This document discusses milestones in biological classification, focusing on four famous scientists: Aristotle, Charakan, John Ray, and Carl Linneaus. It summarizes their key contributions to early systems of classifying organisms. Aristotle was the first to classify organisms into two groups of plants and animals. John Ray rejected dichotomous classification and instead grouped organisms based on observable similarities and differences. Carl Linneaus developed the system of binomial nomenclature used in modern taxonomy. Overall, the document outlines the early history of biological classification and the pivotal role played by these four scientists.

1. MILESTONES IN CLASSIFICATION

2. WHAT IS CLASSIFICATION ?
 CLASSIFICATION - THE PROCESS OF
ORGANISMS ON THE BASIS OF
SIMILARITY AND DIFFERENCES.

3. FAMOUS SCIENTIST IN
CLASSIFICATION
 ARISTOTLE
 CHARAKAN
 JOHN RAY
 KARL LINNEAUS

4. ARISTOTLE
•Father of Biology
born 384 BC,
Srafira,
Chaladice,Greece.
• Father of Biology
died 322BC
Euboea,Geek
nationality Greek
era Ancient philosophy
region Western philosophy
school •Peripete
•Aristotelianism
school

5. CLASSIFICATION OF JOHN RAY

6. CONTRIBUTIONS
Classified both plants and
animals into red blooded and
non-red blooded
 His publications includes
physics, metaphysics etc

7. CONTRIBUTIONS OF ARISTOTLE
 Greek philosopher.
 divided organisms into 2 groups - plants
and animals.
 divided animals into blood and bloodless.
 also divided animals into 3 groups
according to how they moved - walking,
flying, or swimming (land, air, or water)
 his system was used into the 1600's

8. CHARAKAN
Life span: AD-1
father of
Ayurveda

9. Contributions of Charakan
Classified 200 animals and 340
plants
Famous publication is
Charakasamhitha
Famous ayurveda physician
Other books includes cause of
diseases

10. CARL LINNEAUS
Born 23 May 1707
Stenbrohult
parish
Died 10 January
1778 (aged 70)
Hammarby
Danmark
parish
(outside
Uppsala),
Sweden
Residence Sweden
Nationality swedish
Fields Botany
Biology
Zoology

11. Contributions of Karl Linneaus
He classified plants
First publication is ‘Systema naturae’ in 1735
Other publication is Genera planterum
The first edition of Systema Naturae was printed in the
Netherlands in 1735.
 it classified 4,400 species of animals and 7,700 species of
plants.
 These binomials could serve as a label to refer to the
species.
 Although the system, now known as binomial nomenclature,
Linnaeus was the first to use it consistently throughout the
work, including in monospecific genera, and may be said to
have popularised it within the scientific community.

12. CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS BY KARL LINNEAUS

13. JOHN RAY
BorLn ife span:1296 N2o7ve-m1b7er0 16527
Black Notley,
near Braintree
Died 17 January
1705 (aged 77)
Black Notley
Nationality English
Fields Botany, Zoology, N
atural
history, Natural
theology
Academic advisors James Duport

14. Contributions of john ray
 He published important works on Botany,zoology,
and Natural theology.
 His classification of plants in his Historia Plantarum,
was an important step towards modern taxonomy.
 Ray rejected the system of dichotomous division by
which species were classified according to a pre-conceived,
either/or type system, and instead
classified plants according to similarities and
differences that emerged from observation.
 Thus he advanced scientific empiricism against the
deductive rationalism of the scholastics.
 He was the first to give a biological definition of the
term species

15. Contributions of john ray
Laid the foundation of classification.
Approximately 18,600 plants were recorded in
the book ‘Historia Generalis planterum’.
 He classified plants as flowering,
dicots,monocots etc.
He first used the term ‘Species’.

17. The book Historia generalis planterum

18. CONCLUSION
 The four scientist in classification are
Aristotle
Karl linneaus
Charakan
John ray
Through this powerpoint presentation, the
classification of these scientists are presented in a
simple way.

19. REFERENCE
• www. Wikipedia.com
• SCERT textbook standard VIII
• Google
•Encyclopædia Britannica (2008). The Britannica Guide to
the 100 Most Influential Scientists. Running Press.

20. THANK YOU
BY
ARYA S B
ROLL NO: 6