1. Introduction:
• Hugs & Kisses is a school-based child sexual abuse
prevention play shown to children in Kindergarten through
Fifth grades in Virginia.
• Teaches two primary safety lessons:
• Action Knowledge- Children have the right to say no to
secret touching, if a child experiences secret touching they
should tell a trusted adult, & secret touching is never the
child’s fault.
• Touch Knowledge- the concepts of Good touch, Bad
touch, and Secret touch.
Methods:
• Mixed Methods Evaluation Model that includes a 31-item
teacher evaluation form to test pre-play preparation and post-
play experiences such as discussion of themes from the play
• A valid and reliable 8-item children’s survey to assess the
level of knowledge children gain as a result of viewing the
play.
• Descriptive stats, PCA Factor Analysis, and one sample t-
test.
Results:
• 2,700 children’s surveys and 154 teachers’ surveys.
• 43Factor Analysis revealed KMO of 0.619 (adequate), Two
Factors w/ eigenvalues over 1.0 representing 42.9% of the
variance. Q1, 3, & 4 measure Touch knowledge and Q2, 5, 6,
and 7 measure Action knowledge.
• 80% Benchmark achieved by students w/ overall score of
84.5%.
• 7.19 minutes= average length of post-play Discussion
• Children whose teacher held a discussion scored better
overall (85.74%) compared to those children whose teacher
did not hold a discussion (83.37%).
Discussion:
• Viewing the play increases Action & Touch Knowledge.
• Post-play discussion is critical.
Hugs & Kisses: An Innovative Prevention Program and
Evaluation Model
Angie Mann-Williams, PhD, LCSW
Jimmy A. Young, PhD, MSW, MPA
Children who view the Hugs & Kisses CSA
Prevention Play increase their knowledge of
Good Touch, Bad Touch and Secret Touch,
and know they can take action to STOP secret
touching. Teachers who hold a post-play
discussion across all grades are able to further
reinforce those lessons and increase student
comprehension of the concepts of the play.
Table 1 Factor Analysis of Children’s Questionnaire
Components
Questions
Factor 1:
Action
Knowledge
Factor 2:
Touch
Knowledge
1. Is good touch confusing and uncomfortable? -.089 .644
2. Does bad touch hurt? .574 -.278
3. Is a punch or a slap a secret touch? .141 .536
4. Are strangers the only people that might want to secret
touch kids?
.029 .751
5. Is it a good idea to tell someone if someone touches you
where you don’t want to be touched?
.631 .021
6. Do you think you should say no to an adult who is
secret touching you?
.645 .114
7. Do you think you should tell someone if a friend tells
you they are being secret touched, even if your friend asks
you not to tell anybody?
.672 .146
Eigen
Values 1.641 1.362
Percentage of Variance 23.44 19.46
Note: Total Variance= 42.9%
Communalities for all questions = 1.000.
Table 4 t-test: Average Scores Comparison
Mean Scores (SD)
Grade Standard Score Test Value M diff t df p
Kindergarten 79.04 (23.06) 72.96 (23.51) 6.08 5.662 460 <.000
First 78.07 (20.37) 78.47 (22.09) -.405 -.431 468 .667
Second 82.24 (18.01) 84.41 (17.25) -1.18 -1.642 632 .101
Third 86.63 (16.41) 92.54 (11.25) -5.91 -7.088 386 <.000
Fourth 94.60 (9.53) 94.40 (10.45) .201 .417 388 .677
Fifth 88.89 (18.91) 90.66 (15.77) -1.77 -1.784 360 .075
Note: M diff = amount of score change from the 2015 to the 2016 evaluation year.
Table 5 t-test: Average Scores Comparison (Overall)
Mean Scores (SD)
Standard Score Test Value M diff t df p
All Grades
Combined
84.50 (19.19) 85.88 (18.69) -1.38 -3.736 2699 <.000
Note: M diff = amount of score change from the 2015 to the 2016 evaluation year.
Table 8 Average Scores Comparison between Children and In-Class Discussion
Grade
In-class discussion held?
Yes No
Count Mean Standard
Deviation
Count Mean Standard
Deviation
Kindergarten 176 79.83 22.40 276 79.76 22.80
First 166 83.58 16.90 277 74.14 21.59
Second 311 83.20 17.96 313 83.27 18.26
Third 168 85.64 16.78 200 86.81 16.44
Fourth 186 95.16 8.43 178 94.52 9.76
Fifth 164 88.49 18.31 160 89.06 19.00
Total 1171 85.74 17.94 1404 83.37 19.99