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窮得只剩下 Compiler




       Jim Huang( 黃敬群 ) “jserv”
   website: http://jserv.sayya.org/
blog: http://blog.linux.org.tw/jserv/
        Apr 19, 2009 @ OSDC.tw
十字架 = cross
cross
     compiler
corss compiler 在新時代中,被賦予新的意義
簡單的 C 語言程式
void rewind(FILE *pLove);

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
   FILE *p = fopen(“/dev/heart”, “w+”);
   rewind(p);
   fclose(p);
   return 0;
}
void rewind(FILE *pLove);

int main(int argc, char **argv)           宅色夫 @OSDC.tw# 癡傻 % 愚昧 & 宅
{                                         *** 最後一次見到你的路口我現在
   FILE *p = fopen(“/dev/heart”, “w+”);   才明白那原來是一條河或是一道地
                                          層下陷從那裡開始時間有了不同的
   rewind(p);
                                          轉速我們再也不站立在同一個地面
   fclose(p);
                                          了從軌道最靠近交錯的那一點逸出
   return 0;
                                          朝向全然不同的宇宙逐步擴張的距
}
                                          離我曾經以為會是荒涼的而今竟令
                                          我心安所謂錯過並不是什麼「如果
                            Compiler      那時再努力一點」或「要是做了另
                                          一個決定」就好的事從來都不是那
                                          是兩個星系不同的軌道與規
探索人生的進入點                                  則 .....
打開心扉,強制撕裂著自己接受
愛回到最初,不過是場空
於是,我悄悄閉塞內心的思緒
終了,就回到原點吧
                                   Interpreter
探索人生的進入點,打開心扉,強制撕裂
著自己接受曾經以為會是荒涼的而今竟令我心安所
謂錯過並不是什麼「如果那時再努力一點」或「要是做                     JIT compiler
了另一個決定」 ...
回顧編譯器流程
program               compiler                  checker
          .c                       exe
           .c                       exe
             .c                       exe
              .c                       exe
                .c                       exe
                 .c                       exe




程式碼的編譯與生成                        執行、評估,與驗證

  解析原始程式碼,建立 AST (Abstract Syntax Tree)
  依據 AST ,生成中間的 object ,稍後作 linking
  執行生成的機械碼


                                                          7
編譯器離我們好遠,是嗎?
運算模式已大幅改觀
 Framework-driven
 SIMD/vectorization, Cell, muticore/SMP, ...
虛擬化 (Virtualization) 技術的時代:更多元、
更安全、更有效率地使用硬體
資訊技術的雜交 (cross-over)
LLVM 正夯!
提綱
隱藏在我們周遭的 Compiler 技術
回首 Compiler 已遠:從 A0 到 LLVM
透過 LLVM 建構虛擬機器
技術大融通與未來展望
隱藏在我們周遭的編譯器
       Java/.Net( 虛擬機器 +Just-In-Time compiler)
       網路瀏覽器
        Mozilla/Firefox (ActionMonkey/Tamarin)
        WebKit (SquirrelFish)
        Google Chrome (V8 engine)
       Web 應用程式: JSP/Servlet, SilverLight/.Net
       手機平台: Java ME, Android, iPhone
       繪圖軟體: Adobe PixelBender, Shader
       3D 高品質圖形處理: Gallium3D / OpenGL /
       Direct3D
pple Inc. 是 LLVM 開發最主要的贊助廠商,僱用 Chris Lattner
回首 Compiler 已遠
    從 A0 到 LLVM
 Grace Hopper (1906-1992)
 美國電腦科學家、海軍軍官
 1951-1952 年間,為 UNIVAC I 開發 A-0
 system (Arithmatic Language version 0) 編譯器
 ,具備 loader/linker
多才多藝的
LLVM
LLVM =
Low Level Virtual Machine
  三特性、三元素、三頭六臂
LLVM =
Low Level Virtual Machine
         此 VM 非彼 VM
“LLVM does not imply things that you would expect from a
    high-level virtual machine. It does not require garbage
collection or run-time code generation (In fact, LLVM makes a
 great static compiler!). Note that optional LLVM components
  can be used to build high-level virtual machines and other
               systems that need these services.”
                       http://www.llvm.org/
LLVM 三大特性
Low-Level VM

完整的編譯器基礎建設
 可重用的、用以建構編譯器的軟體元件 (compiler
 compiler 顯然不足以應付 )
 允許更快更完整的打造新的編譯器
 static compiler, JIT, trace-based optimizer, ...

開放的編譯器框架
 多種程式語言支援
 高彈性的自由軟體授權模式 (BSD License)
 豐富的編譯輸出: C, machine code (Alpha, ARM, x86,
 Sparc, PowerPC, Cell SPU, 台灣心 Andes)
LLVM 三大元件
RISC 式虛擬指令集 (instruction set)
 多種語言適用、與硬體架構無關的
 IR(Intermediate Representation)

完整的高度整合函式庫與編譯器服務
 Analyses, optimizations, code generators,
 JIT compiler, garbage collection support,
 profiling, …

豐富的工具集
 Assemblers, automatic debugger, linker,
 code generator, compiler driver, modular
 optimizer, …
LLVM:
三頭六臂
Frontend   LLVM IR   Backend
Frontend   LLVM IR   Backend
一系列變換處理的
API 與銜接的服務
優化與轉換程序




中間輸出與
生成處理
C file         llvmgcc        .o file        C++ file          llvmg++        .o file




 C to LLVM               Compile-time          C++ to LLVM            Compile-time
  Frontend                Optimizer             Frontend               Optimizer

    “cc1”                 “gccas”              “cc1plus”                 “gccas”



            LLVM IR         LLVM         LLVM Analysis &             LLVM .bc
             Parser         Verifier    Optimization Passes          File Writer

    Modified version of GCC                             Modified version of G++
    Emits LLVM IR as text file                          Emits LLVM IR as text file
    Lowers C AST to LLVM                                Lowers C++ AST to LLVM



               Dead Global Elimination, IP Constant Propagation, Dead
            Argument Elimination, Inlining, Reassociation, LICM, Loop Opts,
                Memory Promotion, Dead Store Elimination, ADCE, …
gcc                     llvm-gcc




        %tmp2 = sub i32 %tmp1, 1
           ; <i32> [#uses=1]
        %tmp3 = call i32 (...)* bitcast (i32 (i32)* @fib to
        i32 (...)*)(...)
        %tmp2 ) nounwind     ; <i32> [#uses=1]



           .bc (LLVM
           BitCode)


llvm-gcc -emit-llvm
窮!
變!
http://sakura690606.pixnet.net/blog/post/23225124




        「娘,我也
        想要性感的
        編譯器」
透過 LLVM
    建構
   虛擬機器
這是一個到處都有虛擬機器 (VM) 的時代
(VM 之 ) 道在屎溺
      Shader / Raytracing (OpenGL/DirectX)
      Web Browser / Adobe Flash
      Android Dalvik VM
      ...
手法:
JIT : Just-In-Time (Jizz In [My Pants]Time?!) compiler
➔




IR to backend translation / code generation
➔
編譯器流程 ::JIT
AST                    compiler                  checker
           .c                       exe
            .c                       exe
              .c                       exe
               .c                       exe
                 .c                       exe
                  .c                       exe




程式碼的編譯與生成                         執行、評估,與驗證

  建立 IR
  載入必要的函式庫
  連結程式模組
  Optimizations + Transforms
  codegen
                                                           30
當 LLVM 煞到
    OpenGL Shader


動態編譯器就在眼前
Pixel shader
PouetLink: www.pouet.net/prod.php?which=50865
Cocoon website: cocoon.planet-d.net
3D/Shader 的考量點
         光
         反射
         移動的演算法

Reyes(scanline,polygon)   Raytracing




 可引入 SIMD 優化
push N
surface
matte(float Ka = 1.0; float Kd = 1.1;)   normalize
{                                        push I
  normal Nf = faceforward(               faceforward
              normalize(N), I);          ...
  Oi = Os;
  Ci = Os * Cs * (Ka * ambient() +
                  Kd * diffuse(Nf));  
 
}
push N
surface
                                         normalize
matte(float Ka = 1.0; float Kd = 1.1;)
                                         push I
{
                                         faceforward
  normal Nf = faceforward(
                                         ...
              normalize(N), I);
  Oi = Os;
  Ci = Os * Cs * (Ka * ambient() +
                  Kd * diffuse(Nf));  
 
}


   Raytracing 的難題
   無法善用 SIMD
   運算相依性高且繁瑣
   需要動態調整快速運算
   的路徑
Specialize       以 color space 轉換來說,相當大量
                 且繁瑣的運算,如
  技巧             BGRA 444R --> RGBA 8888




 Speedup depends on src/dest format:
 – 5.4x speedup on average, 19.3x max
 speedup: (13.3MB/s to 257.7MB/s)
Mandelbort 碎形運算透過 LLVM JIT 後,
提昇效能達到 11 倍
LLVM 與繪圖處理的應用
手機平台: Android PixelFlinger
繪圖軟體: Adobe PixelBender, Shader
3D 高品質圖形處理: Gallium3D / OpenGL
Android OpenGL|ES
當 LLVM 煞到
       Adobe Flash


安全多元的享受 C/C++ 的美好
有時,你不會想看到遙遙 ...
      ( 不安全、不舒服的 C 語言 )
「可是,男人都想要當
   慣C」
承認吧,慣 C 有很多好處,所以
Adobe 建立 Alchemy(FlaCC) 專案
             當然啦,慣 C 的風險也很高
             「學長,我不敢修電腦」
虛擬機器: AVM2
Adobe Alchemy
實驗性的 LLVM Backend
LLVM → ABC (ActionScript Bytecode)
ABC 類似精簡的 x86 指令集
提供 POSIX 模擬層與完整的 BSD libc + GNU
ISO C++ library
足以執行若干重要的應用程式
當 LLVM 煞到
         Android


安全多元的享受 C/C++ 的美好
0xlab LLVM hacks
實驗性的 LLVM Backend
LLVM → Android Dalvik bytecode (DEX)
仿效 Adobe Alchemy ,目標平台則是
DalvikVM
提供 C/C++ 原始碼 → LLVM → DEX
bytecode 的執行環境,無 JNI (Java Native
Interface) 介入

 「我只會寫 Java VM ,不會寫 Java
 應用程式」,宅色夫 (2005)
application.
apk

Dalvik VM
技術大融通
             與
     未來展望
「你的時代到了!」 LLVM 一統天下
LLVM 的時代到了!
clang: 嶄新的 C/C++/Objective-C 語言前端
vmkit: Java/.Net 虛擬機器
llvm + OpenGL
Sun OpenJDK → RedHat Zero/Shark
Trident: VHDL compiler for FPGA
llvmruby, yarv2llvm, RubyComp, MacRuby
PyPy, Google unladen-Swallow
HLVM: Haskell, Ocaml, ...
自由軟體編譯器技術的一統標準已定!
多元的整合,如 clang 可作為 static
compiler ,亦可挪用為 JIT compiler
技術集中,創意多元


         「人生兩條路:『生活的幸福』
         不等於『生命的幸福』,兩樣幸
         福我們都需要」
                      王陽明牧師
參考資料
〈 LLVM and Clang:
Next Generation Compiler Technology 〉 , Chris Lattner
BSDCan 2008


《美麗程式》 (Beautiful Code), O'Reilly
 第八章〈動態產生影像處理程式〉

LLVM – http://www.llvm.org/
Projects built with LLVM – http://www.llvm.org/ProjectsWithLLVM/
Open LLVM Projects – http://www.llvm.org/OpenProjects.html
UI customizing



   Platform Builder

                      三個願望一次滿足
                      一系列的自由軟體
   Device Potential
                      四月 27 日開張
                      ( 42710=0x1ab )


感謝您!

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What Can Compilers Do for Us?

  • 1. 窮得只剩下 Compiler Jim Huang( 黃敬群 ) “jserv” website: http://jserv.sayya.org/ blog: http://blog.linux.org.tw/jserv/ Apr 19, 2009 @ OSDC.tw
  • 3. cross compiler corss compiler 在新時代中,被賦予新的意義
  • 4.
  • 5. 簡單的 C 語言程式 void rewind(FILE *pLove); int main(int argc, char **argv) { FILE *p = fopen(“/dev/heart”, “w+”); rewind(p); fclose(p); return 0; }
  • 6. void rewind(FILE *pLove); int main(int argc, char **argv) 宅色夫 @OSDC.tw# 癡傻 % 愚昧 & 宅 { *** 最後一次見到你的路口我現在 FILE *p = fopen(“/dev/heart”, “w+”); 才明白那原來是一條河或是一道地 層下陷從那裡開始時間有了不同的 rewind(p); 轉速我們再也不站立在同一個地面 fclose(p); 了從軌道最靠近交錯的那一點逸出 return 0; 朝向全然不同的宇宙逐步擴張的距 } 離我曾經以為會是荒涼的而今竟令 我心安所謂錯過並不是什麼「如果 Compiler 那時再努力一點」或「要是做了另 一個決定」就好的事從來都不是那 是兩個星系不同的軌道與規 探索人生的進入點 則 ..... 打開心扉,強制撕裂著自己接受 愛回到最初,不過是場空 於是,我悄悄閉塞內心的思緒 終了,就回到原點吧 Interpreter 探索人生的進入點,打開心扉,強制撕裂 著自己接受曾經以為會是荒涼的而今竟令我心安所 謂錯過並不是什麼「如果那時再努力一點」或「要是做 JIT compiler 了另一個決定」 ...
  • 7. 回顧編譯器流程 program compiler checker .c exe .c exe .c exe .c exe .c exe .c exe 程式碼的編譯與生成 執行、評估,與驗證 解析原始程式碼,建立 AST (Abstract Syntax Tree) 依據 AST ,生成中間的 object ,稍後作 linking 執行生成的機械碼 7
  • 8. 編譯器離我們好遠,是嗎? 運算模式已大幅改觀 Framework-driven SIMD/vectorization, Cell, muticore/SMP, ... 虛擬化 (Virtualization) 技術的時代:更多元、 更安全、更有效率地使用硬體 資訊技術的雜交 (cross-over) LLVM 正夯!
  • 9. 提綱 隱藏在我們周遭的 Compiler 技術 回首 Compiler 已遠:從 A0 到 LLVM 透過 LLVM 建構虛擬機器 技術大融通與未來展望
  • 10. 隱藏在我們周遭的編譯器 Java/.Net( 虛擬機器 +Just-In-Time compiler) 網路瀏覽器 Mozilla/Firefox (ActionMonkey/Tamarin) WebKit (SquirrelFish) Google Chrome (V8 engine) Web 應用程式: JSP/Servlet, SilverLight/.Net 手機平台: Java ME, Android, iPhone 繪圖軟體: Adobe PixelBender, Shader 3D 高品質圖形處理: Gallium3D / OpenGL / Direct3D pple Inc. 是 LLVM 開發最主要的贊助廠商,僱用 Chris Lattner
  • 11. 回首 Compiler 已遠 從 A0 到 LLVM Grace Hopper (1906-1992) 美國電腦科學家、海軍軍官 1951-1952 年間,為 UNIVAC I 開發 A-0 system (Arithmatic Language version 0) 編譯器 ,具備 loader/linker
  • 13.
  • 14. LLVM = Low Level Virtual Machine 三特性、三元素、三頭六臂
  • 15. LLVM = Low Level Virtual Machine 此 VM 非彼 VM “LLVM does not imply things that you would expect from a high-level virtual machine. It does not require garbage collection or run-time code generation (In fact, LLVM makes a great static compiler!). Note that optional LLVM components can be used to build high-level virtual machines and other systems that need these services.” http://www.llvm.org/
  • 16. LLVM 三大特性 Low-Level VM 完整的編譯器基礎建設 可重用的、用以建構編譯器的軟體元件 (compiler compiler 顯然不足以應付 ) 允許更快更完整的打造新的編譯器 static compiler, JIT, trace-based optimizer, ... 開放的編譯器框架 多種程式語言支援 高彈性的自由軟體授權模式 (BSD License) 豐富的編譯輸出: C, machine code (Alpha, ARM, x86, Sparc, PowerPC, Cell SPU, 台灣心 Andes)
  • 17. LLVM 三大元件 RISC 式虛擬指令集 (instruction set) 多種語言適用、與硬體架構無關的 IR(Intermediate Representation) 完整的高度整合函式庫與編譯器服務 Analyses, optimizations, code generators, JIT compiler, garbage collection support, profiling, … 豐富的工具集 Assemblers, automatic debugger, linker, code generator, compiler driver, modular optimizer, …
  • 19. Frontend LLVM IR Backend
  • 20. Frontend LLVM IR Backend
  • 23.
  • 24. C file llvmgcc .o file C++ file llvmg++ .o file C to LLVM Compile-time C++ to LLVM Compile-time Frontend Optimizer Frontend Optimizer “cc1” “gccas” “cc1plus” “gccas” LLVM IR LLVM LLVM Analysis & LLVM .bc Parser Verifier Optimization Passes File Writer Modified version of GCC Modified version of G++ Emits LLVM IR as text file Emits LLVM IR as text file Lowers C AST to LLVM Lowers C++ AST to LLVM Dead Global Elimination, IP Constant Propagation, Dead Argument Elimination, Inlining, Reassociation, LICM, Loop Opts, Memory Promotion, Dead Store Elimination, ADCE, …
  • 25. gcc llvm-gcc %tmp2 = sub i32 %tmp1, 1 ; <i32> [#uses=1] %tmp3 = call i32 (...)* bitcast (i32 (i32)* @fib to i32 (...)*)(...) %tmp2 ) nounwind ; <i32> [#uses=1] .bc (LLVM BitCode) llvm-gcc -emit-llvm
  • 27. 變! http://sakura690606.pixnet.net/blog/post/23225124 「娘,我也 想要性感的 編譯器」
  • 28. 透過 LLVM 建構 虛擬機器 這是一個到處都有虛擬機器 (VM) 的時代
  • 29. (VM 之 ) 道在屎溺 Shader / Raytracing (OpenGL/DirectX) Web Browser / Adobe Flash Android Dalvik VM ... 手法: JIT : Just-In-Time (Jizz In [My Pants]Time?!) compiler ➔ IR to backend translation / code generation ➔
  • 30. 編譯器流程 ::JIT AST compiler checker .c exe .c exe .c exe .c exe .c exe .c exe 程式碼的編譯與生成 執行、評估,與驗證 建立 IR 載入必要的函式庫 連結程式模組 Optimizations + Transforms codegen 30
  • 31. 當 LLVM 煞到 OpenGL Shader 動態編譯器就在眼前
  • 33. 3D/Shader 的考量點 光 反射 移動的演算法 Reyes(scanline,polygon) Raytracing 可引入 SIMD 優化
  • 34. push N surface matte(float Ka = 1.0; float Kd = 1.1;) normalize { push I   normal Nf = faceforward( faceforward               normalize(N), I); ...   Oi = Os;   Ci = Os * Cs * (Ka * ambient() +                   Kd * diffuse(Nf));     }
  • 35. push N surface normalize matte(float Ka = 1.0; float Kd = 1.1;) push I { faceforward   normal Nf = faceforward( ...               normalize(N), I);   Oi = Os;   Ci = Os * Cs * (Ka * ambient() +                   Kd * diffuse(Nf));     } Raytracing 的難題 無法善用 SIMD 運算相依性高且繁瑣 需要動態調整快速運算 的路徑
  • 36. Specialize 以 color space 轉換來說,相當大量 且繁瑣的運算,如 技巧 BGRA 444R --> RGBA 8888 Speedup depends on src/dest format: – 5.4x speedup on average, 19.3x max speedup: (13.3MB/s to 257.7MB/s)
  • 37.
  • 38. Mandelbort 碎形運算透過 LLVM JIT 後, 提昇效能達到 11 倍
  • 39. LLVM 與繪圖處理的應用 手機平台: Android PixelFlinger 繪圖軟體: Adobe PixelBender, Shader 3D 高品質圖形處理: Gallium3D / OpenGL
  • 41. 當 LLVM 煞到 Adobe Flash 安全多元的享受 C/C++ 的美好
  • 42. 有時,你不會想看到遙遙 ... ( 不安全、不舒服的 C 語言 )
  • 43. 「可是,男人都想要當 慣C」 承認吧,慣 C 有很多好處,所以 Adobe 建立 Alchemy(FlaCC) 專案 當然啦,慣 C 的風險也很高 「學長,我不敢修電腦」 虛擬機器: AVM2
  • 44. Adobe Alchemy 實驗性的 LLVM Backend LLVM → ABC (ActionScript Bytecode) ABC 類似精簡的 x86 指令集 提供 POSIX 模擬層與完整的 BSD libc + GNU ISO C++ library 足以執行若干重要的應用程式
  • 45.
  • 46.
  • 47.
  • 48. 當 LLVM 煞到 Android 安全多元的享受 C/C++ 的美好
  • 49. 0xlab LLVM hacks 實驗性的 LLVM Backend LLVM → Android Dalvik bytecode (DEX) 仿效 Adobe Alchemy ,目標平台則是 DalvikVM 提供 C/C++ 原始碼 → LLVM → DEX bytecode 的執行環境,無 JNI (Java Native Interface) 介入 「我只會寫 Java VM ,不會寫 Java 應用程式」,宅色夫 (2005)
  • 50.
  • 52. 技術大融通 與 未來展望 「你的時代到了!」 LLVM 一統天下
  • 53. LLVM 的時代到了! clang: 嶄新的 C/C++/Objective-C 語言前端 vmkit: Java/.Net 虛擬機器 llvm + OpenGL Sun OpenJDK → RedHat Zero/Shark Trident: VHDL compiler for FPGA llvmruby, yarv2llvm, RubyComp, MacRuby PyPy, Google unladen-Swallow HLVM: Haskell, Ocaml, ...
  • 54. 自由軟體編譯器技術的一統標準已定! 多元的整合,如 clang 可作為 static compiler ,亦可挪用為 JIT compiler 技術集中,創意多元 「人生兩條路:『生活的幸福』 不等於『生命的幸福』,兩樣幸 福我們都需要」 王陽明牧師
  • 55. 參考資料 〈 LLVM and Clang: Next Generation Compiler Technology 〉 , Chris Lattner BSDCan 2008 《美麗程式》 (Beautiful Code), O'Reilly 第八章〈動態產生影像處理程式〉 LLVM – http://www.llvm.org/ Projects built with LLVM – http://www.llvm.org/ProjectsWithLLVM/ Open LLVM Projects – http://www.llvm.org/OpenProjects.html
  • 56. UI customizing Platform Builder 三個願望一次滿足 一系列的自由軟體 Device Potential 四月 27 日開張 ( 42710=0x1ab ) 感謝您!