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Aerial Apparatus
Driver/Operator Handbook
2nd Edition
Chapter 10 — Aerial Apparatus
Strategies and Tactics
Learning Objective 1
Identify the victim removal priorities for
aerial device rescues.
10–2
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
DISCUSSION QUESTION
What are the four main operational
strategies of the aerial apparatus?
10–3
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• Always first priority on fireground
• May be necessary if victims cannot
escape using interior stairs or exterior
fire escapes
• Always keep in mind the weight
limitations of ladder or aerial device
Rescue
10–4
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• Most severely threatened by conditions
of hazard
• Largest number of groups of people
• Remainder of people in hazard area
• People in exposed area
Priority Considerations
(Continued)
10–5
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Priority Considerations
10–6
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Discuss raising the aerial device to a
victim.
Learning Objective 2
10–7
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• Best position
• In unsupported position
• If optimum positioning not possible
• Aim above victim and lower ladder to
meet victim
• Extension locks should be seated
Raising the Aerial
Device to a Victim
(Continued)
10–8
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Raising the Aerial
Device to a Victim
(Continued)
10–9
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
DISCUSSION QUESTION
Why should the aerial device be
lowered to meet the victim?
10–10
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Raising the Aerial
Device to a Victim
10–11
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Discuss positioning the aerial device for
rescue from a window or roof.
Learning Objective 3
10–12
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• Area of window opening is not
diminished
• Aerial ladder – First rung even with
windowsill
• Aerial platform – Top rail even with
windowsill
Positioning Aerial Device
for Rescue From a Window
10–13
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Positioning Aerial Ladder
for Rescue from a Window
10–14
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Positioning Aerial Platform
for Rescue from a Window
10–15
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• Tip of aerial ladder should be placed at
least 6 feet (2 m) above edge of roof
• Platforms should be placed so that
bottom of platform is just above and
over edge of roof
• Balconies with railings or roofs with
parapet walls
Positioning Aerial Device
for Rescue From a Roof
10–16
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Positioning Aerial Ladder
for Rescue From a Roof
10–17
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Positioning Aerial Platform for
Rescue From a Roof
10–18
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Positioning with a Parapet Wall
10–19
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Discuss using an aerial device to
remove victims from elevated positions.
Learning Objective 4
10–20
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• After aerial device is properly positioned
• Techniques vary depending on type of
aerial device and age or condition of
victims
Removing Victims From
Elevated Positions Using Aerial
Devices
10–21
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• Include at least one and preferably two
firefighters
• Small children and adults incapable of
climbing down by themselves will have
to be carried or supported
Moving Victims
Down Aerial Ladders
10–22
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Infants and Children
10–23
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Knee-Sit Method
10–24
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
DISCUSSION QUESTION
In what ways is the knee-sit method
advantageous?
10–25
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Unconscious or
Severely Injured Victims
10–26
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Over-the-Shoulder Method
10–27
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• Easier than backing down aerial ladder
• Slower and not suited for mass
evacuations
• Removal of conscious victims
• Victims jumping into platform
Moving Victims in
Aerial Platforms
10–28
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• Number of passengers determined by
load capacity and space inside platform
• One firefighter lowers aerial device to
ground to unload victims
• Second firefighter remains at loading
point
Lowering Passengers
Into Platform
(Continued)
10–29
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Lowering Passengers
Into Platform
10–30
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• Requires a minimum of two firefighters
• If victim is not in on a litter or Stokes
basket, lay victim on floor of platform
• If victim is in a basket-type litter or
Stokes, may be laid on floor or across
platform railings
• Some manufacturers have rated Stokes
cradles in platforms
Removal of Unconscious
Victims
10–31
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• For unconscious or injured victims
• Last resort; first attempt to carry litter
down stairwell, fire escape, or move it to
a safe place of refuge until conditions
improve
Lowering a Stokes Litter
Using an Aerial Ladder
10–32
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Method 1 – Slide
Basket Down Ladder
10–33
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Method 2 – Rope
Lowering System
10–34
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Photo by Ted
Boothroyd
Move victims down an aerial ladder
raised to an elevated location.
Objective 5 is measured in Skill Sheet 10-1.
Learning Objective 5
10–35
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Use an aerial platform to remove
victims from an elevated location.
Objective 6 is measured in Skill Sheet 10-2.
Learning Objective 6
10–36
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Lower a Stokes litter using an aerial
ladder.
Objective 7 is measured in Skill Sheet 10-3.
Learning Objective 7
10–37
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Identify general safety issues
associated with using aerial apparatus
for water rescue.
Learning Objective 8
10–38
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Aerial Devices for Water
Rescues
10–39
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• Lack of suitable location to stabilize
apparatus
• Potential for aerial device to make
contact with swiftly moving water
• Seriously overloads the aerial device
Safety Issues
10–40
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Discuss using aerial apparatus at
aircraft rescue incidents.
Learning Objective 9
10–41
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• Limited role; usually serves as support
apparatus
• Rescuing victims
• Gain access to aircraft crashed in trees,
electric wires, or other elevated
locations
Aircraft Rescue
(Continued)
10–42
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Aircraft Rescue
10–43
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Discuss using aerial apparatus for
below-grade operations.
Learning Objective 10
10–44
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• Operations in locations below level on
which apparatus is parked
• May not be possible for all aerial
devices
• Special rescues
• Three-boom articulating platform
• Deploy master streams
Below-Grade Operations
10–45
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Describe using aerial apparatus for
exposure protection.
Learning Objective 11
10–46
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• Exposure – Structure or separate part
of fireground to which fire may spread
• Radiated heat – Heat movement in all
directions in the form of energy waves
• Convection – Heat travel through heat-
circulating medium
Exposure Protection
10–47
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Radiant Heat
10–48
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Convection
10–49
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• Weather
• Building construction
• Spacing between fire building and
exposure
• Intensity of fire
Conditions Affecting
Exposure Hazards
10–50
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• Applying large fog streams into thermal
column
• Reduces burning embers igniting other
structures
• Performed with one or two nozzles
Protection From
Convection Fire Spread
10–51
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• Creates challenges
• Positioned for effective, safe stream
placement and maximum coverage of
exposure and fire building
• Cannot be put into situations where
measures must protect apparatus itself
• Always have straight forward exit route
Positioning to Provide
Exposure Protection
10–52
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• Wide sweeping nozzle patterns
• Streams should not be rotated beyond
safe limits
• Do not operate elevated streams in
natural ventilation openings
• Stream type depends on fire condition
Exposure Protection
Operations
(Continued)
10–53
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• Fog pattern allows maximum coverage,
but may not work due to variety of
conditions
• Straight and solid streams
Exposure Protection
Operations
(Continued)
10–54
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Exposure Protection
Operations
10–55
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
(Continued)
Exposure Protection
Operations
10–56
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Describe aerial apparatus-assisted
ventilation operations.
Learning Objective 12
10–57
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• Important, should never monopolize
apparatus or manpower needed for
rescue
• Aerial device should never be used as
THE ventilation tool
• Not to be used as a battering ram or
forcible entry tool
Ventilation
10–58
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• With aerial ladder
– Extend fly section so that a minimum of 6
feet (2 m) protrudes over edge of roof
– Before exiting, firefighters should check the
integrity of the roof by sounding it
Using Aerial Device to
Put Firefighters on Roof
(Continued)
10–59
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
DISCUSSION QUESTION
Why must the aerial device be
placed so far over the edge of the
roof?
10–60
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• With elevating platform
– Platform should be positioned even with or
slightly over roof’s edge
– Parapet walls may require small roof
ladder as means to get from device to roof
Using Aerial Device to
Put Firefighters on Roof
10–61
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• If firefighters cannot operate on roof
• Break upper-story windows
• Positioned slightly above window and
slightly to upwind side
• If wind is blowing across face of
building, windows on downwind portion
of building should be taken out first
Aerial Device for
Horizontal or Cross Ventilation
(Continued)
10–62
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Aerial Device for
Horizontal or Cross Ventilation
10–63
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Discuss operating elevated master
streams.
Learning Objective 13
10–64
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• May include
remote controls
• May be equipped
with video cameras
Aerial Ladders with Piped
Waterways and Water Towers
10–65
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• Place firefighters at tip in danger
• Being used less and less
• IFSTA recommends that these devices
be operated from turntable or ground
level using ropes attached to nozzle
Aerial Ladders with
Detachable Waterways
(Continued)
10–66
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Aerial Ladders with
Detachable Waterways
10–67
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• Only one firefighter on top of fly when
changing stream pattern
• Avoid sudden movement or surges in
pressure
• Shut down flow slowly to avoid stress
on aerial device
Safety Principles for Aerial
Ladders with Detachable
Waterway
(Continued)
10–68
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• Always locate supply hose in center of
ladder
• Turntable movement should be smooth
and slow when rotating turntable to
direct ladder pipe stream
• Use 75-80-80 rule of thumb
Safety Principles for Aerial
Ladders with Detachable
Waterway
(Continued)
10–69
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• Use ladder pipes perpendicular to rungs
on older units, maximum lateral
movement of 15 degrees to either side
• Do not use a hoseline and nozzle
strapped to a ladder as a ladder pipe
• Always follow any specific operating
guidelines that the aerial device
manufacturer provides
Safety Principles for Aerial
Ladders with Detachable
Waterway
10–70
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
75-80-80
10–71
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• Preferable if one or more firefighters
need to be placed at position where
elevated master stream is going to be
deployed
• Safer standing position
• May include piped breathing air
systems
Elevating Platforms
(Continued)
10–72
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• Include protective water curtain nozzle
beneath platform
• Many have control panels to allow
firefighters at tip to move device
Elevating Platforms
10–73
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Identify the advantages of using fog
nozzles vs. straight stream for elevated
fire attack.
Learning Objective 14
10–74
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• Wider coverage than solid streams
• Able to break up water to effect better
steam conversion
• Drawbacks
• Best applications
Fog Stream Nozzles
(Continued)
10–75
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Fog Stream Nozzles
10–76
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Courtesy of District Chief Chris Mickal, New Orleans (LA) FD Photo
Unit
• Provide excellent penetration into fire
areas
• Provide power needed to reach seat of
fire
• Not as affected by wind conditions
Solid Stream Nozzles
(Continued)
10–77
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• Not as effective for rapid steam
conversion
• Reach longer distances than fog
streams
• Best applications
Solid Stream Nozzles
(Continued)
10–78
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Solid Stream Nozzles
10–79
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Courtesy of District Chief Chris Mickal, New Orleans (LA) FD Photo
Unit
• Regardless of nozzle type, nozzle
MUST be provided rated flow and
pressure
• All nozzles lose some effectiveness
when not discharging rated flow
Flow and Pressure
10–80
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Distinguish between characteristics of
elevated stream blitz attacks and
defensive operations.
Learning Objective 15
10–81
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• Making attack from exterior with large
bore fire stream to attack fire on the
inside and immediately stop progress of
fire in area of origin
• Made with elevated master stream if
conditions are right
Blitz Attacks
10–82
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• Deflect water off ceiling of fire room
• Position aerial device so that nozzle is
even with bottom of window
• Water enter room at angle of about 30°
• Water will hit ceiling and highest parts
of fire area
Blitz Attack Best Practices
(Continued)
10–83
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Blitz Attack Best Practices
10–84
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• Exterior attack with emphasis on
exposure protection
• Objective – Contain fire within specified
area
• Indicators of potential defensive attack
• Stream use
Defensive Operations
(Continued)
10–85
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• Care taken not to push fire to
uninvolved areas
• Position apparatus on unburned side of
building
• May require more than one elevated
master stream
Defensive Operations
10–86
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Deploy and operate an elevated master
stream.
Objective 16 is measured in Skill Sheet 10-4.
Learning Objective 16
10–87
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Identify advantages and disadvantages
of using the aerial device as an exterior
standpipe to upper floors.
Learning Objective 17
10–88
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• Eliminates difficult hose lays up interior
stairwells
• Necessary if building does not have an
operable standpipe system
• Effective tactic for certain types of fires
• Provide interior handlines
Improvised
Standpipe Operations
10–89
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Discuss elevated foam streams.
Learning Objective 18
10–90
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• Can be used on flammable and
combustible liquid fires
• Not practical to discharge aerated foam
through elevated master stream
Using Aerial Apparatus
to Apply Foam Streams
10–91
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• Provides faster knockdown than
aerated foam
• Less ability to form thick blanket
• Same physical characteristics as plain
water streams
• Must use fog nozzle
Using Aerial Device to
Discharge Nonaerated Foam
Streams
(Continued)
10–92
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• Nozzle may be set on any pattern that
is effective
• Must use either aqueous film forming
foam (AFFF) or film forming
fluoroprotein (FFFP) concentrates
Using Aerial Device to
Discharge Nonaerated Foam
Streams
10–93
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Identify foam application methods and
their characteristics.
Learning Objective 19
10–94
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• Directs foam stream on ground near
front edge of a burning liquid pool
• Foam rolls across surface of fuel
• Continue to apply foam until spread
across entire surface of fuel and fire is
extinguished
Roll-On Method
(Continued)
10–95
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• May be necessary to move stream back
and forth to different positions along
edge of spill to cover entire pool
• Used only on a pool of liquid fuel on the
open ground
• Least commonly used by aerial
apparatus
Roll-On Method
(Continued)
10–96
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Roll-On Method
10–97
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• Elevated object is near or within area of
a burning pool of liquid or an unignited
liquid spill
• Foam stream directed off object
• Direct stream off various points around
fuel area
• Used primarily in diked spill areas or
overturned transport vehicles
Bank-Down Method
(Continued)
10–98
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Bank-Down Method
10–99
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• Used when other two methods are not
feasible
• Primary manual application used on
above ground storage tanks
• Directs stream into air above fire or spill
Rain-Down Method
(Continued)
10–100
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• Small fires, sweep stream back and
forth
• Large fires, direct stream at one
location
Rain-Down Method
10–101
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Rain-Down Method
10–102
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Summary
• The aerial apparatus driver/operator is
a very important part of the effort to
mitigate the dangers of fire, rescue, and
other emergency calls of service.
(Continued)
10–103
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
• Under working conditions, the
driver/operator must know the
manufacturer’s limitations of the aerial
apparatus and the aerial device and be
prepared to make adjustments for
adverse conditions to ensure safe
fireground operations.
Summary
10–104
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Review Questions
1. What type of operation is
always the first priority on the
fireground?
2. What is always the best
position for an aerial device when
being raised to a victim?
3. When should an adult be carried or
supported while traveling down a
ladder?
(Continued)
10–105
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Review Questions
4. Why shouldn’t victims be
allowed to jump into the aerial
platform?
5. In what common scenarios are
aerial apparatus called upon to assist
personnel who are working a water
rescue emergency?
(Continued)
10–106
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
6. What role may aerial apparatus
play in aircraft rescue and fire fighting
(ARFF) incidents?
7. What is the importance of exposure
protection?
8. What condition may impede the
effectiveness of a fog stream as
exposure protection?
Review Questions
(Continued)
10–107
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
9. Why are video cameras sometime
placed on water tower devices?
10. What are some indicators of a
potential defensive attack?
Review Questions
10–108
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator

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Chapter 10

  • 1. Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator Handbook 2nd Edition Chapter 10 — Aerial Apparatus Strategies and Tactics
  • 2. Learning Objective 1 Identify the victim removal priorities for aerial device rescues. 10–2 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 3. DISCUSSION QUESTION What are the four main operational strategies of the aerial apparatus? 10–3 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 4. • Always first priority on fireground • May be necessary if victims cannot escape using interior stairs or exterior fire escapes • Always keep in mind the weight limitations of ladder or aerial device Rescue 10–4 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 5. • Most severely threatened by conditions of hazard • Largest number of groups of people • Remainder of people in hazard area • People in exposed area Priority Considerations (Continued) 10–5 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 7. Discuss raising the aerial device to a victim. Learning Objective 2 10–7 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 8. • Best position • In unsupported position • If optimum positioning not possible • Aim above victim and lower ladder to meet victim • Extension locks should be seated Raising the Aerial Device to a Victim (Continued) 10–8 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 9. Raising the Aerial Device to a Victim (Continued) 10–9 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 10. DISCUSSION QUESTION Why should the aerial device be lowered to meet the victim? 10–10 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 11. Raising the Aerial Device to a Victim 10–11 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 12. Discuss positioning the aerial device for rescue from a window or roof. Learning Objective 3 10–12 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 13. • Area of window opening is not diminished • Aerial ladder – First rung even with windowsill • Aerial platform – Top rail even with windowsill Positioning Aerial Device for Rescue From a Window 10–13 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 14. Positioning Aerial Ladder for Rescue from a Window 10–14 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 15. Positioning Aerial Platform for Rescue from a Window 10–15 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 16. • Tip of aerial ladder should be placed at least 6 feet (2 m) above edge of roof • Platforms should be placed so that bottom of platform is just above and over edge of roof • Balconies with railings or roofs with parapet walls Positioning Aerial Device for Rescue From a Roof 10–16 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 17. Positioning Aerial Ladder for Rescue From a Roof 10–17 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 18. Positioning Aerial Platform for Rescue From a Roof 10–18 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 19. Positioning with a Parapet Wall 10–19 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 20. Discuss using an aerial device to remove victims from elevated positions. Learning Objective 4 10–20 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 21. • After aerial device is properly positioned • Techniques vary depending on type of aerial device and age or condition of victims Removing Victims From Elevated Positions Using Aerial Devices 10–21 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 22. • Include at least one and preferably two firefighters • Small children and adults incapable of climbing down by themselves will have to be carried or supported Moving Victims Down Aerial Ladders 10–22 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 23. Infants and Children 10–23 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 25. DISCUSSION QUESTION In what ways is the knee-sit method advantageous? 10–25 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 26. Unconscious or Severely Injured Victims 10–26 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 28. • Easier than backing down aerial ladder • Slower and not suited for mass evacuations • Removal of conscious victims • Victims jumping into platform Moving Victims in Aerial Platforms 10–28 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 29. • Number of passengers determined by load capacity and space inside platform • One firefighter lowers aerial device to ground to unload victims • Second firefighter remains at loading point Lowering Passengers Into Platform (Continued) 10–29 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 31. • Requires a minimum of two firefighters • If victim is not in on a litter or Stokes basket, lay victim on floor of platform • If victim is in a basket-type litter or Stokes, may be laid on floor or across platform railings • Some manufacturers have rated Stokes cradles in platforms Removal of Unconscious Victims 10–31 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 32. • For unconscious or injured victims • Last resort; first attempt to carry litter down stairwell, fire escape, or move it to a safe place of refuge until conditions improve Lowering a Stokes Litter Using an Aerial Ladder 10–32 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 33. Method 1 – Slide Basket Down Ladder 10–33 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 34. Method 2 – Rope Lowering System 10–34 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator Photo by Ted Boothroyd
  • 35. Move victims down an aerial ladder raised to an elevated location. Objective 5 is measured in Skill Sheet 10-1. Learning Objective 5 10–35 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 36. Use an aerial platform to remove victims from an elevated location. Objective 6 is measured in Skill Sheet 10-2. Learning Objective 6 10–36 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 37. Lower a Stokes litter using an aerial ladder. Objective 7 is measured in Skill Sheet 10-3. Learning Objective 7 10–37 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 38. Identify general safety issues associated with using aerial apparatus for water rescue. Learning Objective 8 10–38 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 39. Aerial Devices for Water Rescues 10–39 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 40. • Lack of suitable location to stabilize apparatus • Potential for aerial device to make contact with swiftly moving water • Seriously overloads the aerial device Safety Issues 10–40 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 41. Discuss using aerial apparatus at aircraft rescue incidents. Learning Objective 9 10–41 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 42. • Limited role; usually serves as support apparatus • Rescuing victims • Gain access to aircraft crashed in trees, electric wires, or other elevated locations Aircraft Rescue (Continued) 10–42 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 44. Discuss using aerial apparatus for below-grade operations. Learning Objective 10 10–44 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 45. • Operations in locations below level on which apparatus is parked • May not be possible for all aerial devices • Special rescues • Three-boom articulating platform • Deploy master streams Below-Grade Operations 10–45 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 46. Describe using aerial apparatus for exposure protection. Learning Objective 11 10–46 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 47. • Exposure – Structure or separate part of fireground to which fire may spread • Radiated heat – Heat movement in all directions in the form of energy waves • Convection – Heat travel through heat- circulating medium Exposure Protection 10–47 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 50. • Weather • Building construction • Spacing between fire building and exposure • Intensity of fire Conditions Affecting Exposure Hazards 10–50 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 51. • Applying large fog streams into thermal column • Reduces burning embers igniting other structures • Performed with one or two nozzles Protection From Convection Fire Spread 10–51 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 52. • Creates challenges • Positioned for effective, safe stream placement and maximum coverage of exposure and fire building • Cannot be put into situations where measures must protect apparatus itself • Always have straight forward exit route Positioning to Provide Exposure Protection 10–52 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 53. • Wide sweeping nozzle patterns • Streams should not be rotated beyond safe limits • Do not operate elevated streams in natural ventilation openings • Stream type depends on fire condition Exposure Protection Operations (Continued) 10–53 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 54. • Fog pattern allows maximum coverage, but may not work due to variety of conditions • Straight and solid streams Exposure Protection Operations (Continued) 10–54 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 57. Describe aerial apparatus-assisted ventilation operations. Learning Objective 12 10–57 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 58. • Important, should never monopolize apparatus or manpower needed for rescue • Aerial device should never be used as THE ventilation tool • Not to be used as a battering ram or forcible entry tool Ventilation 10–58 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 59. • With aerial ladder – Extend fly section so that a minimum of 6 feet (2 m) protrudes over edge of roof – Before exiting, firefighters should check the integrity of the roof by sounding it Using Aerial Device to Put Firefighters on Roof (Continued) 10–59 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 60. DISCUSSION QUESTION Why must the aerial device be placed so far over the edge of the roof? 10–60 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 61. • With elevating platform – Platform should be positioned even with or slightly over roof’s edge – Parapet walls may require small roof ladder as means to get from device to roof Using Aerial Device to Put Firefighters on Roof 10–61 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 62. • If firefighters cannot operate on roof • Break upper-story windows • Positioned slightly above window and slightly to upwind side • If wind is blowing across face of building, windows on downwind portion of building should be taken out first Aerial Device for Horizontal or Cross Ventilation (Continued) 10–62 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 63. Aerial Device for Horizontal or Cross Ventilation 10–63 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 64. Discuss operating elevated master streams. Learning Objective 13 10–64 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 65. • May include remote controls • May be equipped with video cameras Aerial Ladders with Piped Waterways and Water Towers 10–65 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 66. • Place firefighters at tip in danger • Being used less and less • IFSTA recommends that these devices be operated from turntable or ground level using ropes attached to nozzle Aerial Ladders with Detachable Waterways (Continued) 10–66 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 67. Aerial Ladders with Detachable Waterways 10–67 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 68. • Only one firefighter on top of fly when changing stream pattern • Avoid sudden movement or surges in pressure • Shut down flow slowly to avoid stress on aerial device Safety Principles for Aerial Ladders with Detachable Waterway (Continued) 10–68 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 69. • Always locate supply hose in center of ladder • Turntable movement should be smooth and slow when rotating turntable to direct ladder pipe stream • Use 75-80-80 rule of thumb Safety Principles for Aerial Ladders with Detachable Waterway (Continued) 10–69 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 70. • Use ladder pipes perpendicular to rungs on older units, maximum lateral movement of 15 degrees to either side • Do not use a hoseline and nozzle strapped to a ladder as a ladder pipe • Always follow any specific operating guidelines that the aerial device manufacturer provides Safety Principles for Aerial Ladders with Detachable Waterway 10–70 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 72. • Preferable if one or more firefighters need to be placed at position where elevated master stream is going to be deployed • Safer standing position • May include piped breathing air systems Elevating Platforms (Continued) 10–72 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 73. • Include protective water curtain nozzle beneath platform • Many have control panels to allow firefighters at tip to move device Elevating Platforms 10–73 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 74. Identify the advantages of using fog nozzles vs. straight stream for elevated fire attack. Learning Objective 14 10–74 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 75. • Wider coverage than solid streams • Able to break up water to effect better steam conversion • Drawbacks • Best applications Fog Stream Nozzles (Continued) 10–75 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 76. Fog Stream Nozzles 10–76 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator Courtesy of District Chief Chris Mickal, New Orleans (LA) FD Photo Unit
  • 77. • Provide excellent penetration into fire areas • Provide power needed to reach seat of fire • Not as affected by wind conditions Solid Stream Nozzles (Continued) 10–77 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 78. • Not as effective for rapid steam conversion • Reach longer distances than fog streams • Best applications Solid Stream Nozzles (Continued) 10–78 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 79. Solid Stream Nozzles 10–79 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator Courtesy of District Chief Chris Mickal, New Orleans (LA) FD Photo Unit
  • 80. • Regardless of nozzle type, nozzle MUST be provided rated flow and pressure • All nozzles lose some effectiveness when not discharging rated flow Flow and Pressure 10–80 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 81. Distinguish between characteristics of elevated stream blitz attacks and defensive operations. Learning Objective 15 10–81 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 82. • Making attack from exterior with large bore fire stream to attack fire on the inside and immediately stop progress of fire in area of origin • Made with elevated master stream if conditions are right Blitz Attacks 10–82 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 83. • Deflect water off ceiling of fire room • Position aerial device so that nozzle is even with bottom of window • Water enter room at angle of about 30° • Water will hit ceiling and highest parts of fire area Blitz Attack Best Practices (Continued) 10–83 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 84. Blitz Attack Best Practices 10–84 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 85. • Exterior attack with emphasis on exposure protection • Objective – Contain fire within specified area • Indicators of potential defensive attack • Stream use Defensive Operations (Continued) 10–85 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 86. • Care taken not to push fire to uninvolved areas • Position apparatus on unburned side of building • May require more than one elevated master stream Defensive Operations 10–86 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 87. Deploy and operate an elevated master stream. Objective 16 is measured in Skill Sheet 10-4. Learning Objective 16 10–87 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 88. Identify advantages and disadvantages of using the aerial device as an exterior standpipe to upper floors. Learning Objective 17 10–88 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 89. • Eliminates difficult hose lays up interior stairwells • Necessary if building does not have an operable standpipe system • Effective tactic for certain types of fires • Provide interior handlines Improvised Standpipe Operations 10–89 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 90. Discuss elevated foam streams. Learning Objective 18 10–90 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 91. • Can be used on flammable and combustible liquid fires • Not practical to discharge aerated foam through elevated master stream Using Aerial Apparatus to Apply Foam Streams 10–91 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 92. • Provides faster knockdown than aerated foam • Less ability to form thick blanket • Same physical characteristics as plain water streams • Must use fog nozzle Using Aerial Device to Discharge Nonaerated Foam Streams (Continued) 10–92 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 93. • Nozzle may be set on any pattern that is effective • Must use either aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) or film forming fluoroprotein (FFFP) concentrates Using Aerial Device to Discharge Nonaerated Foam Streams 10–93 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 94. Identify foam application methods and their characteristics. Learning Objective 19 10–94 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 95. • Directs foam stream on ground near front edge of a burning liquid pool • Foam rolls across surface of fuel • Continue to apply foam until spread across entire surface of fuel and fire is extinguished Roll-On Method (Continued) 10–95 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 96. • May be necessary to move stream back and forth to different positions along edge of spill to cover entire pool • Used only on a pool of liquid fuel on the open ground • Least commonly used by aerial apparatus Roll-On Method (Continued) 10–96 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 98. • Elevated object is near or within area of a burning pool of liquid or an unignited liquid spill • Foam stream directed off object • Direct stream off various points around fuel area • Used primarily in diked spill areas or overturned transport vehicles Bank-Down Method (Continued) 10–98 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 100. • Used when other two methods are not feasible • Primary manual application used on above ground storage tanks • Directs stream into air above fire or spill Rain-Down Method (Continued) 10–100 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 101. • Small fires, sweep stream back and forth • Large fires, direct stream at one location Rain-Down Method 10–101 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 103. Summary • The aerial apparatus driver/operator is a very important part of the effort to mitigate the dangers of fire, rescue, and other emergency calls of service. (Continued) 10–103 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 104. • Under working conditions, the driver/operator must know the manufacturer’s limitations of the aerial apparatus and the aerial device and be prepared to make adjustments for adverse conditions to ensure safe fireground operations. Summary 10–104 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 105. Review Questions 1. What type of operation is always the first priority on the fireground? 2. What is always the best position for an aerial device when being raised to a victim? 3. When should an adult be carried or supported while traveling down a ladder? (Continued) 10–105 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 106. Review Questions 4. Why shouldn’t victims be allowed to jump into the aerial platform? 5. In what common scenarios are aerial apparatus called upon to assist personnel who are working a water rescue emergency? (Continued) 10–106 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 107. 6. What role may aerial apparatus play in aircraft rescue and fire fighting (ARFF) incidents? 7. What is the importance of exposure protection? 8. What condition may impede the effectiveness of a fog stream as exposure protection? Review Questions (Continued) 10–107 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
  • 108. 9. Why are video cameras sometime placed on water tower devices? 10. What are some indicators of a potential defensive attack? Review Questions 10–108 Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator