1.
@JSIHEALTHwww.jsi.com
ON THE MOVE: THE CHALLENGE OF PROVIDING ROUTINE
IMMUNIZATION SERVICES TO NOMADIC POPULATIONS IN ETHIOPIA
Lisa Oot, Zenaw Adam, Adriana Almiñana, Quail Rogers-Bloch, Natasha Kanagat
2%
90%
At baseline, immunization services in most districts were largely unplanned with only a few
facilities providing immunizations. After JSI support, planning for immunization services
vastly improved, with availability of microplans increasing at district level from 20% to 89%,
from 9% to 86% at Health Center (HC) level and from 2% to 90% at Health Post (HP) level
(Figure 1). During microplanning training, districts and their health facilities created detailed
plans to provide immunization services and increased the availability of services at facilities
throughout the district. Use of the microplan to deliver and track immunization services
improved from 13% to 71% at district level and from 10% to 78% at HC level (Figure 2).
Respondents emphasized that microplanning meant better knowledge of, and greater ability to
reach target populations through catchment mapping, target population estimating, and session
planning. The number of districts and health facilities with a catchment map improved across
the board (Figure 3).
To increase access to quality RI services for nomadic populations in Ethiopia through bottom-up
microplanning and implementation of immunization sessions to reach all target populations.
“The micro-plan I used to prepare for immunization was not effective. There was no session
plan but currently every health post has a session plan, they know the number of children
they should immunize every month.”
– District Office staff
“It was the first time
for pastoralists to
get immunization
services because
before there was no
one reaching them.”
– Health Post health worker
Quantitative data was compiled from program data sources (namely immunization-specific
supportive supervision data) between January 2015 and March 2018. Qualitative data from
a mid-program review was collected through key informant interviews (36) and focus group
discussions (11) from health staff about RI service delivery.
As childhood immunization coverage shows great disparity in many countries, there is a
growing need to focus on the most hard-to-reach and marginalized populations. Ethiopia is
home to millions of people who live remote, nomadic lifestyles, and who need to be contacted
five times with quality vaccine in the first year of life.
JSI works to strengthen the routine immunization (RI) system in Ethiopia. One key component
is support for immunization microplanning which builds health workers (HWs) capacity to plan
and implement immunization services. JSI implements a bottom-up approach to microplanning,
which engages community leaders in mapping their populations and selecting immunization
sites, which is critical when providing services to nomadic and hard-to-reach populations. As
part of a larger performance review, JSI examined whether microplanning improved immuniza-
tion services for nomadic populations and overall immunization performance in study regions.
Microplanning built the capacity of HWs in districts with large nomadic populations to identify,
plan, and schedule sessions, and budget resources to reach all eligible children. A bottom-up
approach which includes community members in the planning of immunization services was
critical in the effort to access hard to reach and mobile populations. As self-reported by health
workers, improved planning resulted in more children being reached with immunization services.
RESULTS
In addition, many facilities began to identify and track children who had defaulted on their
immunizations, increasing the number of fully immunized children. Bottom-up, participatory
microplanning which includes community leaders can be used to strengthen planning and
improve the reach of services, even in places with weak health infrastructure and large
nomadic populations.
DISTRICT LEVEL
N = 45
FIGURE 1: PERCENTAGE OF FACILITIES WITH A COMPLETE MICROPLAN FOR THE
CURRENT YEAR (OF FACILITIES THAT RECEIVED > 3 SUPERVISION VISITS)
HC LEVEL
N = 58
HP LEVEL
N = 62
9%
86%
20%
89%
90%
DISTRICT LEVEL
N = 45
FIGURE 3: PERCENTAGE OF FACILITIES WITH A CATCHMENT AREA MAP (OF FACILITIES
THAT RECEIVED > 3 SUPERVISION VISITS)
HC LEVEL
N = 58
HP LEVEL
N = 62
26%
86%
40%
89%
FIGURE 2: PERCENTAGE OF FACILITIES THAT USE THE MICROPLAN TO TRACK
IMMUNIZATION SESSIONS (OF FACILITIES THAT RECEIVED > 3 SUPERVISION VISITS)
DISTRICT LEVEL
N = 45
HC LEVEL
N = 58
10%
78%
13%
71%
FIGURE 4: PERCENTAGE OF FACILITIES WITH A MECHANISM TO TRACK IMMUNIZATION
LEFT-OUTS OR DEFAULTERS (OF FACILITIES THAT RECEIVED > 3 SUPERVISION VISITS)
DISTRICT LEVEL
N = 45
HC LEVEL
N = 58
39%
71%
47%
Community members helped plan where and when to provide immunization services to better
reach their nomadic communities. This engagement also resulted in increased community
awareness of immunization and accountability of the health system, as plans were communi-
cated to mothers who then demanded services. In addition, health facilities used program data
and engaged local communities to identify and track defaulter children (Figure 4). Microplanning
allowed for better resource estimation, although respondents still acknowledged difficulties in
reaching remote nomadic communities, mainly due to budgetary and logistics constraints.
62%
29%
HC LEVEL
N = 58
HP LEVEL
N = 62
39%
71%
47%
62%
BACKGROUND AIM
METHODS
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
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*CURRENT = MOST RECENT SUPERVISION VISIT
*CURRENT = MOST RECENT SUPERVISION VISIT
*CURRENT = MOST RECENT SUPERVISION VISIT
*CURRENT = MOST RECENT SUPERVISION VISIT