Parallel Altitudinal Clines Reveal Adaptive Evolution Of Genome Size In Zea mays

1. Jeffrey Ross-Ibarra @jrossibarra • www.rilab.org Plant Sciences • Center for Population Biology • Genome Center University of California Davis Adaptive evolution of genome size along altitudinal clines in maize and teosinte

2. Abizar at English Wikipedia [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0) or GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html)], via Wikimedia Commons Genome Size (bp)

3. By Nr387241 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https:// commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php? curid=14945255 Mycoplasma (0.0006Gb) Abizar at English Wikipedia [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0) or GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html)], via Wikimedia Commons Genome Size (bp)

4. By Gőtehal.jpg: Mathae derivative work: Bff (Gőtehal.jpg) [CC BY 2.5 (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5), CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/) or GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/ copyleft/fdl.html)], via Wikimedia Commons Protopterus (130Gb) By Nr387241 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https:// commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php? curid=14945255 Mycoplasma (0.0006Gb) Abizar at English Wikipedia [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0) or GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html)], via Wikimedia Commons Genome Size (bp)

5. Genlisea (0.065Gb) By Michal Rubeš [CC BY 3.0 cz (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/3.0/cz/deed.en)], via Wikimedia Commons By Gőtehal.jpg: Mathae derivative work: Bff (Gőtehal.jpg) [CC BY 2.5 (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5), CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/) or GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/ copyleft/fdl.html)], via Wikimedia Commons Protopterus (130Gb) By Nr387241 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https:// commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php? curid=14945255 Mycoplasma (0.0006Gb) Abizar at English Wikipedia [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0) or GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html)], via Wikimedia Commons Genome Size (bp)

6. By alpsdake - Own work, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php? curid=12228596 Paris (150Gb) Genlisea (0.065Gb) By Michal Rubeš [CC BY 3.0 cz (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/3.0/cz/deed.en)], via Wikimedia Commons By Gőtehal.jpg: Mathae derivative work: Bff (Gőtehal.jpg) [CC BY 2.5 (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5), CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/) or GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/ copyleft/fdl.html)], via Wikimedia Commons Protopterus (130Gb) By Nr387241 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https:// commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php? curid=14945255 Mycoplasma (0.0006Gb) Abizar at English Wikipedia [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0) or GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html)], via Wikimedia Commons Genome Size (bp)

7. Lynch and Connnery (2003) Science

8. Whitney et al. (2010) Evolution Contrast in Ne ContrastinGenomeSize

9. Knight (2005) Ann Bot Seed Weight (+) Seed Weight GenomeSize(2Cpg) Leaf Size (-) Genome Size (2C pg) specificleafarea Whitney et al. (2010) Evolution Contrast in Ne ContrastinGenomeSize

10. maize landrace diploidgenomesize Díez et al. (2013) New Phyt

11. Z. mays ssp. parviglumis Z. mays ssp. mexicana Pyhäjärvi et al. (2013) GBE

12. Domestication 10,000BP Mexican Highlands 6,000BP S. American lowlands 6,000BP Andes 4,000BP Takuno et al. (2015) Genetics Lowland K=3K=4 Highland Lowland Highland Mesoamerica South America Lowland A B K=2K=3K=4 Highland Lowland Highland Mesoamerica South America Altitude

13. altitude GenomeSize(Mb) 77 landraces S. America Mexico parviglumis mexicana teosinte altitude3250 3125 3000 2875 2750

14. altitude GenomeSize(Mb) 77 landraces S. America Mexico teosinte 95 mexicana altitude

15. altitude GenomeSize(Mb) 77 landraces S. America Mexico teosinte 95 mexicana altitude genome size (bp) #individuals h2~0.9

16. altitude GenomeSize(Mb) 77 landraces S. America Mexico teosinte 95 mexicana altitude P = µ + alt ⇤ A + g + " g ⇠ MV N (0, VAK) " ⇠ N (0, V✏) Genome Size Altitude Additive Component Berg and Coop (2014) Plos Gen

17. altitude GenomeSize(Mb) 77 landraces S. America Mexico teosinte 95 mexicana altitude P = µ + alt ⇤ A + g + " g ⇠ MV N (0, VAK) " ⇠ N (0, V✏) Genome Size Altitude Additive Component Berg and Coop (2014) Plos Gen landraces landraces Kinship Additive Genetic Var.

18. altitude GenomeSize(Mb) 77 landraces S. America Mexico teosinte 95 mexicana altitude P = µ + alt ⇤ A + g + " g ⇠ MV N (0, VAK) " ⇠ N (0, V✏) Genome Size Altitude Additive Component Berg and Coop (2014) Plos Gen landraces landraces Kinship Additive Genetic Var. -110Kb/m -260Kb/m

19. Rosado et al. (2005) Maize Genetics Newsletter (shh, secret) Knob180 KnobTR1 Maize TEs Sorghum TEs Jiao et al. (2017) Nature copy number

22. r2=0.77 r2=0.74

23. P = µ + alt ⇤ A + GS ⇤ GS + g + " g ⇠ MV N (0, VAK) " ⇠ N (0, V✏) AltitudeRepeat Genome Size as Covariate Additive Component

24. altitude B-repeatreads

25. altitude MbTE maize mexicana S. America Mexico Region

26. altitude MbTE maize mexicana S. America Mexico Region altitude knob180 knobTR1 Knobabundance(Mb) maize mexicana maize mexicana

27. High SAm Mex SAm Mex Low Flint-Garcia et al. (unpublished) ﬂoweringtime(days)

28. Nature Education 2013 https://www.nature.com/scitable/content/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/113371527/14707478.jpg DNA Replication Francis et al. (2008) Ann Bot FIG. 2. DNA C-value (pg) and cell cycle time (h) in the root apic istem of a range of (A) eudicots and monocots (n ¼ 110), and (B) e (n ¼ 60). See Table 2 for regression analyses.

29. Bennett (1972) Proc Roy Soc B #species cellcycletime(h) annual perennial annual perennial genome size (pg of 3C)

30. mother(n=202plants) genome size

31. Leaf Elongation (LER) Cell Size (CS) Cell Production (CP) Genome Size (GS) + - log(CP) = 0 + GS ⇤ log(GS) log(LER) = ⌧0 + ⌧GS ⇤ log(GS) log(CS) = 0 + GS ⇤ log(GS) GS = ⌧GS GS Posterior Density of βGS Posterior Density of γGS Šímová and Herben (2012) Proc Roy Soc B Walker and Smith (2002) Development

32. Leaf Elongation (LER) Cell Size (CS) Cell Production (CP) Genome Size (GS) + - log(CP) = 0 + GS ⇤ log(GS) log(LER) = ⌧0 + ⌧GS ⇤ log(GS) log(CS) = 0 + GS ⇤ log(GS) GS = ⌧GS GS Posterior Density of βGS Posterior Density of γGS Šímová and Herben (2012) Proc Roy Soc B Walker and Smith (2002) Development

33. Leiboff et al. (2015) Nat Comm cell number (cell division rate)ﬂoweringtime growth stage

34. 1. Genome size is a quantitative trait that can affect ﬁtness, and observed intraspeciﬁc variation may be adaptive 2. Selection for faster development leads to smaller genomes across altitudinal clines in maize and teosinte 3. Selection on genome size likely impacts the evolution of individual repeat classes

35. Acknowledgements U Missouri Patrice Albert Jim Birchler Cornell Kelly Swarts UC Davis Jeremy Berg Graham Coop Mark Grote Juvenal Quesada Plant Genome Research Program HiLo Lab Alumni Paul Bilinski (West Shore College) Anna O’Brien (U Toronto) Jinliang Yang (U Nebraska-Lincoln)

36. large small GENOME SIZE

37. large small GENOME SIZE slow fast CELL DIVISION Density of βGS

38. large small GENOME SIZE late early FLOWERING TIME slow fast CELL DIVISION Density of βGS