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The Constitutional Convention,[object Object]
The Constitutional Convention of 1787: Conflict and Compromise,[object Object],2 competing plans,[object Object],The Virginia Plan,[object Object],Principle author: James Madison,[object Object],National government would be supreme over the states,[object Object],Favored by populous states,[object Object],The New Jersey Plan,[object Object],Principle author: William Patterson of New Jersey,[object Object],“Confederation model”,[object Object],Favored by smaller states,[object Object]
The Constitutional Convention of 1787: Conflict and Compromise,[object Object],The Conflict,[object Object],State-based approach versus an individual-based approach,[object Object],The Compromise,[object Object],House of Representatives: proportional; Senate: equal number of representatives from each state,[object Object],The Conflict,[object Object],Northerners were increasingly abolitionist,[object Object],The Compromise,[object Object],The Constitution was to protect the Atlantic Slave Trade for at least twenty years,[object Object]
The Constitutional Convention of 1787: Conflict and Compromise,[object Object],The Conflict,[object Object],If representation is proportional in the House of Representatives, how should slaves be counted?,[object Object],The Compromise,[object Object],Three-Fifths of the slaves in each state would be counted,[object Object]
The U.S. Constitution,[object Object]
The U.S. Constitution,[object Object],Seven Articles of the Constitution,[object Object],The Legislative Branch,[object Object],The Executive Branch,[object Object],The Judicial Branch,[object Object],Guidelines for Relations between States,[object Object],The Amendment Process,[object Object],Federal-State Relations; Oath for Officers,[object Object],How the Constitution Can be Ratified,[object Object]
Commerce Clause (Art. 1),[object Object],The Congress shall have power . . . To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes,[object Object]
Commerce Clause (Art. 1),[object Object],The Congress shall have power . . . To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes,[object Object],U.S. v. E.C. Knight Company (1895),[object Object],Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918),[object Object]
Denied Powers,[object Object],No abolition until 1808,[object Object],Habeas Corpus,[object Object],No ex post facto laws,[object Object],No capitation/direct tax*,[object Object],No taxes on interstate trade,[object Object],No titles of nobility,[object Object]
Article IV: Interstate Relations,[object Object],Full Faith and Credit Clause:,[object Object],“Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state”,[object Object],		- Marriage, for example,[object Object]
Article IV: Interstate Relations,[object Object],Full Faith and Credit Clause:,[object Object],“Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state”,[object Object],[object Object],“the citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states”,[object Object]
Privileges,[object Object],According to California law, a “citizen” is a person that has taken up permanent residence in the state.  A family moves from Arizona to California and is denied welfare benefits.  The state requires them to be residents for at least 1 year.,[object Object],Is this constitutional?,[object Object]
Privileges,[object Object],Saenz v. Roe (1999),[object Object],-California violated the U.S. Constitution,[object Object]
Privileges,[object Object],What should this mean for out-of-state tuition?,[object Object]
Article VI: Supremacy,[object Object],Supremacy Clause,[object Object],The national government is above all sub-national governments,[object Object],All federal and state officials swear an oath to the federal government,[object Object],Counter to the Doctrine of Nullification and Doctrine of Secession,[object Object]
Article VII: Ratification,[object Object],Federalists versus Anti-Federalists,[object Object],The Federalist Papers,[object Object],[object Object],The “Brutus” Essays,[object Object]
Federalist Papers,[object Object],Op-Ed pieces,[object Object],Written anonymously by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay,[object Object],Intended to cultivate a pro-Constitution culture,[object Object],Modern judges use the papers to determine original intent,[object Object]
Alexander HamiltonFederalist 27 ,[object Object],Federal government may act “odious or contemptible” toward the people, but a strong central government is needed,[object Object],Citizens would have “less occasion to recur to force” ,[object Object]
James MadisonFederalist 10,[object Object],Factions – citizens united by “common impulses of passion”,[object Object],Tyranny of the Majority could result,[object Object],2 Ways to rid of Factions,[object Object],Rid of liberty,[object Object],Check the inducements to sacrifice the weaker party,[object Object],Republican government is the solution,[object Object]
James MadisonFederalist 39,[object Object],A hybrid regime - Federalism,[object Object],The power to govern must be derived from the consent of the people. ,[object Object],Representatives elected from the people are the administrators of the government. ,[object Object],The terms of service of the Representatives must be limited by time or good behavior. ,[object Object],Powers to be divided between national and state governments,[object Object]
Anti-Federalists,[object Object],Need for states to have more power because only at smaller levels can public be accurately represented,[object Object],Brutus essays (Anti-Federalist),[object Object],i. Fear of presidential power,[object Object],		ii. No Bill of Rights,[object Object]
Anti-Federalist #84,[object Object],Called for stronger guarantees of individuals liberties,[object Object],Federalists were uneasy about a Bill of Rights,[object Object],Feared it would be interpreted as the ONLY rights individuals had,[object Object],Ultimately included in order to gain more support for the Constitution,[object Object]
Constitutional Ambiguity,[object Object],“Its nature, therefore, requires, that only its greatest outlines should be market, its important objects designated, and the minor ingredients which compose those objects, be deduced from the nature of the objects themselves.” ,[object Object],-Marbury v. Madison,[object Object]
Constitutional Ambiguity,[object Object],The Constitution lays out the basic framework for the U.S. government in about 4 pages and has been amended only 27 times.,[object Object],The Alabama Constitution contains over 300,000 words and has been amended more than 700 times.,[object Object]
Important Principles,[object Object],Separation of Powers,[object Object],Checks and Balances,[object Object]
Constitution and federalism
Important Principles,[object Object],Separation of Powers,[object Object],Checks and Balances,[object Object],Federal System,[object Object],A system of government in which power and authority are divided between a central government and regional sub-units,[object Object]
Important Principles,[object Object],Separation of Powers,[object Object],Checks and Balances,[object Object],Federal System,[object Object],Representative Republicanism,[object Object],Limit the influence of the masses,[object Object],Senators were originally chosen by state legislatures,[object Object]
Important Principles,[object Object],Separation of Powers,[object Object],Checks and Balances,[object Object],Federal System,[object Object],Representative Republicanism,[object Object],Reciprocity,[object Object],Full faith and credit,[object Object],Equal rights to out of state citizens,[object Object]
Important Principles,[object Object],Separation of Powers,[object Object],Checks and Balances,[object Object],Federal System,[object Object],Representative Republicanism,[object Object],Reciprocity,[object Object],Fixed system open to change,[object Object]
Relevance of the Constitution,[object Object],Does meaning change over time?,[object Object],Living constitution vs. Original intent,[object Object]
Defining Federalism,[object Object],Federalism,[object Object],Constitutional  arrangement whereby power is distributed between a central government and subnational governments called states in the United States. ,[object Object],“Look, the American people don’t want to be bossed around by federal bureaucrats.  They want to be bossed around by state bureaucrats”,[object Object]
Governing Levels,[object Object],1 National Government,[object Object],50 State Governments,[object Object],Thousands of local governments,[object Object]
Governing Levels,[object Object],Is there some kind of ‘federalism’ between state and local governments?,[object Object]
Governing Levels,[object Object],Is there some kind of ‘federalism’ between state and local governments?,[object Object],Dillon’s Rule (1868),[object Object],Home Rule,[object Object]
Types of Government,[object Object],Federalism,[object Object],Powers divided between central government and smaller governmental units,[object Object]
Types of Government,[object Object],Federalism,[object Object],Confederation,[object Object],Definition?,[object Object]
Types of Government,[object Object],Federalism,[object Object],Confederation,[object Object],States retain ultimate authority,[object Object]
Types of Government,[object Object]
Types of Government,[object Object],Federalism,[object Object],Confederation,[object Object],Unitary,[object Object],Central government exercises all governmental powers and can change or abolish its constituent units (states),[object Object]
Advantages of Federalism,[object Object],Diversity of Needs,[object Object],Closeness to the people,[object Object],Innovation and Experimentation,[object Object],Sub-national units are “laboratories”,[object Object],Check on Federal Power,[object Object]
Federalism,[object Object],Sometimes used to address ethnic divisions,[object Object],South Africa,[object Object],Iraq,[object Object]
Disadvantages,[object Object],Lack of National Standards,[object Object],Low visibility and lack of popular control,[object Object],Lack of uniformity in rules and programs,[object Object]
Disadvantages,[object Object],Lack of National Standards,[object Object],Low visibility and lack of popular control,[object Object],Lack of uniformity in rules and programs,[object Object],Yugoslavia was a disaster,[object Object],A collection of “ethno-nationalist republics”,[object Object]
Federalism in the Constitution,[object Object],States have independent powers,[object Object],Supremacy Clause,[object Object],Congressional powers are enumerated (Article I, Section 8),[object Object],Tenth Amendment,[object Object],Powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are “reserved to the states respectively, or to the people”,[object Object]
State Roles,[object Object],Amendments,[object Object],¾ of all state legislatures must ratify an amendment,[object Object],States must approve the creation of new states,[object Object]
The Great Debate: Centralists versus Decentralists,[object Object],Centralism,[object Object],Supporters: Chief Justice John Marshall, Presidents Abraham Lincoln, Theodore Roosevelt, and Franklin Roosevelt, and the Supreme Court for most of its history,[object Object],Position: The central government should be denied authority only when the Constitution clearly prohibits it from acting,[object Object],Decentralism,[object Object],Supporters: Antifederalists, Thomas Jefferson, Supreme Court from 1920s to 1937, and Presidents Ronald Reagan and G. W. Bush,[object Object],Position: Views the Constitution as a compact among states that gives the central government very little authority,[object Object]
Historical Markers in the Development of American Federalism,[object Object],McCulloch V. Maryland and the Necessary and Proper Clause,[object Object],Secession and the Civil War,[object Object],National Guarantees of Civil Rights,[object Object],The Expansion of Interstate Commerce,[object Object],The Income Tax and Federal Grants,[object Object]
The Evolution of American Federalism,[object Object],“State-Centered Federalism” ,[object Object],1787 to 1868,[object Object],From the adoption of the Constitution to the end of the Civil War, the states were the most important units of the American Federal System,[object Object],McCulloch v. Maryland decided during this phase,[object Object]
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819),[object Object],“The power to tax involves the power to destroy…If the right of the States to tax the means employed by the general government be conceded, the declaration that the Constitution, and the laws made in pursuance thereof, shall be the supreme law of the land, is empty and unmeaning declamation.”,[object Object]
Question,[object Object],I thought the Civil War was about slavery. What does federalism have to do with the Civil War?,[object Object]
The Evolution of American Federalism,[object Object],“Dual Federalism”,[object Object],1868 to 1913,[object Object],In this phase, the national government narrowly interpreted its delegated powers and the states continued to decide most domestic policy issues,[object Object]
Evolution of American Federalism,[object Object],	After the Civil War, industrialization and urbanization created new challenges for the federal system,[object Object]
The Evolution of American Federalism,[object Object],“Cooperative Federalism”,[object Object],1913 to 1964,[object Object],The system was likened to a marble cake in that “as the colors are mixed in a marble cake, so functions are mixed in the American federal system.” ,[object Object]
Cooperative Federalism,[object Object],1932-1936: Supreme Court invoked doctrine of Dual Federalism to challenge FDR’s New Deal,[object Object],Court packing scheme,[object Object],Court has since sided with national government,[object Object]
Doctrine of Incorporation,[object Object],The Supreme Court has “incorporated” new rights into the due process clause of the 14th Amendment,[object Object],Expands civil liberties on the national level,[object Object]
The Evolution of American Federalism,[object Object],“Centralized” or “Creative” Federalism,[object Object],1964-1980,[object Object],The presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969) marked a critical point in the evolution of federalism,[object Object],Federal government clearly had its own national goals,[object Object]
The Great Society and Creative Federalism,[object Object],Johnson’s “Great Society”,[object Object],War on Poverty,[object Object],Federal funds were directed to states, local government, and a wide variety of social programs,[object Object]
The Great Society and Creative Federalism,[object Object]
The Great Society and Creative Federalism,[object Object]
The Changing Nature of Federal Grants,[object Object],Grants-in-Aid,[object Object],Federal funds given to state and local governments on the condition that the money be spent for specified purposes, defined by officials in Washington,[object Object]
Types of Grants,[object Object],Categorical,[object Object],For a specific purpose,[object Object],Block Grants,[object Object],For a general area,[object Object]
New Federalism,[object Object],Ronald Reagan sought to return more power and responsibility to the states,[object Object],“Government is not the solution; it’s the problem”,[object Object],	- Ronald Reagan,[object Object]
Devolution,[object Object],   The Republican “Contract with America” called for devolution-- the transfer of political and economic power to the states,[object Object],Copyright 2006 Prentice Hall,[object Object]
The Supreme Court and the Role of Congress,[object Object],Beginning in 1995, justices interested in granting more deference to state authority gained a slim five-to-four majority in the Supreme Court,[object Object]
Our Federal System,[object Object],Is the federal government getting too big to provide an effective response to local problems?,[object Object]

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Constitution and federalism

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