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Improving The Performance of Your Web App
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These are the slides from my FOWA workshop on how to scale your web apps.
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Improving The Performance of Your Web App
- Improving the Performance of your Web Application Joe Stump, Lead Architect, Digg.com
- Introductions
- “Web 2.0 sucks (for scaling).” Joe Stump, Lead Architect, Digg.com Users want access to all of their crap at all times. I, personally, don’t find your dog funny or cute, but I’ll be damned if I’m the one who’ll stand in the way of you posting it and others consuming it.
- Backend Considerations Language considerations Scaling out Caching strategies Content storage and delivery Parallel data requests Near time data processing Partitioning data
- Frontend Considerations Reduce HTTP requests Avoid inline JavaScript and CSS Compression and Minification Learn to love HTTP/1.1
- “PHP doesn’t scale.” Cal Henderson, Director of Development, Flickr.com Languages don’t scale Bytecode caching (PHP, Python, etc) Robust library & driver support Active developer communities
- Discussion! What language do you use? Why? Does it help you or hurt to use it?
- Your mom lied; don’t share. Decentralize data, storage, processing, etc. Increased redundancy Scaling becomes simple; add more boxes
- Scaling Up
- Scaling Up
- Scaling Up
- Scaling Out
- Scaling Out
- Scaling Out
- Scaling Out
- Scaling Out
- Scaling Out
- Scaling Out
- Scaling Out
- Scaling Out
- Scaling Out
- How do I scale easily? 1.Caching 2.Caching 3.Caching!
- What are my options? Disk based caching (e.g. Cache_Lite) In memory caching (e.g. APC, Memcached) Cloud caching (e.g. MogileFS, S3)
- Disk based caching Stupid simple Cheap Fairly easy to scale out Dynamic images Slower than others Use fast disks! RAM disks are faster
- APC (PHP) Bytecode caching In memory user cache Insanely fast Not centralized or shared
- Memcache If you’re not using this you’re crazy Easy to set up and use Insanely fast over the network Scales to insane heights Failover, widely supported, etc. Centralized and shared across site
- Mogile FS File and data store Runs over WebDAV Scales out infinitely (in theory) Serialize data, store in file Centralized and shared across site
- Amazon S3 File and data store Runs over HTTP Scales out infinitely (in theory) Serialize data, store in file Centralized and shared across site Costs money Widely supported in all languages Check out ThruDB
- Discussion! Are you using caching? Why not? If so, what’s your strategy?
- Content Storage/Delivery What are your storage needs? Is it critical YOU store them? How costly is it to store in-house? Can you do it for free? (YAY! Mooching!)
- i can has free storage? YouTube for video Scribd for documents Flickr for images
- Cloud Services (S3) Simple to get up and running No hardware maintenance Costs money, but not as much as you think
- NFS Simple to set up and get running Costs money, requires colocation, etc. Does. Not. Scale. Did I mention it doesn’t scale? Stop gap solution at best
- Mogile FS Somewhat complicated to set up Costs money, requires colocation, etc. Scales exceptionally well Used at Digg, LiveJournal, others Check out File_Mogile by Digg (PEAR)
- Roll Your Own File storage IS your business Highly specialized and customized Costs money, requires colocation, etc. Last resort
- CDN Completely outsource it Costs a ton of money Out of your control Scales and scales and scales
- Discussion! What are you using for storage? What’s worked for you? What’s failed epically?
- Parallel Data Requests Access your data in parallel Make data access asynchronous (WHAT?!) Loosely couple your data access layer All for the low, low price of FREE!* *Offer only available for hardcore nerds looking for street cred.
- HTTP Parallel Asynchronous Non-blocking Loosely coupled Free foot massages!
- HTTP
- Gearman Parallel Asynchronous Scales well
- Discussion! Which format to use for exchange? Anyone doing this already? Amazon, Google,Yahoo!
- Near time processing Does this need to be done NOW? Offload to background processes Offloading must be a no op Feeds, Facebook, crawling, etc.
- Cron Run every minute or two Simple Great for batch jobs Not decentralized, locking issues
- Gearman Fire and forget Simple Scales well Digg Images Nearly instant Decentralized No guarantees
- Queues Grid Engine by Sun Starling by Twitter Others?
- Amzon’s EC2 http://open.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/11/01/self-service-prorated-super-computing-fun/ Near limitless computing resources Remember; don’t share Awesome for bots, crawling, etc.
- Discussion! What’s low(er) priority? Where would you implement this?
- Partitioning Data Horizontal v.Vertical Not all data lives in a single place Hash records to partitions App smart / logical sharding
- Horizontal 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.2 192.168.0.3 Users Users Users id int(11) id int(11) id int(11) username char(15) username char(15) username char(15) password char(15) password char(15) password char(15) email char(45) email char(45) email char(45)
- Hashing your data oh hai! were’s mai dataz?!
- How? Put 10,000 users per partition Partition users alphabetically Partition home listings by zip code Partition products by SKU
- Vertical 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.2 192.168.0.3 Users UsersPrf UsersStg id int(11) id int(11) id int(11) username char(15) fname char(50) cmts_pg tinyint(2) password char(15) lname char(50) cmts_lvl tinyint(1) email char(45) url char(255) cmts_prf tinyint(1)
- Why? Avoid altering large tables Save time during insert Many small tables v. one large table Lazy loading of rarely used data
- Discussion! Natural partitions in your data? How would you hash your data?
- Reduce HTTP Requests Bundle JavaScript and CSS Use sprites for images Reduce images / outside objects
- Reduce HTTP Requests Bundle JavaScript and CSS Use sprites for images Reduce images / outside objects
- Avoid inline JS/CSS External = Cached Inline = Not Cached
- Compression / Minify Enable Gzip compression sitewide Use minification software on JS jQuery/Prototype Minified
- Learn to Love HTTP/1.1 Cache-Control: public/private Connection: close Expires: Thu, 28 Feb 2008 16:00:00 GMT
- Conclusions Share nothing, decentralize, redundancy Caching, caching, caching, caching Reduce, recycle and reuse
- Resources High Performance Web Sites Essential Knowledge for Front-End Engineers by Steve Souders Serving JavaScript Fast http://www.thinkvitamin.com/features/webapps/serving-javascript-fast by Cal Henderson, Director of Development, Flickr.com
- Questions?!
- Contact/Flame Me Joe Stump joe@digg.com http://joestump.net
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