal Agricultural College
  • 7. Basics of heat flow Royal Agricultural College
  • 8. Basics of heat flow Barrier to heat flow: Insulation Royal Agricultural College
  • 9. Controlling heat loss • Reducing heat loss through the building envelope reduces the need for space heating. • The thermal conductivity of a wall, floor or roof enclosure is called its “U” value – Watts of power lost per square metre for each degree centigrade temperature difference: W/m2 OC Royal Agricultural College
  • 10. U value in practice Inside temp 10 OC Difference in 1m2 of wall temperature between inside and outside is 1OC The amount of heat travelling through one m2 of wall is the U value Outside temp Acceptable U values: 9 OC Walls - 0.35 W/m2 OC Roofs - 0.16 W/m2 OC Royal Agricultural College
  • 11. U value calculation for a wall plaster • Thermal resistivity of 1 m2 for blockwork insulation 1mm thickness of each material in wall found from published data • Resistivity multiplied by actual thickness of materials • All resistances added, plus theoretical resistances for boundary layers of air, to give total thermal resistance of 1 m2 wall = R • Reciprocal of R = 1/R = U value • Must be 0.35 W/m2 OC or less to satisfy current Building Royal brickwork Regulations Agricultural College
  • 12. Heat loss calculation • Wall area = 500m2 U value = 0.35 W/m2 OC loss =175W OC Roof area = 100m2 U value = 0.16 W/m2 OC loss = 16W OC Royal Agricultural College
  • 13. Heat loss calculation • Wall area = 500m2 U value = 0.35 W/m2 OC loss =175W OC Roof area = 100m2 U value = 0.16 W/m2 OC loss = 16W OC • The external “design temperature” in England is -1OC The internal design temperature is what you want, say 22OC Temperature difference is 23OC Royal Agricultural College
  • 14. Heat loss calculation • Wall area = 500m2 U value = 0.35 W/m2 OC loss =175W OC Roof area = 100m2 U value = 0.16 W/m2 OC loss = 16W OC • The external “design temperature” in England is -1OC The internal design temperature is what you want, say 22OC Temperature difference is 23OC • Heat loss through walls = 175 X 23 = 4,025W Heat loss through roof = 16 X 23 = 368W Total heat loss = 4,025 + 368 = 4,393W approx 4.5KW Royal Agricultural College
  • 15. Heat loss calculation • Wall area = 500m2 U value = 0.35 W/m2 OC loss =175W OC Roof area = 100m2 U value = 0.16 W/m2 OC loss = 16W OC • The external “design temperature” in England is -1OC The internal design temperature is what you want, say 22OC Temperature difference is 23OC • Heat loss through walls = 175 X 23 = 4,025W Heat loss through roof = 16 X 23 = 368W Total heat loss = 4,025 + 368 = 4,393W approx 4.5KW • Disregarding floors, windows, doors etc. this house will need a space heating input of about 4.5KW to keep it warm on a cold Royal Agricultural English winter’s day College
  • 16. Environmental heat input • The space heating system is not the only source of heat. – 100W bulbs produces about 80W of waste heat – A sedentary person produces about 100W of heat – So if there are four people reading by the light of 4 light bulbs, they are producing about 780W of heat, say roughly 1KW • The boiler only needs to make up the 3.5KW difference Royal Agricultural College
  • 17. The law of unintended consequences • We are being encouraged and required by central governments to change heat producing lights bulbs for lower energy replacements. Royal Agricultural College
  • 18. The law of unintended consequences • We are being encouraged and required by central governments to change heat producing lights bulbs for lower energy replacements. • This saves around 1.5KW of electricity needs for lighting in a house Royal Agricultural College
  • 19. The law of unintended consequences • We are being encouraged and required by central governments to change heat producing lights bulbs for lower energy replacements. • This saves around 1.5KW of electricity needs for lighting in a house • In the winter we loose about 1.5KW of heating which came from those bulbs Royal Agricultural College
  • 20. The law of unintended consequences • We are being encouraged and required by central governments to change heat producing lights bulbs for lower energy replacements. • This saves around 1.5KW of electricity needs for lighting in a house • In the winter we loose about 1.5KW of heating which came from those bulbs • In the winter we are all turning our boilers up as a consequence, wiping out much of Royal Agricultural the intended energy saving. College
  • 21. The basics of central heating • Fuel (chemical energy) is burned in one location to raise the temperature of a “heat transfer medium”. • The heat transfer medium is moved to a distant location where the heat is needed through a “heat distribution system” • At the distant location the heat transfer medium gives up its heat to Royal Agricultural the local environment. College
  • 22. Energy sources • Overwhelmingly space heating energy sources are biological fuels – Oil, coal, natural gas – Bio mass, bio gas • When they burn, they are combined with oxygen to create water and carbon dioxide, releasing heat energy during this “exothermic reaction” Royal Agricultural College
  • 23. Central heat source • The heat source is usually a boiler, where water is heated • It can be a heat exchanger where air is heated, but these are less efficient and little used unless there is a need for mechanical ventilation. • Size of boiler chosen after carrying out heat loss calculations and adding in predictable environmental heating inputs Royal Agricultural College
  • 24. Heat transfer media • A transfer medium is a fluid which can move heat from source to destination • The desirable medium properties are – high thermal capacity (it can hold a lot of heat in a small volume) – Ease of control – Non-hazardous • Water is ideal in most situations • Steam is useful in large scale installations • Air is much less efficient due to its low Royal Agricultural thermal capacity College
  • 25. Heat distribution system • Water: pipework, usually copper or stainless steel if it needs to be strong • Steam: high pressure, large diameter pipes with integral insulation • Air: large ducts with minimum number of corners, interruptions or leaks Royal Agricultural College
  • 26. Hot water pipework • Pipes should be insulated when they pass through unheated spaces: roof spaces, under ground floors • Pipes are not usually insulated where they pass through the heated part of the house, as the heat they radiate contributes to warming the house • Pipe work must be kept full, must be ventilated at high level and must Royal Agricultural have drainage taps at all low points College
  • 27. Local heat emission • Where the heat is needed, the surface area of the pipework is maximised to emit as much heat as possible • This can be done through radiators, convector units or under floor pipe networks Royal Agricultural College
  • 28. Radiators •Radiant heat and natural convection currents •Simple and largely fail safe Royal Agricultural College
  • 29. Convector units •Air is blown over hot water pipes by a fan. •Very hot water can be used, which is efficient •Can be combined with ventilation using outside air intake. Royal Agricultural •Can be served by chilled water pipes from an air conditioning unit College •Noisy but very good where intermittent use is needed
  • 30. Under floor heating • Entire floor is a radiator • Expensive to install • Efficient in areas where constant heating is needed, • Inefficient for intermittent heating • Insulation must be placed below hot pipes Royal Agricultural College
  • 31. System control • Electronic control systems have increased the efficiency of heating systems more than any other technology • Time switches on boilers • Thermostats for radiators in rooms • Zoning of buildings with separate controls for each zone • Remote control via mobile phones/internet Royal Agricultural College
  • 32. District heating • Central district boiler • Steam pumped to individual buildings • Heat exchangers in each building heats water for radiators in the building • Can be highly efficient in urban locations for large developments Royal • Loss of personal control Agricultural College
  • 33. Professional advice • Space heating systems are amongst the biggest consumers of fossil fuels and biggest contributors to green house gas (CO2) emissions nationally • The design of any new building should aim to reduce the need for space heating to a minimum • In all but the simplest installations, the systems should be designed by a qualified services engineer to minimise their Royal environmental impact Agricultural College