Global Economics Update - May 2016

Global Economics Update - May 2016
.... Laird Research - Economics May 16, 2016 Where we are now . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Indicators for US Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Global Financial Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 US Key Interest Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 US Inflation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 QE Taper Tracker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Exchange Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 US Banking Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 US Employment Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 US Business Activity Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 US Consumption Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 US Housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Global Housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Global Business Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Canadian Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 European Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Chinese Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Global Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Where we are now The Laird Report presents a selection of economic data from around the world to help figure where we are today. It was originally designed to be read on the train - 1 page per minute on my 30 minute morning commute. Formatting Notes The grey bars on the various charts are OECD recession indicators for the respective countries. The current panic seems to be a discussion of the “profit recession” going on in US corporate equities (see page 5). There is definitely a dip off of the recent (2014-2015) highs. Note that a fair chunk of this is actually from the bloodbath in the oil industry as some of the largest companies in the world are in the energy industry. In general, there is no good level or bad level as this measurement is all relative, however I would note that the S&P 500 profit margin is only back to the levels of 2012-2013 levels. By my unscientific method of squinting at the graph, it looks like profits are within the normal error bars for recent activity. More encouraging is the continued strengthening of employment stats. The challenge is that a profit recession is generally believe to foreshadow an actual recession as tight profits usually implies a slow- down in hiring with all the cascading effects that entail (at least in the US). Keep in mind - profits are still very strong, the yield curve (page 9) hasn’t moved, bond spreads are improving, employment is stronger, inflation is inching towards the normal range – what’s not to like? We don’t predict the future here, but the most recent past indicates no weakening from an overall macro level. North America looks good right now. Subscription Info For a FREE subscription to this monthly report, please visit sign up at our website: www.lairdresearch.com Laird Research, May 16, 2016
Indicators for US Economy Leading indicators are indicators that usually change before the economy as a whole changes. They are useful as short-term predictors of the economy. Our list includes the Philly Fed’s Leading Index which summarizes multiple indicators; initial jobless claims and hours worked (both decrease quickly when demand for employee services drops and vice versa); purchasing manager indicies; trucking indices showing demand for transport; new order and housing permit indicies and consumer sentiment (how consumers are feeling about their own financial situation and the economy in general). Red dots are points where a new trend has started. Leading Index for the US Index:Est.6monthgrowth 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 −2−10123 median: 1.53 Mar 2016: 1.37 Growth Contraction Initial Unemployment Claims 1000'sofClaimsperWeek 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 0100300500700 median: 348.25 May 2016: 268.25 Manufacturing Ave. Weekly Hours Worked HoursworkedperWeek 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 394041424344 median: 40.60 Apr 2016: 41.90 ISM Manfacturing − PMI Index:SteadyState=50 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 3040506070 median: 53.25 Apr 2016: 50.80expanding economy contracting economy www.lairdresearch.com May 16, 2016 Page 2
Leading indicators are indicators that usually change before the economy as a whole changes. They are useful as short-term predictors of the economy. Our list includes the Philly Fed’s Leading Index which summarizes multiple indicators; initial jobless claims and hours worked (both decrease quickly when demand for employee services drops and vice versa); purchasing manager indicies; trucking indices showing demand for transport; new order and housing permit indicies and consumer sentiment (how consumers are feeling about their own financial situation and the economy in general). Red dots are points where a new trend has started. Durable Goods: Manufacturers New Orders BillionsofDollars 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 150200250300 median: 185.49 Mar 2016: 230.59 Index of Truck Tonnage Index 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 100110120130 median: 113.05 Feb 2016: 135.80 Capex (ex. Defense & Planes) BillionsofDollars 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 40506070 median: 58.01 Mar 2016: 66.91 U. Michigan: Consumer Sentiment Index1966Q1=100 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 5060708090100110 median: 88.85 Apr 2016: 89.00 www.lairdresearch.com May 16, 2016 Page 3
Global Financial Markets Global Stock Market Returns Country Index Name Close Date Current Value Weekly Change Monthly Change 3 month Change 12 month Change Corr to S&P500 Corr to TSX North America USA S&P 500 May 13 2,046.6 -0.5% J -1.7% J 8.0% I -2.5% J 1.00 0.73 USA NASDAQ Composite May 13 4,717.7 -0.4% J -4.6% J 6.4% I -5.3% J 0.95 0.65 USA Wilshire 5000 Total Market May 13 21,117.2 -0.7% J -1.6% J 9.0% I -4.7% J 0.99 0.75 Canada S&P TSX May 13 13,748.6 0.3% I 0.6% I 9.5% I -8.2% J 0.73 1.00 Europe and Russia France CAC 40 May 13 4,320.0 0.4% I -3.8% J 5.0% I -12.9% J 0.62 0.57 Germany DAX May 13 9,952.9 0.8% I -0.7% J 8.1% I -12.3% J 0.56 0.45 United Kingdom FTSE May 13 6,138.5 0.2% I -3.5% J 5.4% I -11.7% J 0.64 0.63 Russia Market Vectors Russia ETF May 13 17.1 1.2% I -0.8% J 24.0% I -13.7% J 0.67 0.78 Asia Taiwan TSEC weighted index May 13 8,053.7 -1.1% J -6.9% J -0.2% J -17.2% J 0.27 0.25 China Shanghai Composite Index May 13 2,827.1 -3.0% J -7.8% J 2.9% I -35.4% J 0.20 0.16 Japan NIKKEI 225 May 13 16,412.2 1.9% I 0.2% I 2.4% I -17.0% J 0.08 0.13 Hong Kong Hang Seng May 13 19,719.3 -1.9% J -6.8% J 4.2% I -27.6% J 0.30 0.33 Korea Kospi May 13 1,967.0 -0.0% J -2.4% J 5.6% I -7.0% J 0.24 0.30 South Asia and Austrailia India Bombay Stock Exchange May 13 25,489.6 1.0% I -0.5% J 8.2% I -6.5% J 0.45 0.40 Indonesia Jakarta May 13 4,761.7 0.3% I -1.9% J 0.4% I -9.2% J 0.12 0.28 Malaysia FTSE Bursa Malaysia KLCI May 13 1,628.3 -1.3% J -5.5% J -1.3% J -9.7% J 0.31 0.31 Australia All Ordinaries May 13 5,396.3 0.7% I 5.2% I 10.3% I -5.5% J 0.13 0.26 New Zealand NZX 50 Index Gross May 13 6,916.6 0.3% I 2.0% I 14.6% I 20.3% I 0.06 0.07 South America Brasil IBOVESPA May 13 51,804.0 0.2% I -2.5% J 29.2% I -8.1% J 0.50 0.58 Argentina MERVAL Buenos Aires May 13 13,121.6 -2.5% J -1.3% J 14.6% I 7.6% I 0.51 0.62 Mexico Bolsa index May 13 45,402.5 0.4% I -0.0% J 5.1% I 0.8% I 0.69 0.62 MENA and Africa Egypt Market Vectors Egypt ETF May 13 37.5 -1.8% J -3.4% J 15.5% I -26.3% J 0.44 0.49 (Gulf States) Market Vectors Gulf States ETF May 13 22.1 -1.4% J -3.2% J 8.0% I -19.2% J 0.31 0.29 South Africa iShares MSCI South Africa Index May 13 48.9 -3.7% J -10.9% J 6.7% I -27.4% J 0.74 0.80 (Africa) Market Vectors Africa ETF May 13 19.9 -1.6% J 1.6% I 19.3% I -23.9% J 0.52 0.68 Commodities USD Spot Oil West Texas Int. May 09 $43.5 -2.9% J 7.4% I 55.4% I -26.6% J 0.43 0.63 USD Gold LME Spot May 13 $1,275.2 -0.4% J 2.4% I 5.5% I 6.9% I -0.08 0.02 Note: Correlations are based on daily arithmetic returns for the most recent 100 trading days. www.lairdresearch.com May 16, 2016 Page 4
S&P 500 Composite Index The S&P 500 Composite Index is widely regarded as the best single gauge of the large cap U.S. equities market. A key figure is the valuation level of the S&P500 as measured by the Price/Earnings ratio. We present two versions: (1) a 12-month trailing earnings version which reflects current earnings but is skewed by short term variances and (2) a cyclically adjusted version which looks at the inflation adjusted earnings over a 10 year period (i.e. at least one business cycle). Forecasted earnings numbers are estimates provided by S&P. S&P 500 Profit Margins and Overall Corporate Profit Margins (Trailing 12 months) Percent 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Percent Total Corporate Profits (% of GDP) − median: 6.2%, Q4/15: 9.0% Net Profit Margin (S&P 500 Earnings / Revenue) − median: 6.7%, Q1/16: 7.7% S&P Quarterly Earnings (USD$ Inflation Adjusted to current prices) 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 −5.00 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 −5.00 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 Tech Bubble Japanese Asset Bubble House BubbleAsian Financial Crisis US Financial Crisis Eurozone crisis Oil Crisis I Oil Crisis II Gulf War Savings and Loans Crisis High Inflation Period Afganistan/Iraq WarVietnam War Reported Earnings Operating Earnings Trailing P/E Ratios for S&P500 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 Multiple Multiple 12−month P/E ( median = 17.4, May = 23.0) 10−year CAPE ( median = 19.5, May = 25.6) www.lairdresearch.com May 16, 2016 Page 5
S&P 500 Composite Distributions This is a view of the price performance of the S&P 500 index companies. The area of each box is proportional to the company’s market cap, while the colour is determined by the percentage change in price over the past month. In addition, companies are sorted according to their industry group. AAPL −18% GOOG −5.2% MSFT −8.1% FB +3.2% V −0.98% ORCL −3.8% INTC −7.8% IBM −3.1% CSCO −6.7% MA ACN TXN EMC CRM PYPL ADP CTSH YHOO EBAY HPE INTU ATVI FIS AMAT EQIX EA NVDA ADI BRK−B −1.7% WFC −0.43% JPM +3% BAC +2.4% C +1.5% USB +1.8% GS −2.8% SPG −6% AIG AXP BLK MS MET AMT PNC BK CB COF SCHW PRU TRV CME CCI ICE SPGI BBT GGP EQR AVB SYF PLD STT DFS VTR BEN STI BXP PGR MCO HCP O L IVZ RF EXR FRT JNJ +4% PFE +10% MRK UNH BMY +9.7% GILD −12% AMGN MDT +7.1% ABBV +8% AGN −17% CELG −1% LLY BIIB TMO ABT −11% ESRX SYK AET ANTM BDX CI HCA BSX CAH HUM EW STJ VRTX MYL A UHS LH DGX AMZN +19% DIS +1.5% HD −1.3% CMCSA MCD NKE SBUX −8.5% LOW −1.9% PCLN TWC TWX FOX F TJX GM TGT CCL VFC CBS JCI ORLY DG ROST LB RCL M HBI DHI AAP FL GT PG −2.8% WMT −6% KO −3.2% PM +1.1% PEP MO +2.4% CVS −1.1% KHC +7.7% WBA RAI MDLZ +7.6% COST −8.7% CL KMB GIS EL KR STZ MNST SYY K TSN ADM TAP HRL CPB CAG GE −7.2% MMM +0.47% UPS −4.1% BA +4.1% HON UTX +0.3% LMT UNP DHR GD FDX CAT RTN ITW DAL WM NSC LUV DE GLW CMI AAL APH IR RSG UAL TYC PH VRSK XOM +6.9% CVX +6.9% SLB OXY COP EOG PSX KMI HAL APC SE APA BHI WMB NBL DUK NEE SO D EXC AEP PPL EIX PEG ED ES DTE FE ETR AEE NI DOW DD MON LYB ECL PX PPG SHW IP NUE FCX AA BLL SEE T +0.26% VZ −5.7% LVLT CTL Information Technology Financials Health Care Consumer Discretionary Consumer Staples Industrials Energy Utilities Materials Telecommunications Services <−25.0% −20.0% −15.0% −10.0% −5.0% 0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% >25.0% % Change in Price from Apr 1, 2016 to May 13, 2016 Average Median Median Median Sector Change P/Sales P/Book P/E Energy 6.8% I 1.9 1.9 29.7 Materials 1.7% I 1.7 4.4 23.7 Health Care 1.3% I 3.4 3.8 27.1 Financials 0.5% I 2.8 1.7 17.3 Consumer Discretionary -0.8% J 1.7 4.0 19.9 Average Median Median Median Sector Change P/Sales P/Book P/E Consumer Staples -1.0% J 2.4 6.1 27.3 Utilities -1.1% J 2.0 1.9 21.4 Industrials -1.2% J 1.6 3.7 19.3 Telecommunications Services -2.9% J 1.6 1.8 14.0 Information Technology -5.4% J 3.5 4.1 24.0 www.lairdresearch.com May 16, 2016 Page 6
US Equity Valuations A key valuation metric is Tobin’s q: the ratio between the market value of the entire US stock market versus US net assets at replacement cost (ie. what you pay versus what you get). Warren Buffet famously follows stock market value as a percentage of GNP, which is highly (93%) correlated to Tobin’s q. We can also take the reverse approach: assume the market has valuations correct, we can determine the required returns of future estimated earnings. These are quoted for both debt (using BAA rated securities as a proxy) and equity premiums above the risk free rate (10 year US Treasuries). These figures are alternate approaches to under- standing the current market sentiment - higher premiums indicate a demand for greater returns for the same price and show the level of risk-aversion in the market. Tobin's q (Market Equity / Market Net Worth) and S&P500 Price/Sales 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 Buying assets at a discount Paying up for growth Tobin Q (median = 0.76, Dec = 0.95) S&P 500 Price/Sales (median = 1.35, Mar = 1.79) Equity and Debt Risk Premiums: Spread vs. Risk Free Rate (10−year US Treasury) 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% Implied Equity Premium (median = 4.2%, May = 4.9%) Debt (BAA) Premium (median = 2.0%, May = 2.9%) www.lairdresearch.com May 16, 2016 Page 7
US Mutual Fund Flows Fund flows describe the net investments in equity and bond mutual funds in the US market, as described in ICI’s “Trends in Mutual Fund Investing” report. Note however that this is only part of the story as it does not include ETF fund flows - part of the changes are investors entering or leaving the market, and part is investors shifting to ETF’s from mutual funds. US Net New Investment Cash Flow to Mutual Funds US$billions(monthly) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 −40−2002040 Domestic Equity World Equity Taxable Bonds Municipal Bonds US Net New Investment Cash Flow to Mutual Funds US$billions(Monthly) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 −60−40−200204060 Flows to Equity Flows to Bonds Net Market Flows www.lairdresearch.com May 16, 2016 Page 8
US Key Interest Rates Interest rates are often leading indicators of stress in the financial system. The yield curve show the time structure of interest rates on government bonds - Usually the longer the time the loan is outstanding, the higher the rate charged. However if a recession is expected, then the fed cuts rates and this relationship is inverted - leading to negative spreads where short term rates are higher than long term rates. Almost every recession in the past century has been preceeded by an inversion - though not every inversion preceeds a recession (just most of the time). For corporate bonds, the key issue is the spread between bond rates (i.e. AAA vs BAA bonds) or between government loans (LIBOR vs Fedfunds - the infamous “TED Spread”). Here a spike correlates to an aversion to risk, which is an indication that something bad is happening. US Treasury Yield Curves ForwardInstantaneousRates(%) 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 May 12, 2016 (Today) Apr 12, 2016 (1 mo ago) Feb 12, 2016 (3 mo ago) 12 May 2015 (1 yr ago) 3 Month & 10 Yr Treasury Yields 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7%10 Yr Treasury 3 Mo Treasury Spread AAA vs. BAA Bond Spreads 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% Percent AAA BAA 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 median: 91.00 May 2016: 100.00 0 100 200 300 0 100 200 300 Spread(bps) LIBOR vs. Fedfunds Rate 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% Percent 3 mos t−bill LIBOR 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 median: 36.25 May 2016: 36.18 0 100 200 300 0 100 200 300 Spread(bps) www.lairdresearch.com May 16, 2016 Page 9
US Inflation Generally, the US Fed tries to anchor long run inflation expectations to approximately 2%. Inflation can be measured with the Consumer Price Index (CPI) or the Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE) index. In both cases, it makes sense to exclude items that vary quickly like Food and Energy to get a clearer picture of inflation (usually called Core Inflation). The Fed seems to think PCI more accurately reflects the entire basket of goods and services that households purchase. Finally, we can make a reasonable estimate of future inflation expectations by comparing real return and normal bonds to construct an imputed forward inflation expectation. The 5y5y chart shows expected 5 year inflation rates at a point 5 years in the future. Neat trick that. Consumer Price Index Percent 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 −1% 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% −1% 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% US Inflation Rate YoY% (Mar = 0.87%) US Inflation ex Food & Energy YoY% (Mar = 2.2%) Personal Consumption Expenditures Percent(YearoverYear) 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 −10123456 PCE Inflation Rate YoY% (Mar = 0.82%) PCE Core Inflation YoY% (Mar = 1.6%) 5−Year, 5−Year Forward Inflation Expectation Rate Percent 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 −10123456 5 year forward Inflation Expectation Actual 5yr Inflation (CPI measure) Actual 5yr Inflation (PCE Measure) www.lairdresearch.com May 16, 2016 Page 10
QE Taper Tracker The US has been using the program of Quantitative Easing to provide monetary stimulous to its economy. The Fed has engaged in a series of programs (QE1, QE2 & QE3) designed to drive down long term rates and improve liquidity though purchases of treasuries, morgage backed securites and other debt from banks. The higher demand for long maturity securities would drive up their price, but as these securities have a fixed coupon, their yield would be decreased (yield ≈ coupon / price) thus driving down long term rates. In 2011-2012, “Operation Twist” attempted to reduce rates without increasing liquidity. They went back to QE in 2013. The Fed chairman suggested in June 2013 the economy was recover- ing enough that they could start slowing down purchases (“tapering”). The Fed backed off after a brief market panic. The Fed announced in Dec 2013 that it was starting the taper, a decision partly driven by seeing key targets of inflation around 2% and unemployment being less than 6.5%. In Oct 2014, they announced the end of purchases. QE Asset Purchases to Date (Treasury & Mortgage Backed Securities) Trillions 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 QE1 QE2 Operation Twist QE3 TaperTreasuries Mortgage Backed Securities Total Monthly Asset Purchases (Treasury + Mortgage Backed Securities) Billions −100 −50 0 50 100 150 200 −100 −50 0 50 100 150 200 Month to date May 11: $0.2 Inflation and Unemployment − Relative to Targets Percent 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 Target Unemployment 6.5% Target Inflation 2% U.S. 10 Year and 3 Month Treasury Constant Maturity Yields Percent 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Short Term Rates: Once at zero, Fed moved to QE Long Term Rates: Moving up in anticipation of Taper? www.lairdresearch.com May 16, 2016 Page 11
Exchange Rates 10 Week Moving Average CAD Exchange Rates 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 0.620.710.810.901.001.09 USA/CAD 0.550.610.660.720.770.82 Euro/CAD 59.1674.7190.26105.81121.36136.91 Japan/CAD 0.380.440.490.550.610.67 U.K./CAD 0.591.101.602.112.613.12 Brazil/CAD CAD Appreciating CAD Depreciating Change in F/X: Apr 1 2016 to May 6 2016 (Trade Weighted Currency Index of USD Trading Partners) −3.0% −1.5% 1.5% 3.0% Euro −0.4% UK −1.7% Japan −4.9% South Korea 1.7% China 0.2% India 0.2% Brazil −0.5% Mexico 3.4% Canada −1.1% USA 0.1% Country vs. Average Appreciating Depreciating % Change over 3 months vs. Canada <−10.0% −8.0% −6.0% −4.0% −2.0% 0.0% 2.0% 4.0% 6.0% 8.0% >10.0% CAD depreciatingCAD appreciating ARG −2.6% AUS −4.7% BRA 5.9% CHN −6.6% IND −4.9% RUS 11.2% USA −6.4% EUR −5.5% JPY −1.7% KRW 0.0% MXN −2.9% ZAR −4.0% www.lairdresearch.com May 16, 2016 Page 12
US Banking Indicators The banking and finance industry is a key indicator of the health of the US economy. It provides crucial liquidity to the economy in the form of credit, and the breakdown of that system is one of the exac- erbating factors of the 2008 recession. Key figures to track are the Net Interest Margins which determine profitability (ie. the difference between what a bank pays to depositors versus what the bank is paid by creditors), along with levels of non-performing loans (i.e. loan loss reserves and actual deliquency rates). US Banks Net Interest Margin Percent 3.03.54.04.5 median: 3.93 2016 Q1: 3.02 Repos Outstanding with Fed. Reserve BillionsofDollars 0200400600 median: 58.55 May 2016: 269.59 Bank ROE − Assets between $300M−$1B Percent 051015 median: 12.81 2016 Q1: 9.57 Consumer Credit Outstanding %YearlyChange −505101520 median: 7.52 Mar 2016: 6.63 Total Business Loans %YearlyChange −2001020 median: 8.63 Apr 2016: 10.97 US Nonperforming Loans Percent 12345 median: 1.98 2016 Q1: 1.57 St. Louis Financial Stress Index Index 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 0246 median: 0.089 May 2016: −0.92 Commercial Paper Outstanding TrillionsofDollars 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1.01.41.82.2 median: 1.32 May 2016: 1.12 Residential Morgage Delinquency Rate Percent 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 246810 median: 2.33 2015 Q4: 5.17 www.lairdresearch.com May 16, 2016 Page 13
US Employment Indicators Unemployment rates are considered the “single best indicator of current labour conditions” by the Fed. The pace of payroll growth is highly correlated with a number of economic indicators.Payroll changes are another way to track the change in unemployment rate. Unemployment only captures the percentage of people who are in the labour market who don’t currently have a job - another measure is what percentage of the whole population wants a job (employed or not) - this is the Participation Rate. The Beveridge Curve measures labour market efficiency by looking at the relationship between job openings and the unemployment rate. The curve slopes downward reflecting that higher rates of unemployment occur coincidentally with lower levels of job vacancies. Unemployment Rate Percent 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 median: 6.10 Apr 2016: 5.00 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Percent 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2.02.53.03.54.0 Beveridge Curve (Unemployment vs. Job Openings) Unemployment Rate (%) JobOpenings(%totalEmployment) Dec 2000 − Dec 2008 Jan 2009 − Feb 2016 Mar 2016 Participation Rate PercentofPop. 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 6364656667 median: 66.00 Apr 2016: 62.80 Total Nonfarm Payroll Change MonthlyChange(000s) 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 −5000500 median: 167.50 Apr 2016: 160 www.lairdresearch.com May 16, 2016 Page 14
There are a number of other ways to measure the health of employment. The U6 Rate includes people who are part time that want a full-time job - they are employed but under-utilitized. Temporary help demand is another indicator of labour market tightness or slack. The large chart shows changes in private industry employment levels over the past year, versus how well those job segments typically pay. Lots of hiring in low paying jobs at the expense of higher paying jobs is generally bad, though perhaps not unsurprising in a recovery. Median Duration of Unemployment Weeks 510152025 median: 8.70 Apr 2016: 11.40 (U6) Unemployed + PT + Marginally Attached Percent 810121416 median: 9.80 Apr 2016: 9.70 4−week moving average of Initial Claims Jan1995=100 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 050100150200 median: 107.07 May 2016: 82.48 Unemployed over 27 weeks MillionsofPersons 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 01234567 median: 0.80 Apr 2016: 2.11 Services: Temp Help MillionsofPersons 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1.52.02.53.0 median: 2.26 Apr 2016: 2.92 −200 0 200 400 600 15 20 25 30 35 40 Annual Change in Employment Levels (000s of Workers) Averagewages($/hour) Private Industry Employment Change (Apr 2015 − Apr 2016) Construction Durable Goods Education Financial Activities Health Services Information Leisure and Hospitality Manufacturing Mining and Logging Nondurable Goods Other Services Professional & Business Services Retail Trade Transportation Utilities Wholesale Trade Circle size relative to total employees in industry www.lairdresearch.com May 16, 2016 Page 15
US Business Activity Indicators Business activity is split between manufacturing activity and non- manufacturing activity. We are focusing on forward looking business indicators like new order and inventory levels to give a sense of the current business environment. Manufacturing: Real Output YoYPercentChange −1001020 median: 8.19 Jan 2016: 3.02 ISM Manufacturing − PMI 3040506070 Apr 2016: 50.80 manufac. expanding manufac. contracting ISM Manufacturing: New Orders Index 304050607080 Apr 2016: 55.80 Increase in new orders Decrease in new orders Non−Manufac. New Orders: Capital Goods BillionsofDollars 40506070 median: 58.01 Mar 2016: 66.91 Average Weekly Hours: Manufacturing 3940414243 median: 41.20 Apr 2016: 41.90 Industrial Production: Manufacturing YoYPercentChange −15−50510 median: 3.00 Mar 2016: 0.52 Inventory to Sales Ratio Ratio 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1.11.21.31.41.51.6 median: 1.37 Mar 2016: 1.41 Chicago Fed: Sales, Orders & Inventory Index 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 −0.50.00.5 Mar 2016: 0.00 Above ave growth Below ave growth ISM Non−Manufacturing Bus. Activity Index 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 35455565 Apr 2016: 58.80 Growth Contraction www.lairdresearch.com May 16, 2016 Page 16
US Consumption Indicators Variations in consumer activity are a leading indicator of the strength of the economy. We track consumer sentiment (their expectations about the future), consumer loan activity (indicator of new purchase activity), and new orders and sales of consumer goods. U. Michigan: Consumer Sentiment Index1966Q1=100 5060708090110 median: 88.85 Apr 2016: 89.00 Consumer Loans (All banks) YoY%Change −10010203040 median: 7.51 Apr 2016: 7.67 Accounting Change Deliquency Rate on Consumer Loans Percentage 2.03.04.0 median: 3.46 Oct 2015: 2.02 New Orders: Durable Consumer Goods YoY%Change −20020 median: 4.25 Mar 2016: −0.82 New Orders: Non−durable Consumer Goods YoY%Change −2001020 median: 4.14 Mar 2016: −7.82 Personal Consumption & Housing Index Index −0.40.00.20.4 median: 0.02 Mar 2016: −0.09above ave growth below ave growth Light Cars and Trucks Sales MillionsofUnits 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 10121416182022 median: 14.84 Mar 2016: 16.46 Personal Saving Rate Percent 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 246810 median: 5.50 Mar 2016: 5.40 Retail Food and Service Sales YoY%Change(Real) 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 −10−505 median: 2.46 Mar 2016: 0.79 www.lairdresearch.com May 16, 2016 Page 17
US Housing Housing construction is only about 5-8% of the US economy, however a house is typically the largest asset owned by a household. Since personal consumption is about 70% of the US economy and house values directly impact household wealth, housing is an important indicator in the health of the overall economy. In particular, housing investment was an important driver of the economy getting out of the last few recessions (though not this one so far). Here we track housing prices and especially indicators which show the current state of the housing market. 15 20 25 30 35 150200250300 Personal Income vs. Housing Prices (Inflation adjusted values) NewHomePrice(000's) Disposable Income Per Capita (000's) Mar 2016 r2 : 89.6% Range: Jan 1959 − Mar 2016 Blue dots > +5% change in next year Red dots < −5% change in next year New Housing Units Permits Authorized MillionsofUnits 0.51.01.52.02.5 median: 1.34 Mar 2016: 1.08 New Home Median Sale Price SalePrice$000's 100150200250300 Mar 2016: 288.00 Homeowner's Equity Level Percent 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 4050607080 median: 66.50 2015 Q4: 56.90 New Homes: Median Months on the Market Months 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 468101214 median: 4.90 Mar 2016: 4.10 US Monthly Supply of Homes MonthsSupply 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 4681012 median: 5.90 Mar 2016: 5.80 www.lairdresearch.com May 16, 2016 Page 18
US Housing - FHFA Quarterly Index The Federal Housing Finance Agency provides a quarterly survey on house prices, based on sales prices and appraisal data. This gener- ates a housing index for 355 municipal areas in the US from 1979 to present. We have provided an alternative view of this data looking at the change in prices from the peak in the 2007 time frame. The goal is to provide a sense of where the housing markets are weak versus strong.The colours represent gain or losses since the start of the housing crisis (defined as the maximum price between 2007-2009 for each city). The circled dots are the cities in the survey, while the background colours are interpolated from these points using a loess smoother. Change from 2007 Peak − Q4 2015 −50% −40% −30% −20% −10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% Today's Home Prices Percentage Change from 2007−2009 Peak Frequency −75% −50% −25% 0% 25% 50% 75% Year over Year Change − Q4 2015 −10% −8% −6% −4% −2% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% YoY Change in this quarter YoY Percent Change Frequency −15% −10% −5% 0% 5% 10% 15% www.lairdresearch.com May 16, 2016 Page 19
Global Housing The Bank for International Settlements has begun collecting global housing indicies, which are useful for showing what has been happening with global house prices. Note that these are not all the same data set - each country measures housing prices in slightly different ways, so they are only broadly comparable. Black lines are the data series, blue bars on the right axis show the year over year percent change. Brazil − Metro All Dwellings Q12011=100 6080100140 Jan 2016: 134.69 Chile − All Dwellings Jun 2015: 127.92 Peru (Lima) − All Dwellings Dec 2015: 193.62 −4002040 Mexico − All Dwellings Q12011=100 6080100140 Dec 2015: 126.60 China (Beijing) − All Dwellings Dec 2015: 131.55 Hong Kong − Residential Prices Feb 2016: 165.55 −4002040 Indonesia − Major Cities housing Q12011=100 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 6080100140 Dec 2015: 135.71 India − Major Cities housing 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Sep 2015: 205.91 Singapore − All Dwellings 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Sep 2015: 100.00 −4002040 www.lairdresearch.com May 16, 2016 Page 20
Philippines (Manila) − Flats Q12011=100 6080120 Dec 2015: 146.25 Japan − All Dwellings Dec 2015: 104.60 Australia − All Dwellings Sep 2015: 126.97 −4002040 New Zealand − All Dwellings Big Cities Q12011=100 6080120 Sep 2015: 153.58 Turkey − All Dwellings Jan 2016: 194.00 South Africa − Residential Mar 2016: 119.91 −4002040 Israel − All Dwellings Q12011=100 6080120 Dec 2015: 134.75 Korea − All Dwellings Mar 2016: 113.99 Russia − All Dwellings (Urban) Sep 2015: 123.98 −4002040 Euro zone − All Dwellings Q12011=100 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 6080120 Dec 2015: 99.40 Canada − New Houses 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Feb 2016: 109.79 US − New Single Family Houses 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Dec 2015: 123.48 −4002040 www.lairdresearch.com May 16, 2016 Page 21
Global Business Indicators Global Manufacturing PMI Reports The Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) is an indicator reflecting purchasing managers’ acquisition of goods and services. An index read- ing of 50.0 means that business conditions are unchanged, a number over 50.0 indicates an improvement while anything below 50.0 suggests a decline. The further away from 50.0 the index is, the stronger the change over the month. The chart at the bottom shows a moving average of a number of PMI’s, along with standard deviation bands to show a global average. Global M−PMI − April 2016 <40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0 54.0 56.0 58.0 >60.0 Steady ExpandingContracting Eurozone 51.7 Global PMI 50.1 TWN 49.7MEX 52.4 KOR 50.0 JPN 48.2 VNM 52.3 IDN 50.9 ZAF 47.9 AUS 53.4 BRA 42.6 CAN 52.2 CHN 49.4 IND 50.5 RUS 48.0 SAU 54.2 USA 50.8 Global M−PMI Monthly Change <−5.0 −4.0 −3.0 −2.0 −1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 >5.0 PMI Change ImprovingDeteriorating Eurozone 0.1 Global PMI −0.5 TWN −1.4MEX −0.8 KOR 0.5 JPN −0.9 VNM 1.6 IDN 0.3 ZAF 0.9 AUS −4.7 BRA −3.4 CAN 0.7 CHN −0.3 IND −1.9 RUS −0.3 SAU −0.3 USA −0.7 Purchase Managers Index (Manufacturing) − China, Japan, USA, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, UK, Australia 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 3040506070 3040506070 Business Conditions Contracting Business Conditions Expanding www.lairdresearch.com May 16, 2016 Page 22
Global Manufacturing PMI Chart This is an alternate view of the global PMI reports. Here, we look at all the various PMI data series in a single chart and watch their evolution over time. Red numbers indicate contraction (as estimated by PMI) while green numbers indicate expansion. Apr14 May14 Jun14 Jul14 Aug14 Sep14 Oct14 Nov14 Dec14 Jan15 Feb15 Mar15 Apr15 May15 Jun15 Jul15 Aug15 Sep15 Oct15 Nov15 Dec15 Jan16 Feb16 Mar16 Apr16 Australia India Indonesia Viet Nam Taiwan China Korea Japan South Africa Saudi Arabia Turkey Russia United Kingdom Greece Germany France Italy Czech Republic Spain Poland Ireland Netherlands Eurozone Brazil Mexico Canada United States Global PMI 51.9 52.2 52.6 52.4 52.6 52.2 52.2 51.8 51.6 51.7 52.0 51.7 51.0 51.2 51.0 51.0 50.7 50.7 51.3 51.2 50.7 50.9 50.0 50.6 50.1 55.4 56.4 57.3 55.8 57.9 57.5 55.9 54.8 53.9 53.9 55.1 55.7 54.1 54.0 53.6 53.8 53.0 53.1 54.1 52.8 51.2 52.4 51.3 51.5 50.8 52.9 52.2 53.5 54.3 54.8 53.5 55.3 55.3 53.9 51.0 48.7 48.9 49.0 49.8 51.3 50.8 49.4 48.6 48.0 48.6 47.5 49.3 49.4 51.5 52.2 51.8 51.9 51.8 51.5 52.1 52.6 53.3 54.3 55.3 56.6 54.4 53.8 53.8 53.3 52.0 52.9 52.4 52.1 53.0 53.0 52.4 52.2 53.1 53.2 52.4 49.3 48.8 48.7 49.1 50.2 49.3 49.1 48.7 50.2 50.7 49.6 46.2 46.0 45.9 46.5 47.2 45.8 47.0 44.1 43.8 45.6 47.4 44.5 46.0 42.6 53.4 52.2 51.8 51.8 50.7 50.3 50.6 50.1 50.6 51.0 51.0 52.2 52.0 52.2 52.5 52.4 52.3 52.0 52.3 52.8 53.2 52.3 51.2 51.6 51.7 53.4 53.6 52.3 53.5 51.7 52.2 53.0 54.6 53.6 54.1 52.2 52.5 54.0 55.5 56.2 56.0 53.9 53.0 53.7 53.5 53.4 52.4 51.7 53.6 52.6 56.1 55.0 55.3 55.4 57.3 55.7 56.6 56.2 56.9 55.1 57.5 56.8 55.8 57.1 54.6 56.7 53.6 53.8 53.6 53.3 54.2 54.3 52.9 54.9 52.6 52.0 50.8 50.3 49.4 49.0 49.5 51.2 53.2 52.8 55.2 55.1 54.8 54.0 52.4 54.3 54.5 51.1 50.9 52.2 52.1 52.1 50.9 52.8 53.8 51.0 52.7 52.9 54.6 53.9 52.8 52.6 52.6 54.7 53.8 54.7 54.2 54.3 54.2 55.8 54.5 53.6 53.2 51.7 51.3 53.1 53.0 55.4 54.1 53.4 53.5 56.5 57.3 54.7 56.5 54.3 55.6 54.4 55.6 53.3 56.1 55.6 56.1 54.7 55.5 56.9 57.5 56.6 55.5 54.0 54.2 55.6 56.9 55.5 54.3 53.6 54.0 53.2 52.6 51.9 49.8 50.7 49.0 49.0 48.4 49.9 51.9 53.3 53.8 54.8 54.1 55.3 53.8 52.7 54.1 54.9 55.6 53.2 52.2 53.5 53.9 51.2 49.6 48.2 47.8 46.9 48.8 48.5 48.4 47.5 49.2 47.6 48.8 48.0 49.4 50.7 49.6 48.3 50.6 50.6 50.6 51.4 50.0 50.2 49.6 48.0 54.1 52.3 52.0 52.4 51.4 49.9 51.4 49.5 51.2 50.9 51.1 52.8 52.1 51.1 51.9 51.8 53.3 52.3 52.1 52.9 53.2 52.3 50.5 50.7 51.8 51.1 51.0 49.4 48.7 50.1 48.4 48.8 49.1 49.4 48.3 48.4 48.9 46.5 48.0 46.9 30.2 39.1 43.3 47.3 48.1 50.2 50.0 48.4 49.0 49.7 57.3 57.0 57.5 55.4 52.5 51.6 53.2 53.5 52.5 53.1 54.1 54.4 51.9 52.0 51.4 51.9 51.6 51.8 55.5 52.7 51.9 52.9 50.8 50.7 49.2 48.5 48.9 49.1 51.0 51.0 50.4 50.3 51.7 48.9 47.6 49.7 48.1 48.9 47.6 48.7 48.3 47.9 49.1 50.2 50.1 48.7 49.8 49.3 48.3 48.0 51.1 50.1 48.8 48.5 50.3 50.4 51.5 52.2 51.4 49.8 49.6 48.0 48.5 50.2 49.0 50.1 49.3 48.0 49.5 50.9 52.2 50.9 50.3 49.2 48.9 58.5 57.0 59.2 60.1 60.7 61.8 59.1 57.6 57.9 57.8 58.5 60.1 58.3 57.0 56.1 57.5 58.7 56.5 55.7 56.3 54.4 53.9 54.4 54.5 54.2 47.4 44.3 46.6 45.9 49.0 50.7 52.7 50.5 50.2 49.8 50.0 51.6 51.5 50.1 49.2 48.9 49.3 47.9 47.5 49.6 49.1 49.6 49.1 47.0 47.9 49.4 49.9 51.5 50.5 52.5 51.7 52.4 52.0 52.0 52.2 51.6 50.3 49.9 50.9 50.1 51.2 51.7 51.0 52.4 52.6 52.6 52.3 50.1 49.1 48.2 50.2 49.5 48.4 49.3 50.3 48.8 48.7 49.0 49.9 51.1 51.1 49.2 48.8 47.8 46.1 47.6 47.9 49.2 49.1 49.1 50.7 49.5 48.7 49.5 50.0 48.1 49.4 50.7 51.7 50.2 50.2 50.4 50.0 49.6 49.7 50.7 49.6 48.9 49.2 49.4 47.8 47.3 47.2 48.3 48.6 48.2 48.4 48.0 49.7 49.4 52.3 52.4 54.0 55.8 56.1 53.3 52.0 51.4 50.0 51.7 52.1 51.0 49.2 49.3 46.3 47.1 46.1 46.9 47.8 49.5 51.7 50.6 49.4 51.1 49.7 53.1 52.5 52.3 51.7 50.3 51.7 51.0 52.1 52.7 51.5 51.7 50.7 53.5 54.8 52.2 52.6 51.3 49.5 50.1 49.4 51.3 51.5 50.3 50.7 52.3 51.1 52.4 52.7 52.7 49.5 50.7 49.2 48.0 47.6 48.5 47.5 46.4 46.7 47.1 47.8 47.3 48.4 47.4 47.8 46.9 47.8 48.9 48.7 50.6 50.9 51.3 51.4 51.5 53.0 52.4 51.0 51.6 53.3 54.5 52.9 51.2 52.1 51.3 52.6 51.3 52.7 52.3 51.2 50.7 50.3 49.1 51.1 51.1 52.4 50.5 44.8 49.2 48.9 50.7 47.3 46.5 49.4 50.1 46.9 49.0 45.4 46.3 48.0 52.3 44.2 50.4 51.7 52.1 50.2 52.5 51.9 51.5 53.5 58.1 53.4 www.lairdresearch.com May 16, 2016 Page 23
Canadian Indicators Retail Trade (SA) YoYPercentChange −50510 median: 4.65 Feb 2016: 5.63 Total Manufacturing Sales Growth YoYPercentGrowth −20−1001020 median: 3.83 Feb 2016: 3.85 Manufacturing New Orders Growth YoYPercentGrowth −30−100102030 median: 4.08 Feb 2016: 2.58 1yr vs. 10yr Canada Bond Yields Yield(Percent) 0246810 median: 5.66 Apr 2016: 1.50 10 yr bond 1 yr bond Manufacturing PMI 48505254 Apr 2016: 52.20 Sales and New Orders (SA) YoYPercentChange −20−1001020 Sales New Orders (smoothed) Tbill Yield Spread (10 yr − 3mo) Spread(Percent) 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 −101234 median: 1.31 Apr 2016: 0.95 Inflation (total and core) YoYPercentChange 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 −101234 median: 1.87 Mar 2016: 1.27 Total Core Inventory to Sales Ratio (SA) Ratio 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1.31.41.51.6 median: 1.35 Feb 2016: 1.40 www.lairdresearch.com May 16, 2016 Page 24
6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.6 1.31.41.51.61.71.81.9 Beveridge Curve (Mar 2011 − Jan 2016) as.numeric(can.bev$ui.rate) as.numeric(can.bev$vacancies) Mar 2011 − Dec 2012 Jan 2013 − Dec 2015 Jan 2016 Unemployment Rate JobVacancyrate(Industrial) Ownership/Rental Price Ratio RatioofAccomodationOwnership/RentRatio 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 90100110120130140150 Calgary Montreal Vancouver Toronto Note: Using prices relative to 2002 as base year Ownership relatively more expensive vs 2002 Rent relatively more expensive vs 2002 Unemployment Rate (SA) Percent 345678910 Canada 7.1% Alberta 7.2% Ontario 7.0% Debt Service Ratios (SA) Percent 0246810 Total Debt: 6.2% Mortgage: 3.2% Consumer Debt: 6.2% Housing Starts and Building Permits (smoothed) YoYPercentChange 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 −40−2002040 Permits Starts www.lairdresearch.com May 16, 2016 Page 25
European Indicators Unemployment Rates Percentage 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 051015202530 FR DE GB IT GR ES EU Business Employment Expectations Index 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 −40−20010 Industrial Orderbook Levels Index 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 −60−40−20020 Country Employment Expect. Unempl. (%) Bond Yields (%) Retail Turnover Manufacturing Turnover Inflation (YoY %) Industry Orderbook PMI Series Dates Apr 2016 Apr 2016 Apr 2016 Mar 2016 Mar 2016 Mar 2016 Apr 2016 Apr 2016 France -11.2 J 10.0 J 0.51 K 111.2 J 105.5 I -0.1 K -9.2 I 48.0 J Germany -3.5 I 4.2 J 0.13 J NA 113.6 J 0.1 I -13.4 J 51.8 I United Kingdom -1.9 J 5.0 K 1.48 I 112.1 J NA 0.5 -10.8 I 49.2 J Italy 0.1 I 11.4 J 1.44 I 100.2 J NA -0.2 K -14.3 J 53.9 I Greece -4.0 I 24.4 I 9.03 J NA NA -0.7 J -24.6 I 49.7 I Spain 3.4 J 20.4 J 1.53 J NA NA -1.0 K -4.8 I 53.5 I Eurozone (EU28) -2.6 J 8.8 J 1.20 I 107.5 J 109.4 J 0.0 -13.1 I NA www.lairdresearch.com May 16, 2016 Page 26
Government Bond YieldsLongTermYields% 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 0246810 Economic Sentiment Index 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 60708090110130 Consumer Confidence Index 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 −100−60−20020 Inflation (Harmonized Prices) 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 median: 1.90 Mar 2016: 0.00 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Harmonized Inflation: Feb 2016 AUT 0.6% BGR −1.9% DEU 0.1% ESP −1.0% FIN 0.0% FRA −0.1% GBR 0.5% GRC −0.7% HRV −0.9% HUN −0.2% IRL −0.6% ISL 0.3% ITA −0.2% NOR 3.6% POL −0.4% ROU −2.4% SWE 1.2% <−1.0%0.0% 1.0% 2.0% 3.0% 4.0% 5.0% 6.0% >7.0% YoY % Change in Prices PMI: April 2016 <40.042.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0 54.0 56.0 58.0>60.0 Steady ExpandingContracting BRA 42.6 CAN 52.2 DEU 51.8 ESP 53.5 FRA 48.0 GBR 49.2 GRC 49.7 IRL 52.6 ITA 53.9 MEX 52.4 POL 51.0 SAU 54.2 TUR 48.9 USA 50.8 RUS 48.0 PMI Change: Mar − Apr <−5.0−4.0 −3.0 −2.0 −1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 >5.0 PMI Change ImprovingDeteriorating CAN 0.7 DEU 1.1 ESP 0.1 FRA −1.6 GBR −1.5 GRC 0.7 IRL −2.3 ITA 0.4 POL −2.8 TUR −0.3 USA −0.7 RUS −0.3 www.lairdresearch.com May 16, 2016 Page 27
Chinese Indicators Tracking the Chinese economy is a tricky. As reported in the Fi- nancial Times, Premier Li Keqiang confided to US officials in 2007 that gross domestic product was “man made” and “for reference only”. In- stead, he suggested that it was much more useful to focus on three alternative indicators: electricity consumption, rail cargo volumes and bank lending (still tracking down that last one). We also include the PMI - which is an official version put out by the Chinese government and differs slightly from an HSBC version. Finally we include the Shanghai Composite Index as a measure of stock performance. Manufacturing PMI 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 4045505560 Apr 2016: 49.40 Shanghai Composite Index IndexValue(MonthlyHigh/Low) 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 0100030005000 May 2016: 2997.84 Electricity Generated 100MillionKWH(logscale) 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1000200030005000 Mar 2016: 4779.00 Electricity Generated Long Term Trend Short Term Average Consumer Confidence Index Index 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 98100102104106108110 median: 103.85 Apr 2016: 101.00 Exports YoYPercentChange 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 −20020406080 median: 18.25 Apr 2016: −1.80 Retail Sales Growth YoYPercentChange 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 101520 median: 12.90 Apr 2016: 10.10 www.lairdresearch.com May 16, 2016 Page 28
Global Climate Change Temperature and precipitation data are taken from the US National Climatic Data Center and presented as the average monthly anomaly from the previous 6 months. Anomalies are defined as the difference from the average value over the period from 1971-2000 for the temperature map and over the 20th century for the global temparature chart. Average Temperature Anomalies from Oct 2015 - Mar 2016 <−4.0 −3.0 −2.0 −1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 >4.0 Anomalies in Celcius WarmerCooler Anomalies in Celcius −4 −2 0 2 4 Historic Global Temperature Deviations DegreesCelciusDeviations −0.50.00.51.0 Mar 2016: 1.22 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 www.lairdresearch.com May 16, 2016 Page 29

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