Global Economics Update - November 2015

Global Economics Update - November 2015
.... Laird Research - Economics November 16, 2015 Where we are now . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Indicators for US Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Global Financial Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 US Key Interest Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 US Inflation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 QE Taper Tracker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Exchange Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 US Banking Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 US Employment Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 US Business Activity Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 US Consumption Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 US Housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Global Business Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Canadian Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 European Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Chinese Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Global Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Where we are now Welcome to the Laird Report. We present a selection of economic data from around the world to help figure where we are today. Perhaps there is a new trend in the world: stay at home and shut out all the noise. In the US, consumers are feeling better about them- selves, housing prices are on a multi-year winning stretch that have either recovered or come close in most areas, unemployment is low, bankruptcies are down – in short, things are looking pretty good at the local level. China is still an unknown – and will remain that way for at least the next year as a ship that big won’t turn very quickly. We can see exports declining, but retail sales up strongly year over year. The world may not China’s products but at home, people are spending. Europe seems to have recovered in most areas – focusing in particular on unemployment as the biggest issue in the region. Greece and Spain are still at horrendous levels, but there’s clear improvement happening. But again, exports are down. Canada has taken it on the chin, along with Australia and other export dominated economies – I’m looking at you Brazil. If you need someone else to buy it (whatever it is: oil, minerals, export goods) it seems you will see your economy facing headwinds. If you can consume it domestically, you are feeling fine. Japan, for example, is now offi- cially in a recession, yet private consumption (60% of Japan’s GDP) is now up after falling in Q2. But this raises the question: if there are so many signs of life among consumers, how are exports and export economies feeling the pinch? Shouldn’t these move closer together? Formatting Notes The grey bars on the various charts are OECD recession indicators for the respective countries. In many cases, the last available value is listed, along with the median value (measured from as much of the data series as is available). Subscription Info For a FREE subscription to this monthly report, please visit sign up at our website: www.lairdresearch.com Laird Research, November 16, 2015
Indicators for US Economy Leading indicators are indicators that usually change before the economy as a whole changes. They are useful as short-term predictors of the economy. Our list includes the Philly Fed’s Leading Index which summarizes multiple indicators; initial jobless claims and hours worked (both decrease quickly when demand for employee services drops and vice versa); purchasing manager indicies; new order and housing per- mit indicies; delivery timings (longer timings imply more demand in the system) and consumer sentiment (how consumers are feeling about their own financial situation and the economy in general). Red dots are points where a new trend has started. Leading Index for the US Index:Est.6monthgrowth −3−10123 median: 1.52 Sep 2015: 1.33 Growth Contraction Initial Unemployment Claims 1000'sofClaimsperWeek 200400600 median: 349.62 Nov 2015: 267.75 Manufacturing Ave. Weekly Hours Worked Hours 394041424344 median: 40.60 Oct 2015: 41.80 ISM Manfacturing − PMI Index:SteadyState=50 3040506070 median: 53.40 Oct 2015: 50.10 expanding economy contracting economy Manufacturers' New Orders: Durable Goods BillionsofDollars 150200250300 median: 184.45 Sep 2015: 231.18 Index of Truck Tonnage TruckTonnageIndex 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 100120 median: 113.00 Aug 2015: 135.00 Capex (ex. Defence & Planes) BillionsofDollars 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 40506070 median: 57.80 Sep 2015: 68.83 Chicago Fed National Activity Index IndexValue 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 −4−202 median: 0.08 Sep 2015: −0.37 U. Michigan: Consumer Sentiment Index1966Q1=100 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 507090110 median: 88.45 Oct 2015: 90.00 www.lairdresearch.com November 16, 2015 Page 2
Global Financial Markets Global Stock Market Returns Country Index Name Close Date Current Value Weekly Change Monthly Change 3 month Change 12 month Change Corr to S&P500 Corr to TSX North America USA S&P 500 Nov 13 2,023.0 -3.6% J 1.0% I -2.9% J -0.8% J 1.00 0.81 USA NASDAQ Composite Nov 13 4,927.9 -4.3% J 2.7% I -2.1% J 5.3% I 0.95 0.77 USA Wilshire 5000 Total Market Nov 13 21,043.7 -3.8% J 0.2% I -4.0% J -1.9% J 1.00 0.82 Canada S&P TSX Nov 13 13,075.4 -3.5% J -5.6% J -8.2% J -11.5% J 0.81 1.00 Europe and Russia France CAC 40 Nov 13 4,808.0 -3.5% J 3.5% I -3.6% J 14.8% I 0.59 0.65 Germany DAX Nov 13 10,708.4 -2.5% J 6.7% I -2.8% J 15.8% I 0.58 0.62 United Kingdom FTSE Nov 13 6,118.3 -3.7% J -3.5% J -6.9% J -7.8% J 0.59 0.68 Russia Market Vectors Russia ETF Nov 13 16.1 -4.7% J -4.2% J -2.0% J -17.7% J 0.71 0.75 Asia Taiwan TSEC weighted index Nov 13 8,329.5 -4.2% J -2.8% J 0.2% I -7.3% J 0.40 0.50 China Shanghai Composite Index Nov 13 3,580.8 -0.3% J 9.8% I -9.5% J 44.1% I 0.32 0.33 Japan NIKKEI 225 Nov 13 19,596.9 1.7% I 7.5% I -4.8% J 12.7% I 0.40 0.37 Hong Kong Hang Seng Nov 13 22,396.1 -2.1% J -0.9% J -6.8% J -6.8% J 0.41 0.45 Korea Kospi Nov 13 1,973.3 -3.3% J -2.3% J -0.5% J 0.7% I 0.45 0.49 South Asia and Austrailia India Bombay Stock Exchange Nov 13 25,610.5 -2.5% J -4.6% J -7.0% J -8.3% J 0.48 0.56 Indonesia Jakarta Nov 13 4,472.8 -2.1% J -0.2% J -2.4% J -11.4% J 0.40 0.48 Malaysia FTSE Bursa Malaysia KLCI Nov 13 1,658.9 -1.6% J -3.1% J 2.3% I -8.6% J 0.26 0.37 Australia All Ordinaries Nov 13 5,111.8 -3.0% J -2.3% J -5.1% J -5.7% J 0.35 0.39 New Zealand NZX 50 Index Gross Nov 13 5,989.0 -1.3% J 5.0% I 4.4% I 9.6% I 0.19 0.25 South America Brasil IBOVESPA Nov 13 46,517.0 -0.9% J -1.8% J -3.1% J -10.3% J 0.62 0.61 Argentina MERVAL Buenos Aires Nov 13 13,182.7 2.4% I 22.5% I 12.9% I 32.9% I 0.66 0.65 Mexico Bolsa index Nov 13 43,617.7 -3.6% J -1.6% J -0.6% J -0.3% J 0.70 0.73 MENA and Africa Egypt Market Vectors Egypt ETF Nov 13 35.5 -9.7% J -14.8% J -19.6% J -45.1% J 0.34 0.32 (Gulf States) Market Vectors Gulf States ETF Nov 13 23.3 -3.7% J -7.9% J -12.5% J -23.7% J 0.44 0.52 South Africa iShares MSCI South Africa Index Nov 13 52.1 -7.7% J -9.7% J -13.6% J -21.8% J 0.68 0.61 (Africa) Market Vectors Africa ETF Nov 13 19.0 -5.3% J -9.7% J -12.9% J -32.2% J 0.63 0.61 Commodities USD Spot Oil West Texas Int. Nov 10 $44.2 -7.6% J -6.1% J -1.6% J -42.9% J 0.38 0.55 USD Gold LME Spot Nov 13 $1,083.8 -2.2% J -6.1% J -3.0% J -6.7% J -0.17 -0.05 Note: Correlations are based on daily arithmetic returns for the most recent 100 trading days. www.lairdresearch.com November 16, 2015 Page 3
S&P 500 Composite Index The S&P 500 Composite Index is widely regarded as the best single gauge of the large cap U.S. equities market. A key figure is the valuation level of the S&P500 as measured by the Price/Earnings ratio. We present two versions: (1) a 12-month trailing earnings version which reflects current earnings but is skewed by short term variances and (2) a cyclically adjusted version which looks at the inflation adjusted earnings over a 10 year period (i.e. at least one business cycle). Forecasted earnings numbers are estimates provided by S&P. S&P 500 Profit Margins and Overall Corporate Profit Margins (Trailing 12 months) Percent 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Percent Total Corporate Profits (% of GDP) − median: 6.2%, Q2/15: 10.3% Net Profit Margin (S&P 500 Earnings / Revenue) − median: 6.6%, Q3/15: 8.0% S&P Quarterly Earnings (USD$ Inflation Adjusted to current prices) 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 −5.00 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 −5.00 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 Tech Bubble Japanese Asset Bubble House BubbleAsian Financial Crisis US Financial Crisis Eurozone crisis Oil Crisis I Oil Crisis II Gulf War Savings and Loans Crisis High Inflation Period Afganistan/Iraq WarVietnam War Reported Earnings Operating Earnings Trailing P/E Ratios for S&P500 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 Multiple Multiple 12−month P/E ( median = 17.4, Nov = 22.1) 10−year CAPE ( median = 19.5, Nov = 25.6) www.lairdresearch.com November 16, 2015 Page 4
S&P 500 Composite Distributions This is a view of the price performance of the S&P 500 index companies. The area of each box is proportional to the company’s market cap, while the colour is determined by the percentage change in price over the past month. In addition, companies are sorted according to their industry group. AAPL +2.5% GOOG +17% MSFT +18% FB +14% V +12% ORCL +3.3% INTC +7% CSCO +1.9% IBM −8.2% MA +6.9% ACN TXN CRM PYPL CTSH ADP EBAY ATVI HPE HPQ EA FISV FIS MU XRX STX TSS WU CSC BRK−A +1.1% WFC +6.1% JPM +7.5% BAC +11% C +6.6% GS USB +3% AIG +4.2% AXP MS +7.7% SPG BLK MET PNC BK SCHW COF PSA PRU ACE TRV CME ICE CB BBT STT EQR CCI AFL MHFI DFS AVB STI HIG PGR VNO VTR FITB HCP WY ESS L RF O XL KEY JNJ +7.2% PFE +4.5% MRK +7.4% GILD +4.4% AGN +6.1% AMGN BMY +6.8% UNH −4.5% MDT +8.9% ABBV +8.6% CELG LLY ABT BIIB TMO MCK ALXN AET ANTM CI BDX VRTX CAH MYL BSX BXLT ZTS CERN ISRG DVA BCR A AMZN +23% DIS +12% HD CMCSA +5.4% NKE −1.6% MCD SBUX +3.9% LOW PCLN FOX TWX F GM TWC TGT TJX CCL JCI VFC LB AZO VIAB UA DG M BBY SIG LEN RL TIF PG +2.8% WMT −12% KO +4% PEP +4.5% PM +5% MO CVS WBA KHC MDLZ COST RAI CL +1.3% KMB KR GIS EL STZ K SYY TSN DPS MJN CLX GE +20% MMM +11% BA +9.2% UPS +3.2% UTX +9.2% HON +6.7% UNP LMT DHR FDX GD CAT DAL RTN NOC ITW PCP EMR LUV AAL NSC CSX ETN DE WM ROP NLSN IR PH R XOM +5.5% CVX +13% SLB +13% COP +7.6% OXY KMI PSX EOG VLO HAL WMB PXD BHI DVN APA SE HES NBL NOV TSO CAM DOW DD LYB MON ECL PX PPG SHW IP VMC CF AA FCX NEE DUK D SO AEP EXC PCG SRE PPL PEG EIX ED ES DTE FE ETR NI T +0.75% VZ +4.3% LVLT CTL Information Technology Financials Health Care Consumer Discretionary Consumer Staples Industrials Energy Materials Utilities Telecommunications Services <−25.0% −20.0% −15.0% −10.0% −5.0% 0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% >25.0% % Change in Price from Oct 1, 2015 to Nov 13, 2015 Average Median Median Median Sector Change P/Sales P/Book P/E Materials 11.0% I 1.2 3.9 21.1 Industrials 8.3% I 1.5 3.6 17.7 Information Technology 8.0% I 3.6 4.5 26.0 Energy 7.6% I 1.6 1.9 19.9 Consumer Discretionary 5.4% I 1.6 3.8 19.2 Average Median Median Median Sector Change P/Sales P/Book P/E Financials 5.3% I 3.0 1.6 17.5 Health Care 4.3% I 3.2 3.8 26.3 Telecommunications Services 3.3% I 1.4 1.6 27.6 Consumer Staples 0.8% I 2.2 6.0 24.2 Utilities -1.0% J 1.6 1.6 17.2 www.lairdresearch.com November 16, 2015 Page 5
US Equity Valuations A key valuation metric is Tobin’s q: the ratio between the market value of the entire US stock market versus US net assets at replacement cost (ie. what you pay versus what you get). Warren Buffet famously follows stock market value as a percentage of GNP, which is highly (93%) correlated to Tobin’s q. We can also take the reverse approach: assume the market has valuations correct, we can determine the required returns of future estimated earnings. These are quoted for both debt (using BAA rated securities as a proxy) and equity premiums above the risk free rate (10 year US Treasuries). These figures are alternate approaches to under- standing the current market sentiment - higher premiums indicate a demand for greater returns for the same price and show the level of risk-aversion in the market. Tobin's q (Market Equity / Market Net Worth) and S&P500 Price/Sales 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 Buying assets at a discount Paying up for growth Tobin Q (median = 0.76, Mar = 1.06) S&P 500 Price/Sales (median = 1.35, Sep = 1.71) Equity and Debt Risk Premiums: Spread vs. Risk Free Rate (10−year US Treasury) 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% Implied Equity Premium (median = 4.2%, Oct = 4.7%) Debt (BAA) Premium (median = 2.0%, Oct = 3.2%) www.lairdresearch.com November 16, 2015 Page 6
US Mutual Fund Flows Fund flows describe the net investments in equity and bond mutual funds in the US market, as described in ICI’s “Trends in Mutual Fund Investing” report. Note however that this is only part of the story as it does not include ETF fund flows - part of the changes are investors entering or leaving the market, and part is investors shifting to ETF’s from mutual funds. US Net New Investment Cash Flow to Mutual Funds US$billions(monthly) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 −40−2002040 Domestic Equity World Equity Taxable Bonds Municipal Bonds US Net New Investment Cash Flow to Mutual Funds US$billions(Monthly) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 −60−40−200204060 Flows to Equity Flows to Bonds Net Market Flows www.lairdresearch.com November 16, 2015 Page 7
US Key Interest Rates Interest rates are often leading indicators of stress in the financial system. The yield curve show the time structure of interest rates on government bonds - Usually the longer the time the loan is outstanding, the higher the rate charged. However if a recession is expected, then the fed cuts rates and this relationship is inverted - leading to negative spreads where short term rates are higher than long term rates. Almost every recession in the past century has been preceeded by an inversion - though not every inversion preceeds a recession (just most of the time). For corporate bonds, the key issue is the spread between bond rates (i.e. AAA vs BAA bonds) or between government loans (LIBOR vs Fedfunds - the infamous “TED Spread”). Here a spike correlates to an aversion to risk, which is an indication that something bad is happening. US Treasury Yield Curves ForwardInstantaneousRates(%) 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5Nov 12, 2015 (Today) Oct 13, 2015 (1 mo ago) Aug 12, 2015 (3 mo ago) 12 Nov 2014 (1 yr ago) 3 Month & 10 Yr Treasury Yields 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 10 Yr Treasury 3 Mo Treasury Spread AAA vs. BAA Bond Spreads 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% Percent AAA BAA 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 median: 91.00 Nov 2015: 138.00 0 100 200 300 0 100 200 300 Spread(bps) LIBOR vs. Fedfunds Rate 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% Percent 3 mos t−bill LIBOR 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 median: 36.25 Nov 2015: 20.14 0 100 200 300 0 100 200 300 Spread(bps) www.lairdresearch.com November 16, 2015 Page 8
US Inflation Generally, the US Fed tries to anchor long run inflation expectations to approximately 2%. Inflation can be measured with the Consumer Price Index (CPI) or the Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE) index. In both cases, it makes sense to exclude items that vary quickly like Food and Energy to get a clearer picture of inflation (usually called Core Inflation). The Fed seems to think PCI more accurately reflects the entire basket of goods and services that households purchase. Finally, we can make a reasonable estimate of future inflation expectations by comparing real return and normal bonds to construct an imputed forward inflation expectation. The 5y5y chart shows expected 5 year inflation rates at a point 5 years in the future. Neat trick that. Consumer Price Index Percent 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 −1% 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% −1% 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% US Inflation Rate YoY% (Sep = −0.025%) US Inflation ex Food & Energy YoY% (Sep = 1.9%) Personal Consumption Expenditures Percent(YearoverYear) 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 −10123456 PCE Inflation Rate YoY% (Sep = 0.16%) PCE Core Inflation YoY% (Sep = 1.3%) 5−Year, 5−Year Forward Inflation Expectation Rate Percent 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 −10123456 5 year forward Inflation Expectation Actual 5yr Inflation (CPI measure) Actual 5yr Inflation (PCE Measure) www.lairdresearch.com November 16, 2015 Page 9
QE Taper Tracker The US has been using the program of Quantitative Easing to provide monetary stimulous to its economy. The Fed has engaged in a series of programs (QE1, QE2 & QE3) designed to drive down long term rates and improve liquidity though purchases of treasuries, morgage backed securites and other debt from banks. The higher demand for long maturity securities would drive up their price, but as these securities have a fixed coupon, their yield would be decreased (yield ≈ coupon / price) thus driving down long term rates. In 2011-2012, “Operation Twist” attempted to reduce rates without increasing liquidity. They went back to QE in 2013. The Fed chairman suggested in June 2013 the economy was recover- ing enough that they could start slowing down purchases (“tapering”). The Fed backed off after a brief market panic. The Fed announced in Dec 2013 that it was starting the taper, a decision partly driven by seeing key targets of inflation around 2% and unemployment being less than 6.5%. In Oct 2014, they announced the end of purchases. QE Asset Purchases to Date (Treasury & Mortgage Backed Securities) Trillions 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 QE1 QE2 Operation Twist QE3 TaperTreasuries Mortgage Backed Securities Total Monthly Asset Purchases (Treasury + Mortgage Backed Securities) Billions −100 −50 0 50 100 150 200 −100 −50 0 50 100 150 200 Month to date Nov 11: $−0.07 Inflation and Unemployment − Relative to Targets Percent 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 Target Unemployment 6.5% Target Inflation 2% U.S. 10 Year and 3 Month Treasury Constant Maturity Yields Percent 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Short Term Rates: Once at zero, Fed moved to QE Long Term Rates: Moving up in anticipation of Taper? www.lairdresearch.com November 16, 2015 Page 10
Exchange Rates 10 Week Moving Average CAD Exchange Rates 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 0.620.710.810.901.001.09 USA/CAD 0.550.610.660.720.770.82 Euro/CAD 59.1674.7190.26105.81121.36136.91 Japan/CAD 0.380.440.490.550.610.67 U.K./CAD 0.591.101.602.112.613.12 Brazil/CAD CAD Appreciating CAD Depreciating Change in F/X: Oct 1 2015 to Nov 6 2015 (Trade Weighted Currency Index of USD Trading Partners) −3.0% −1.5% 1.5% 3.0% Euro 3.8% UK 0.2% Japan 2.6% South Korea −3.7% China −1.0% India 0.4% Brazil −5.3% Mexico −0.7% Canada 0.1% USA 0.4% Country vs. Average Appreciating Depreciating % Change over 3 months vs. Canada <−10.0% −8.0% −6.0% −4.0% −2.0% 0.0% 2.0% 4.0% 6.0% 8.0% >10.0% CAD depreciatingCAD appreciating ARG −2.1% AUS −1.7% BRA −7.9% CHN 2.0% IND 0.5% RUS −0.5% USA 1.7% EUR −1.4% JPY 3.8% KRW 0.0% MXN −0.1% ZAR −9.3% www.lairdresearch.com November 16, 2015 Page 11
US Banking Indicators The banking and finance industry is a key indicator of the health of the US economy. It provides crucial liquidity to the economy in the form of credit, and the breakdown of that system is one of the exac- erbating factors of the 2008 recession. Key figures to track are the Net Interest Margins which determine profitability (ie. the difference between what a bank pays to depositors versus what the bank is paid by creditors), along with levels of non-performing loans (i.e. loan loss reserves and actual deliquency rates). US Banks Net Interest Margin Percent 3.03.54.04.5 median: 3.94 2015 Q2: 2.97 Repos Outstanding with Fed. Reserve BillionsofDollars 0200400600 median: 57.00 Nov 2015: 277.00 Bank ROE − Assets between $300M−$1B Percent 051015 median: 12.82 2015 Q2: 9.85 Consumer Credit Outstanding %YearlyChange −505101520 median: 7.60 Sep 2015: 7.09 Total Business Loans %YearlyChange −2001020 median: 8.61 Oct 2015: 11.08 US Nonperforming Loans Percent 12345 median: 2.19 2015 Q2: 1.69 St. Louis Financial Stress Index Index 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 0246 median: 0.092 Nov 2015: −0.88 Commercial Paper Outstanding TrillionsofDollars 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1.01.41.82.2 median: 1.33 Nov 2015: 1.05 Residential Morgage Delinquency Rate Percent 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 246810 median: 2.32 2015 Q2: 5.77 www.lairdresearch.com November 16, 2015 Page 12
US Employment Indicators Unemployment rates are considered the “single best indicator of current labour conditions” by the Fed. The pace of payroll growth is highly correlated with a number of economic indicators.Payroll changes are another way to track the change in unemployment rate. Unemployment only captures the percentage of people who are in the labour market who don’t currently have a job - another measure is what percentage of the whole population wants a job (employed or not) - this is the Participation Rate. The Beveridge Curve measures labour market efficiency by looking at the relationship between job openings and the unemployment rate. The curve slopes downward reflecting that higher rates of unemployment occur coincidentally with lower levels of job vacancies. Unemployment Rate Percent 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 median: 6.10 Oct 2015: 5.00 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Percent 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2.02.53.03.54.0 Beveridge Curve (Unemployment vs. Job Openings) Unemployment Rate (%) JobOpenings(%totalEmployment) Dec 2000 − Dec 2008 Jan 2009 − Aug 2015 Sep 2015 Participation Rate Percent 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 6364656667 median: 66.00 Oct 2015: 62.40 Total Nonfarm Payroll Change MonthlyChange(000s) 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 −5000500 median: 165.00 Oct 2015: 271.00 www.lairdresearch.com November 16, 2015 Page 13
There are a number of other ways to measure the health of employment. The U6 Rate includes people who are part time that want a full-time job - they are employed but under-utilitized. Temporary help demand is another indicator of labour market tightness or slack. The large chart shows changes in private industry employment levels over the past year, versus how well those job segments typically pay. Lots of hiring in low paying jobs at the expense of higher paying jobs is generally bad, though perhaps not unsurprising in a recovery. Median Duration of Unemployment Weeks 510152025 median: 8.70 Oct 2015: 11.20 (U6) Unemployed + PT + Marginally Attached Percent 810121416 median: 9.80 Oct 2015: 9.80 4−week moving average of Initial Claims Jan1995=100 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 50100150200 median: 107.49 Nov 2015: 82.32 Unemployed over 27 weeks MillionsofPersons 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 01234567 median: 0.79 Oct 2015: 2.09 Services: Temp Help MillionsofPersons 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1.52.02.53.0 median: 2.25 Oct 2015: 2.93 −200 0 200 400 600 15 20 25 30 35 40 Annual Change in Employment Levels (000s of Workers) Averagewages($/hour) Private Industry Employment Change (Oct 2014 − Oct 2015) Construction Durable Goods Education Financial Activities Health Services Information Leisure and Hospitality Manufacturing Mining and Logging Nondurable Goods Other Services Professional & Business Services Retail Trade Transportation Utilities Wholesale Trade Circle size relative to total employees in industry www.lairdresearch.com November 16, 2015 Page 14
US Business Activity Indicators Business activity is split between manufacturing activity and non- manufacturing activity. We are focusing on forward looking business indicators like new order and inventory levels to give a sense of the current business environment. Manufacturing Sector: Real Output YoYPercentChange −1001020 median: 9.23 2015 Q3: 7.25 ISM Manufacturing − PMI Index 3040506070 Oct 2015: 50.10 manufac. expanding manufac. contracting ISM Manufacturing: New Orders Index Index 304050607080 Oct 2015: 52.90 Increase in new orders Decrease in new orders Non−Manufac. New Orders: Capital Goods BillionsofDollars 40506070 median: 57.80 Sep 2015: 68.83 Average Weekly Hours: Manufacturing Hours 3940414243 median: 41.10 Oct 2015: 41.80 Industrial Production: Manufacturing YoYPercentChange −15−50510 median: 3.11 Sep 2015: 1.58 Total Business: Inventories to Sales Ratio Ratio 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1.11.21.31.41.51.6 median: 1.36 Sep 2015: 1.38 Chicago Fed: Sales, Orders & Inventory Index 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 −0.50.00.5 Sep 2015: 0.00 Above ave growth Below ave growth ISM Non−Manufacturing Bus. Activity Index Index 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 35455565 Oct 2015: 63.00 Growth Contraction www.lairdresearch.com November 16, 2015 Page 15
US Consumption Indicators Variations in consumer activity are a leading indicator of the strength of the economy. We track consumer sentiment (their expectations about the future), consumer loan activity (indicator of new purchase activity), and new orders and sales of consumer goods. U. Michigan: Consumer Sentiment Index1966Q1=100 5060708090110 median: 88.45 Oct 2015: 90.00 Consumer Loans (All banks) YoY%Change −10010203040 median: 7.57 Oct 2015: 5.30 Accounting Change Deliquency Rate on Consumer Loans Percent 2.03.04.0 median: 3.46 2015 Q2: 1.96 New Orders: Durable Consumer Goods YoY%Change −20020 median: 4.15 Sep 2015: 9.85 New Orders: Non−durable Consumer Goods YoY%Change −2001020 median: 4.21 Sep 2015: −12.92 Personal Consumption & Housing Index Index −0.40.00.20.4 median: 0.02 Sep 2015: −0.08above ave growth below ave growth Light Cars and Trucks Sales MillionsofUnits 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 10121416182022 median: 14.83 Oct 2015: 18.12 Personal Saving Rate Percent 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 246810 median: 5.50 Sep 2015: 4.80 Real Retail and Food Services Sales YoY%Change 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 −10−505 median: 2.47 Sep 2015: 2.22 www.lairdresearch.com November 16, 2015 Page 16
US Housing Housing construction is only about 5-8% of the US economy, however a house is typically the largest asset owned by a household. Since personal consumption is about 70% of the US economy and house values directly impact household wealth, housing is an important indicator in the health of the overall economy. In particular, housing investment was an important driver of the economy getting out of the last few recessions (though not this one so far). Here we track housing prices and especially indicators which show the current state of the housing market. 15 20 25 30 35 150200250300 Personal Income vs. Housing Prices (Inflation adjusted values) NewHomePrice(000's) Disposable Income Per Capita (000's) Sep 2015 r2 : 89.5% Range: Jan 1959 − Sep 2015 Blue dots > +5% change in next year Red dots < −5% change in next year New Housing Units Permits Authorized MillionsofUnits 0.51.01.52.02.5 median: 1.34 Sep 2015: 1.10 New Home Median Sale Price SalePrice$000's 100150200250300 Sep 2015: 296.90 Homeowner's Equity Level Percent 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 4050607080 median: 66.50 2015 Q2: 56.30 New Homes: Median Months on the Market Months 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 468101214 median: 4.90 Sep 2015: 3.30 US Monthly Supply of Homes MonthsSupply 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 4681012 median: 5.90 Sep 2015: 5.80 www.lairdresearch.com November 16, 2015 Page 17
US Housing - FHFA Quarterly Index The Federal Housing Finance Agency provides a quarterly survey on house prices, based on sales prices and appraisal data. This gener- ates a housing index for 355 municipal areas in the US from 1979 to present. We have provided an alternative view of this data looking at the change in prices from the peak in the 2007 time frame. The goal is to provide a sense of where the housing markets are weak versus strong.The colours represent gain or losses since the start of the housing crisis (defined as the maximum price between 2007-2009 for each city). The circled dots are the cities in the survey, while the background colours are interpolated from these points using a loess smoother. Change from 2007 Peak − Q2 2015 −50% −40% −30% −20% −10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% Today's Home Prices Percentage Change from 2007−2009 Peak Frequency −75% −50% −25% 0% 25% 50% 75% Year over Year Change − Q2 2015 −10% −8% −6% −4% −2% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% YoY Change in this quarter YoY Percent Change Frequency −15% −10% −5% 0% 5% 10% 15% www.lairdresearch.com November 16, 2015 Page 18
Global Business Indicators Global Manufacturing PMI Reports The Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) is an indicator reflecting purchasing managers’ acquisition of goods and services. An index read- ing of 50.0 means that business conditions are unchanged, a number over 50.0 indicates an improvement while anything below 50.0 suggests a decline. The further away from 50.0 the index is, the stronger the change over the month. The chart at the bottom shows a moving average of a number of PMI’s, along with standard deviation bands to show a global average. Global M−PMI − October 2015 <40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0 54.0 56.0 58.0 >60.0 Steady ExpandingContracting Eurozone 52.3 Global PMI 51.4 TWN 47.8MEX 53.0 KOR 49.1 JPN 52.4 VNM 50.1 IDN 47.8 ZAF 47.5 AUS 50.2 BRA 44.1 CAN 48.0 CHN 48.3 IND 50.7 RUS 50.2 SAU 55.7 USA 54.1 Global M−PMI Monthly Change <−5.0 −4.0 −3.0 −2.0 −1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 >5.0 PMI Change ImprovingDeteriorating Eurozone 0.3 Global PMI 0.7 TWN 0.9MEX 0.9 KOR −0.1 JPN 1.4 VNM 0.6 IDN 0.4 ZAF −0.4 AUS −1.9 BRA −2.9 CAN −0.6 CHN 1.1 IND −0.5 RUS 1.1 SAU −0.8 USA 1.0 Purchase Managers Index (Manufacturing) − China, Japan, USA, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, UK, Australia 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 3040506070 3040506070 Business Conditions Contracting Business Conditions Expanding www.lairdresearch.com November 16, 2015 Page 19
Global Manufacturing PMI Chart This is an alternate view of the global PMI reports. Here, we look at all the various PMI data series in a single chart and watch their evolution over time. Red numbers indicate contraction (as estimated by PMI) while green numbers indicate expansion. Oct13 Nov13 Dec13 Jan14 Feb14 Mar14 Apr14 May14 Jun14 Jul14 Aug14 Sep14 Oct14 Nov14 Dec14 Jan15 Feb15 Mar15 Apr15 May15 Jun15 Jul15 Aug15 Sep15 Oct15 Australia India Indonesia Viet Nam Taiwan China Korea Japan South Africa Saudi Arabia Turkey Russia United Kingdom Greece Germany France Italy Czech Republic Spain Poland Ireland Netherlands Eurozone Brazil Mexico Canada United States Global PMI 52.1 53.1 53.3 53.0 53.2 52.4 51.9 52.2 52.6 52.4 52.6 52.2 52.2 51.8 51.6 51.7 52.0 51.7 51.0 51.2 51.0 51.0 50.7 50.7 51.4 51.8 54.7 55.0 53.7 57.1 55.5 55.4 56.4 57.3 55.8 57.9 57.5 55.9 54.8 53.9 53.9 55.1 55.7 54.1 54.0 53.6 53.8 53.0 53.1 54.1 55.6 55.3 53.5 51.7 52.9 53.3 52.9 52.2 53.5 54.3 54.8 53.5 55.3 55.3 53.9 51.0 48.7 48.9 49.0 49.8 51.3 50.8 49.4 48.6 48.0 50.2 51.9 52.6 54.0 52.0 51.7 51.8 51.9 51.8 51.5 52.1 52.6 53.3 54.3 55.3 56.6 54.4 53.8 53.8 53.3 52.0 52.9 52.4 52.1 53.0 50.2 49.7 50.5 50.8 50.4 50.6 49.3 48.8 48.7 49.1 50.2 49.3 49.1 48.7 50.2 50.7 49.6 46.2 46.0 45.9 46.5 47.2 45.8 47.0 44.1 51.3 51.6 52.7 54.0 53.2 53.0 53.4 52.2 51.8 51.8 50.7 50.3 50.6 50.1 50.6 51.0 51.0 52.2 52.0 52.2 52.5 52.4 52.3 52.0 52.3 54.4 56.8 57.0 54.8 55.2 53.7 53.4 53.6 52.3 53.5 51.7 52.2 53.0 54.6 53.6 54.1 52.2 52.5 54.0 55.5 56.2 56.0 53.9 53.0 53.7 54.9 52.4 53.5 52.8 52.9 55.5 56.1 55.0 55.3 55.4 57.3 55.7 56.6 56.2 56.9 55.1 57.5 56.8 55.8 57.1 54.6 56.7 53.6 53.8 53.6 53.4 54.4 53.2 55.4 55.9 54.0 52.0 50.8 50.3 49.4 49.0 49.5 51.2 53.2 52.8 55.2 55.1 54.8 54.0 52.4 54.3 54.5 51.1 50.9 52.2 50.9 48.6 50.8 52.2 52.5 52.8 52.7 52.9 54.6 53.9 52.8 52.6 52.6 54.7 53.8 54.7 54.2 54.3 54.2 55.8 54.5 53.6 53.2 51.7 51.3 54.5 55.4 54.7 55.9 56.5 55.5 56.5 57.3 54.7 56.5 54.3 55.6 54.4 55.6 53.3 56.1 55.6 56.1 54.7 55.5 56.9 57.5 56.6 55.5 54.0 50.7 51.4 53.3 53.1 52.3 52.4 54.0 53.2 52.6 51.9 49.8 50.7 49.0 49.0 48.4 49.9 51.9 53.3 53.8 54.8 54.1 55.3 53.8 52.7 54.1 49.1 48.4 47.0 49.3 49.7 52.1 51.2 49.6 48.2 47.8 46.9 48.8 48.5 48.4 47.5 49.2 47.6 48.8 48.0 49.4 50.7 49.6 48.3 50.6 50.6 51.7 52.7 54.3 56.5 54.8 53.7 54.1 52.3 52.0 52.4 51.4 49.9 51.4 49.5 51.2 50.9 51.1 52.8 52.1 51.1 51.9 51.8 53.3 52.3 52.1 47.3 49.2 49.6 51.2 51.3 49.7 51.1 51.0 49.4 48.7 50.1 48.4 48.8 49.1 49.4 48.3 48.4 48.9 46.5 48.0 46.9 30.2 39.1 43.3 47.3 56.5 58.4 57.3 56.7 56.2 55.3 57.3 57.0 57.5 55.4 52.5 51.6 53.2 53.5 52.5 53.1 54.1 54.4 51.9 52.0 51.4 51.9 51.6 51.8 55.5 51.8 49.4 48.8 48.0 48.5 48.3 48.5 48.9 49.1 51.0 51.0 50.4 50.3 51.7 48.9 47.6 49.7 48.1 48.9 47.6 48.7 48.3 47.9 49.1 50.2 53.3 55.0 53.5 52.7 53.4 51.7 51.1 50.1 48.8 48.5 50.3 50.4 51.5 52.2 51.4 49.8 49.6 48.0 48.5 50.2 49.0 50.1 49.3 48.0 47.2 56.7 57.1 58.7 59.7 58.6 57.0 58.5 57.0 59.2 60.1 60.7 61.8 59.1 57.6 57.9 57.8 58.5 60.1 58.3 57.0 56.1 57.5 58.7 56.5 55.7 51.5 51.6 50.5 50.3 51.5 50.3 47.4 44.3 46.6 45.9 49.0 50.7 52.7 50.5 50.2 49.8 50.0 51.6 51.5 50.1 49.2 48.9 49.3 47.9 47.5 54.2 55.1 55.2 56.6 55.5 53.9 49.4 49.9 51.5 50.5 52.5 51.7 52.4 52.0 52.0 52.2 51.6 50.3 49.9 50.9 50.1 51.2 51.7 51.0 52.4 50.2 50.4 50.8 50.9 49.8 50.4 50.2 49.5 48.4 49.3 50.3 48.8 48.7 49.0 49.9 51.1 51.1 49.2 48.8 47.8 46.1 47.6 47.9 49.2 49.1 50.9 50.8 50.5 49.5 48.5 48.0 48.1 49.4 50.7 51.7 50.2 50.2 50.4 50.0 49.6 49.7 50.7 49.6 48.9 49.2 49.4 47.8 47.3 47.2 48.3 53.0 53.4 55.2 55.5 54.7 52.7 52.3 52.4 54.0 55.8 56.1 53.3 52.0 51.4 50.0 51.7 52.1 51.0 49.2 49.3 46.3 47.1 46.1 46.9 47.8 51.5 50.3 51.8 52.1 51.0 51.3 53.1 52.5 52.3 51.7 50.3 51.7 51.0 52.1 52.7 51.5 51.7 50.7 53.5 54.8 52.2 52.6 51.3 49.5 50.1 50.9 50.3 50.9 51.0 50.5 50.1 51.1 52.4 52.7 52.7 49.5 50.7 49.2 48.0 47.6 48.5 47.5 46.4 46.7 47.1 47.8 47.3 48.4 47.4 47.8 49.6 51.3 50.7 51.4 52.5 51.3 51.3 51.4 51.5 53.0 52.4 51.0 51.6 53.3 54.5 52.9 51.2 52.1 51.3 52.6 51.3 52.7 52.3 51.2 50.7 53.2 47.7 47.6 46.7 48.6 47.9 44.8 49.2 48.9 50.7 47.3 46.5 49.4 50.1 46.9 49.0 45.4 46.3 48.0 52.3 44.2 50.4 51.7 52.1 50.2 www.lairdresearch.com November 16, 2015 Page 20
OECD International Trade Data The OECD calculates import and export values for member countries. Figures are seasonally adjusted and measured in billions of US dollars. Red lines indicate exports, while blue lines indicate imports. Green lines indicate the zero level. The top part of the graph shows the changes in exports and imports on a year-over-year basis, while the bottom part shows the difference between exports and imports for that given month (i.e. the trade balance) China (Mar 2015) YoYChange −40 −20 0 20 40 60 80 Balance 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 0 20 40 60 80 100 Germany (Feb 2015) YoYChange −40 −20 0 20 Balance 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Japan (Feb 2015) YoYChange −30 −20 −10 0 10 20 Balance 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 −15 −10 −5 0 5 10 South Korea (Feb 2015) YoYChange −15 −10 −5 0 5 10 15 Balance 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8 10 www.lairdresearch.com November 16, 2015 Page 21
Canadian Indicators Retail Trade (SA) YoYPercentChange −50510 median: 4.68 Aug 2015: 2.84 Total Manufacturing Sales Growth YoYPercentGrowth −2001020 median: 3.96 Aug 2015: 0.58 Manufacturing New Orders Growth YoYPercentGrowth −30−100102030 median: 4.34 Aug 2015: 1.21 10yr Government Bond Yields 0246810 median: 5.72 Oct 2015: 1.47 Manufacturing PMI 48505254 Oct 2015: 48.00 Sales and New Orders (SA) YoYPercentChange −2001020 Sales New Orders (smoothed) Tbill Yield Spread (10 yr − 3mo) Spread(Percent) 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 −101234 median: 1.32 Oct 2015: 1.06 Inflation (total and core) YoYPercentChange 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 −101234 median: 1.92 Sep 2015: 1.03 Total Core Inventory to Sales Ratio (SA) Ratio 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1.31.41.51.6 median: 1.35 Aug 2015: 1.41 www.lairdresearch.com November 16, 2015 Page 22
6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.6 1.31.41.51.61.71.81.9 Beveridge Curve (Mar 2011 − Jul 2015) as.numeric(can.bev$ui.rate) as.numeric(can.bev$vacancies) Mar 2011 − Dec 2012 Jan 2013 − Jun 2015 Jul 2015 Unemployment Rate JobVacancyrate(Industrial) Ownership/Rental Price Ratio RatioofAccomodationOwnership/RentRatio 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 90100110120130140150 Calgary Montreal Vancouver Toronto Note: Using prices relative to 2002 as base year Ownership relatively more expensive vs 2002 Rent relatively more expensive vs 2002 Unemployment Rate (SA) Percent 345678910 Canada 7.0% Alberta 6.6% Ontario 6.8% Debt Service Ratios (SA) Percent 246810 Total Debt: 6.4% Mortgage: 3.3% Consumer Debt: 6.1% Housing Starts and Building Permits (smoothed) YoYPercentChange 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 −40−2002040 Permits Starts www.lairdresearch.com November 16, 2015 Page 23
European Indicators Unemployment Rates Percentage 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 051015202530 Business Employment Expectations Index 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 −40−20010 Industrial Orderbook Levels Index 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 −60−40−20020 Country Employment Expect. Unempl. (%) Bond Yields (%) Retail Turnover Manufacturing Turnover Inflation (YoY %) Industry Orderbook PMI Series Dates Oct 2015 Oct 2015 Oct 2015 Sep 2015 Sep 2015 Sep 2015 Oct 2015 Oct 2015 France -9.3 J 10.7 J 0.87 J 105.3 J 109.5 J 0.1 K -13.8 I 50.6 K Germany -1.7 J 4.5 K 0.52 J NA 113.2 J -0.2 J -9.4 I 52.1 J United Kingdom -3.5 J 5.2 J 1.81 J 114.1 I NA -0.1 J -11.7 J 55.5 I Italy -0.5 I 11.8 J 1.70 J 101.3 K NA 0.2 J -9.6 I 54.1 I Greece -20.1 J 24.6 J 7.81 J NA NA -0.8 J -42.6 I 47.3 I Spain 1.9 J 21.6 J 1.73 J NA NA -1.1 J -3.9 J 51.3 J Eurozone (EU28) -2.2 J 9.3 J 1.26 J 106.4 I 111.0 I -0.1 J -11.3 I NA www.lairdresearch.com November 16, 2015 Page 24
Government Bond YieldsLongTermYields% 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 0246810 Economic Sentiment Index 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 60708090110130 Consumer Confidence Index 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 −100−60−20020 Inflation (Harmonized Prices) 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 median: 1.90 Sep 2015: −0.10−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Euro Area US Harmonized Inflation: Aug 2015 AUT 0.6% BGR −0.9% DEU −0.2% ESP −1.1% FIN −0.7% FRA 0.1% GBR −0.1% GRC −0.8% HRV −0.5% HUN −0.1% IRL 0.0% ISL 0.9% ITA 0.2% NOR 1.9% POL −0.6% ROU −1.5% SWE 0.9% <−1.0%0.0% 1.0% 2.0% 3.0% 4.0% 5.0% 6.0% >7.0% YoY % Change in Prices PMI: October 2015 <40.042.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0 54.0 56.0 58.0>60.0 Steady ExpandingContracting BRA 44.1 CAN 48.0 DEU 52.1 ESP 51.3 FRA 50.6 GBR 55.5 GRC 47.3 IRL 53.6 ITA 54.1 MEX 53.0 POL 52.2 SAU 55.7 TUR 47.2 USA 54.1 RUS 50.2 PMI Change: Sep − Oct <−5.0−4.0 −3.0 −2.0 −1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 >5.0 PMI Change ImprovingDeteriorating CAN −0.6 DEU −0.2 ESP −0.4 FRA 0.0 GBR 3.7 GRC 4.0 IRL −0.2 ITA 1.4 POL 1.3 TUR −0.8 USA 1.0 RUS 1.1 www.lairdresearch.com November 16, 2015 Page 25
Chinese Indicators Tracking the Chinese economy is a tricky. As reported in the Fi- nancial Times, Premier Li Keqiang confided to US officials in 2007 that gross domestic product was “man made” and “for reference only”. In- stead, he suggested that it was much more useful to focus on three alternative indicators: electricity consumption, rail cargo volumes and bank lending (still tracking down that last one). We also include the PMI - which is an official version put out by the Chinese government and differs slightly from an HSBC version. Finally we include the Shanghai Composite Index as a measure of stock performance. Manufacturing PMI 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 4045505560 Oct 2015: 48.30 Shanghai Composite Index IndexValue(MonthlyHigh/Low) 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 0100030005000 Nov 2015: 3580.84 Electricity Generated 100MillionKWH(logscale) 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1000200030005000 Oct 2015: 4454.00 Electricity Generated Long Term Trend Short Term Average Consumer Confidence Index Index 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 98100102104106108110 median: 103.90 Sep 2015: 105.60 Exports YoYPercentChange 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 −20020406080 median: 18.40 Oct 2015: −6.90 Retail Sales Growth YoYPercentChange 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 101520 median: 12.95 Oct 2015: 11.00 www.lairdresearch.com November 16, 2015 Page 26
Global Climate Change Temperature and precipitation data are taken from the US National Climatic Data Center and presented as the average monthly anomaly from the previous 6 months. Anomalies are defined as the difference from the average value over the period from 1971-2000 for the temperature map and over the 20th century for the global temparature chart. Average Temperature Anomalies from Mar 2015 - Aug 2015 <−4.0 −3.0 −2.0 −1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 >4.0 Anomalies in Celcius WarmerCooler Anomalies in Celcius −4 −2 0 2 4 Historic Global Temperature Deviations DegreesCelciusDeviations −0.50.00.5 Sep 2015: 0.90 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 www.lairdresearch.com November 16, 2015 Page 27

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