2. Learning Objective 1
Identify the victim removal priorities for
aerial device rescues.
10–2
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
3. DISCUSSION QUESTION
What are the four main operational
strategies of the aerial apparatus?
10–3
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
4. • Always first priority on fireground
• May be necessary if victims cannot
escape using interior stairs or exterior
fire escapes
• Always keep in mind the weight
limitations of ladder or aerial device
Rescue
10–4
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
5. • Most severely threatened by conditions
of hazard
• Largest number of groups of people
• Remainder of people in hazard area
• People in exposed area
Priority Considerations
(Continued)
10–5
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
7. Discuss raising the aerial device to a
victim.
Learning Objective 2
10–7
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
8. • Best position
• In unsupported position
• If optimum positioning not possible
• Aim above victim and lower ladder to
meet victim
• Extension locks should be seated
Raising the Aerial
Device to a Victim
(Continued)
10–8
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
12. Discuss positioning the aerial device for
rescue from a window or roof.
Learning Objective 3
10–12
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
13. • Area of window opening is not
diminished
• Aerial ladder – First rung even with
windowsill
• Aerial platform – Top rail even with
windowsill
Positioning Aerial Device
for Rescue From a Window
10–13
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
16. • Tip of aerial ladder should be placed at
least 6 feet (2 m) above edge of roof
• Platforms should be placed so that
bottom of platform is just above and
over edge of roof
• Balconies with railings or roofs with
parapet walls
Positioning Aerial Device
for Rescue From a Roof
10–16
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
20. Discuss using an aerial device to
remove victims from elevated positions.
Learning Objective 4
10–20
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
21. • After aerial device is properly positioned
• Techniques vary depending on type of
aerial device and age or condition of
victims
Removing Victims From
Elevated Positions Using Aerial
Devices
10–21
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
22. • Include at least one and preferably two
firefighters
• Small children and adults incapable of
climbing down by themselves will have
to be carried or supported
Moving Victims
Down Aerial Ladders
10–22
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
28. • Easier than backing down aerial ladder
• Slower and not suited for mass
evacuations
• Removal of conscious victims
• Victims jumping into platform
Moving Victims in
Aerial Platforms
10–28
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
29. • Number of passengers determined by
load capacity and space inside platform
• One firefighter lowers aerial device to
ground to unload victims
• Second firefighter remains at loading
point
Lowering Passengers
Into Platform
(Continued)
10–29
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
31. • Requires a minimum of two firefighters
• If victim is not in on a litter or Stokes
basket, lay victim on floor of platform
• If victim is in a basket-type litter or
Stokes, may be laid on floor or across
platform railings
• Some manufacturers have rated Stokes
cradles in platforms
Removal of Unconscious
Victims
10–31
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
32. • For unconscious or injured victims
• Last resort; first attempt to carry litter
down stairwell, fire escape, or move it to
a safe place of refuge until conditions
improve
Lowering a Stokes Litter
Using an Aerial Ladder
10–32
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
34. Method 2 – Rope
Lowering System
10–34
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Photo by Ted
Boothroyd
35. Move victims down an aerial ladder
raised to an elevated location.
Objective 5 is measured in Skill Sheet 10-1.
Learning Objective 5
10–35
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
36. Use an aerial platform to remove
victims from an elevated location.
Objective 6 is measured in Skill Sheet 10-2.
Learning Objective 6
10–36
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
37. Lower a Stokes litter using an aerial
ladder.
Objective 7 is measured in Skill Sheet 10-3.
Learning Objective 7
10–37
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
38. Identify general safety issues
associated with using aerial apparatus
for water rescue.
Learning Objective 8
10–38
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
40. • Lack of suitable location to stabilize
apparatus
• Potential for aerial device to make
contact with swiftly moving water
• Seriously overloads the aerial device
Safety Issues
10–40
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
41. Discuss using aerial apparatus at
aircraft rescue incidents.
Learning Objective 9
10–41
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
42. • Limited role; usually serves as support
apparatus
• Rescuing victims
• Gain access to aircraft crashed in trees,
electric wires, or other elevated
locations
Aircraft Rescue
(Continued)
10–42
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
44. Discuss using aerial apparatus for
below-grade operations.
Learning Objective 10
10–44
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
45. • Operations in locations below level on
which apparatus is parked
• May not be possible for all aerial
devices
• Special rescues
• Three-boom articulating platform
• Deploy master streams
Below-Grade Operations
10–45
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
46. Describe using aerial apparatus for
exposure protection.
Learning Objective 11
10–46
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
47. • Exposure – Structure or separate part
of fireground to which fire may spread
• Radiated heat – Heat movement in all
directions in the form of energy waves
• Convection – Heat travel through heat-
circulating medium
Exposure Protection
10–47
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
50. • Weather
• Building construction
• Spacing between fire building and
exposure
• Intensity of fire
Conditions Affecting
Exposure Hazards
10–50
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
51. • Applying large fog streams into thermal
column
• Reduces burning embers igniting other
structures
• Performed with one or two nozzles
Protection From
Convection Fire Spread
10–51
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
52. • Creates challenges
• Positioned for effective, safe stream
placement and maximum coverage of
exposure and fire building
• Cannot be put into situations where
measures must protect apparatus itself
• Always have straight forward exit route
Positioning to Provide
Exposure Protection
10–52
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
53. • Wide sweeping nozzle patterns
• Streams should not be rotated beyond
safe limits
• Do not operate elevated streams in
natural ventilation openings
• Stream type depends on fire condition
Exposure Protection
Operations
(Continued)
10–53
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
54. • Fog pattern allows maximum coverage,
but may not work due to variety of
conditions
• Straight and solid streams
Exposure Protection
Operations
(Continued)
10–54
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
58. • Important, should never monopolize
apparatus or manpower needed for
rescue
• Aerial device should never be used as
THE ventilation tool
• Not to be used as a battering ram or
forcible entry tool
Ventilation
10–58
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
59. • With aerial ladder
– Extend fly section so that a minimum of 6
feet (2 m) protrudes over edge of roof
– Before exiting, firefighters should check the
integrity of the roof by sounding it
Using Aerial Device to
Put Firefighters on Roof
(Continued)
10–59
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
60. DISCUSSION QUESTION
Why must the aerial device be
placed so far over the edge of the
roof?
10–60
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
61. • With elevating platform
– Platform should be positioned even with or
slightly over roof’s edge
– Parapet walls may require small roof
ladder as means to get from device to roof
Using Aerial Device to
Put Firefighters on Roof
10–61
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
62. • If firefighters cannot operate on roof
• Break upper-story windows
• Positioned slightly above window and
slightly to upwind side
• If wind is blowing across face of
building, windows on downwind portion
of building should be taken out first
Aerial Device for
Horizontal or Cross Ventilation
(Continued)
10–62
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
65. • May include
remote controls
• May be equipped
with video cameras
Aerial Ladders with Piped
Waterways and Water Towers
10–65
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
66. • Place firefighters at tip in danger
• Being used less and less
• IFSTA recommends that these devices
be operated from turntable or ground
level using ropes attached to nozzle
Aerial Ladders with
Detachable Waterways
(Continued)
10–66
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
68. • Only one firefighter on top of fly when
changing stream pattern
• Avoid sudden movement or surges in
pressure
• Shut down flow slowly to avoid stress
on aerial device
Safety Principles for Aerial
Ladders with Detachable
Waterway
(Continued)
10–68
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
69. • Always locate supply hose in center of
ladder
• Turntable movement should be smooth
and slow when rotating turntable to
direct ladder pipe stream
• Use 75-80-80 rule of thumb
Safety Principles for Aerial
Ladders with Detachable
Waterway
(Continued)
10–69
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
70. • Use ladder pipes perpendicular to rungs
on older units, maximum lateral
movement of 15 degrees to either side
• Do not use a hoseline and nozzle
strapped to a ladder as a ladder pipe
• Always follow any specific operating
guidelines that the aerial device
manufacturer provides
Safety Principles for Aerial
Ladders with Detachable
Waterway
10–70
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
72. • Preferable if one or more firefighters
need to be placed at position where
elevated master stream is going to be
deployed
• Safer standing position
• May include piped breathing air
systems
Elevating Platforms
(Continued)
10–72
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
73. • Include protective water curtain nozzle
beneath platform
• Many have control panels to allow
firefighters at tip to move device
Elevating Platforms
10–73
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
74. Identify the advantages of using fog
nozzles vs. straight stream for elevated
fire attack.
Learning Objective 14
10–74
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
75. • Wider coverage than solid streams
• Able to break up water to effect better
steam conversion
• Drawbacks
• Best applications
Fog Stream Nozzles
(Continued)
10–75
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
76. Fog Stream Nozzles
10–76
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Courtesy of District Chief Chris Mickal, New Orleans (LA) FD Photo
Unit
77. • Provide excellent penetration into fire
areas
• Provide power needed to reach seat of
fire
• Not as affected by wind conditions
Solid Stream Nozzles
(Continued)
10–77
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
78. • Not as effective for rapid steam
conversion
• Reach longer distances than fog
streams
• Best applications
Solid Stream Nozzles
(Continued)
10–78
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
80. • Regardless of nozzle type, nozzle
MUST be provided rated flow and
pressure
• All nozzles lose some effectiveness
when not discharging rated flow
Flow and Pressure
10–80
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
81. Distinguish between characteristics of
elevated stream blitz attacks and
defensive operations.
Learning Objective 15
10–81
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
82. • Making attack from exterior with large
bore fire stream to attack fire on the
inside and immediately stop progress of
fire in area of origin
• Made with elevated master stream if
conditions are right
Blitz Attacks
10–82
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
83. • Deflect water off ceiling of fire room
• Position aerial device so that nozzle is
even with bottom of window
• Water enter room at angle of about 30°
• Water will hit ceiling and highest parts
of fire area
Blitz Attack Best Practices
(Continued)
10–83
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
85. • Exterior attack with emphasis on
exposure protection
• Objective – Contain fire within specified
area
• Indicators of potential defensive attack
• Stream use
Defensive Operations
(Continued)
10–85
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
86. • Care taken not to push fire to
uninvolved areas
• Position apparatus on unburned side of
building
• May require more than one elevated
master stream
Defensive Operations
10–86
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
87. Deploy and operate an elevated master
stream.
Objective 16 is measured in Skill Sheet 10-4.
Learning Objective 16
10–87
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
88. Identify advantages and disadvantages
of using the aerial device as an exterior
standpipe to upper floors.
Learning Objective 17
10–88
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
89. • Eliminates difficult hose lays up interior
stairwells
• Necessary if building does not have an
operable standpipe system
• Effective tactic for certain types of fires
• Provide interior handlines
Improvised
Standpipe Operations
10–89
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
91. • Can be used on flammable and
combustible liquid fires
• Not practical to discharge aerated foam
through elevated master stream
Using Aerial Apparatus
to Apply Foam Streams
10–91
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
92. • Provides faster knockdown than
aerated foam
• Less ability to form thick blanket
• Same physical characteristics as plain
water streams
• Must use fog nozzle
Using Aerial Device to
Discharge Nonaerated Foam
Streams
(Continued)
10–92
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
93. • Nozzle may be set on any pattern that
is effective
• Must use either aqueous film forming
foam (AFFF) or film forming
fluoroprotein (FFFP) concentrates
Using Aerial Device to
Discharge Nonaerated Foam
Streams
10–93
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
94. Identify foam application methods and
their characteristics.
Learning Objective 19
10–94
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
95. • Directs foam stream on ground near
front edge of a burning liquid pool
• Foam rolls across surface of fuel
• Continue to apply foam until spread
across entire surface of fuel and fire is
extinguished
Roll-On Method
(Continued)
10–95
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
96. • May be necessary to move stream back
and forth to different positions along
edge of spill to cover entire pool
• Used only on a pool of liquid fuel on the
open ground
• Least commonly used by aerial
apparatus
Roll-On Method
(Continued)
10–96
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
98. • Elevated object is near or within area of
a burning pool of liquid or an unignited
liquid spill
• Foam stream directed off object
• Direct stream off various points around
fuel area
• Used primarily in diked spill areas or
overturned transport vehicles
Bank-Down Method
(Continued)
10–98
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
100. • Used when other two methods are not
feasible
• Primary manual application used on
above ground storage tanks
• Directs stream into air above fire or spill
Rain-Down Method
(Continued)
10–100
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
101. • Small fires, sweep stream back and
forth
• Large fires, direct stream at one
location
Rain-Down Method
10–101
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
103. Summary
• The aerial apparatus driver/operator is
a very important part of the effort to
mitigate the dangers of fire, rescue, and
other emergency calls of service.
(Continued)
10–103
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
104. • Under working conditions, the
driver/operator must know the
manufacturer’s limitations of the aerial
apparatus and the aerial device and be
prepared to make adjustments for
adverse conditions to ensure safe
fireground operations.
Summary
10–104
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
105. Review Questions
1. What type of operation is
always the first priority on the
fireground?
2. What is always the best
position for an aerial device when
being raised to a victim?
3. When should an adult be carried or
supported while traveling down a
ladder?
(Continued)
10–105
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
106. Review Questions
4. Why shouldn’t victims be
allowed to jump into the aerial
platform?
5. In what common scenarios are
aerial apparatus called upon to assist
personnel who are working a water
rescue emergency?
(Continued)
10–106
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
107. 6. What role may aerial apparatus
play in aircraft rescue and fire fighting
(ARFF) incidents?
7. What is the importance of exposure
protection?
8. What condition may impede the
effectiveness of a fog stream as
exposure protection?
Review Questions
(Continued)
10–107
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
108. 9. Why are video cameras sometime
placed on water tower devices?
10. What are some indicators of a
potential defensive attack?
Review Questions
10–108
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator