Open Source Innovation - The "big bang" of Open X

Open Source Innovation
The « big bang » of Open X
Jean-François OMHOVER
Assistant Professor
Arts et Métiers ParisTech
Nov. 2015, v1.7.2-EN,
available at http://bit.ly/osinnovation
These slides are protected under the license Attribution-
NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
contact :
http://twitter.com/jfomhover
jean-francois.omhover@ensam.eu

Open Source Software
accepted by the market !
« market shares » of Linux-based OS by IT sectors
[Linux/Wikipedia, 2013]
J.F. Omhover, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, 2

Open what ?
Open Source Vehicle
www.osvehicle.com
J.F. Omhover, Arts et Métiers ParisTech 3

What is
happening ?
J.F. Omhover, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Sept. 2011 4

OPEN SOURCE INNOVATION
CONCEPTS
PLATFORMS
SOFTWARE
INNOVATION
BUSINESS MODELS
SHARING
HACKING
OPEN SOURCE
GOVERNANCE
INFRASTRUCTURES
COMMUNAUTIES
CONTRIBUTION
PARTICIPATION
CONTENT
PROPERTY
LICENSES
FREEDOM
PROTECTION

PLATFORMS
ECOSYSTEMS OF INTERDEPENDANT INNOVATORS
Chapter I
6J.F. Omhover, Arts et Métiers ParisTech

Platforms
• 1950-1970: vertical structure [Ong 2004]
• Processors, OS, peripherals, applications…
• IBM only responsible to develop the applications for its clients,
understanding and answering their needs
• Difficulty to change your supplier
• 1980’s: Personal Computer
• « A processor in a box »
• Open to programming, to amateurs
• Become a generic tool, a generative tool [Zittrain 2008]
From full integration, to fragmentation
Hardware / Software
I/c
I/b
« Nobody gets fired
for buying IBM »
I/a

Platforms
Hardware / Software
Ong, C.A., 2004. (Re-) integration dynamics of the PC platform.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [link]

Plateformes numériques
Communication
I/e
I/d
I/f
I/e - Compuserve Interface, by HistoireInformatique.com [lien]

Plateformes numériques
Communication
I/f – Mosaic navigator
I/e
I/d
I/f

Platforms
• Technologies, Products or Services
• Definition [Gawer 2000] [Cusumano 2010]
– Set of « building blocks »
– Foundation for a set of firms/individuals
– Develop other Techno / Products / Services
– Interdependant manner
• Strategic and Industrial opportunity [Gawer 2009]
– Increases the intensity and diversity of innovation
– Increases the size of the cake (not only one’s share)
– Network effect, users and complementors
Towards a definition for these business
interdependent, innovation eco-systems
« Plateforms » ?

CODE IT (AND SHARE IT) YOURSELF
SHARING CODE, AND THE STRUGGLE ON PROPERTY
Chapter II
"The software industry is built on intellectual property. You own your
technology, and if you get it widely disseminated you can coerce your
user base into buying new releases. We give up that control -- and
those profits -- but that is exactly what is going to drive our success,
because that is what's best for the user.“
(R. Young, Red Hat in 1998, quoted in [Harmon 1998])

Code It (and Share It) Yourself
• Sharing as a way to distribute effort
– the “Share” initiative [Shell, 1959]
• Born in Aug. 1955, for the users of the IBM 704
– Cooperation between organisations
• Standards for programming langages
• Sharing commun routines
• Motivations for sharing [Grier 2007]
• Surplus of skills that the network can benefit from
• Share expertise, learning
Since the beginning of the computing era,
sharing was perceived as important for
product acceptance
SHARE, 1955

• Origins [Stallman, 2010]
• 70’s : Community of developers/researchers around the
Digital/PDP platform, production of code/source shared among
researchers
• 80’s : Progressive closure/locking of the architecture, the
operating system, and increasing cost of licenses
• Objective
• Full operating system, unix-like
• Text editors, compilators, shell…
• Based on unix, compatible with it
Hyper-collaboration for the design of an open
operating system
GNU
Richard Stallman

Introduction
Linux
15J.F. Omhover, Arts et Métiers ParisTech,
Linus TorvaldsO/b
The birth of a project

Introduction
GNU / Linux
16J.F. Omhover, Arts et Métiers ParisTech,
Richard Stallman
Linus TorvaldsO/b

• Technical Infrastructure [Fogel, 2005]
• Website, mailing list, version control, bug tracking, real-time
chat…
• Social Infrastructure [Klang, 2005]
• FORKABILITY : Anybody can « take » the code, launch a new
project
• BENEVOLENT DICTATOR : regulating the project under the
« pressure » of the community
• Consensus, votes, tracability VS versioning
• Protection framework [Le Crosnier, 2009]
• Emergence of the licenses for Free Software, GNUPL…
"well-run open source projects are parliamentary
procedure on steroids" [Fogel 2005]
Infrastructures F/OSS
14/a
13/a

• Complexity of the motivations : economical, social and
political [Pink 2010]
– Extrinsic Motivations
• Career, learning, self-advancement, peer recognition,
reputation, rewards, opportunities…
– Intrinsic Motivations
• Belonging to a community, altruism, political and social
motives, hedonic motivation, playing, fun, pleasure to create
• Rises many research questions
[Hertel 2003] [Li 2006] [Oreg 2008] [Bitzer 2007] [Baytiyeh 2010]
– Toward economic, social, individual and collective models
– Difficulty for the analysis : the diversity of community, of
organisations
Individual Motivations
18J.F. Omhover, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Sept. 2011
[Baytiyeh 2010]
[Pink 2010]
How can it work socially ?
"Every good work of software starts by scratching a
developer’s personal itch. [...] too often software
developers spend their days grinding away for pay at
programs they neither need nor love.“ [Raymond 2001]

DYNAMICS OF COMMUNITIES
PRODUCTION, TRANSMISSION,
AND PARTICIPATION AROUND CONTENT
Chapter III
III/a

Dynamics of communities
• A dynamic similar to F/OSS
• Strong intrinsic motivations
• Highly distributed functioning (and free)
• A similar technical infrastructure (« web 2.0 »)
• Legal protection of content
• « Versioning » ? (does a city have versions ?)
• For profit / Non profit ? [Kazman 2009]
• Youtube, Facebook, MySpace, Blogger…
• Mechanical turk,
• “CrowdFunding” (ex : KickStarter)
With the standardisation of the publication
technologies, it’s now possible to produce
content in the crowd, like we did with code
« Crowdsourcing »
III/b
III/c

« Crowdsourcing »
III/b – Help for Haiti, a tool for building a collective cartography
of emergencies by collecting information in real time
III/b
III/c

« Crowdsourcing »
III/c – Fold-It, a serious game for protein folding, cf [Khatib 2011]
III/b
III/c

Production in Community
“Crowdsourcing is the act of sourcing tasks traditionally performed by specific
individuals to an undefined large group of people or community (crowd)
through an open call." [Wikipedia EN, Jan. 2011]
“Crowdsourcing is a process that involves outsourcing tasks to a distributed
group of people. This process can occur both online and offline.
Crowdsourcing is different from an ordinary outsourcing since it is a task or
problem that is outsourced to an undefined public rather than a specific body.”
[Wikipedia EN, Fev. 2013]
“Crowdsourcing is the process of obtaining needed services, ideas, or content
by soliciting contributions from a large group of people, and especially from
an online community, rather than from traditional employees or suppliers.“
[Wikipedia EN, Jan. 2015]
“Channeling the experts’ desire to solve a problem then freely share the
answer with everyone” [Van Ess, 2010]
commons-based peer production [Kazman 2009]
« Crowdsourcing »
An appearing (and real) dynamic, difficult to
encapsulate within a definition
19/a
19/b
19/c :o)

Modelization in layers
The Metropolis Model, taken from [Kazman, 2009]

COLLECTIVE PROPERTY
CAN WE PROTECT COLLECTIVE INNOVATION ?
CAN WE MAKE SOME PROFIT FROM IT ?
Chapter IV
IV/a

Collective Property
• The GNU manifesto
• “GNU is not in the public domain. Everyone will be permitted to
modify and redistribute GNU, but no distributor will be allowed
to restrict its further redistribution.” [GNU Manifesto, 1985]
• “Free” is ambiguous
• “free beer” or “free speech” ?
• Divergences in approaches
• Open source = development methodology
• Free software = an ethical point of view, the respect of the
freedom of users [Stallman 2007]
Copyleft : the only limit is freedom !
« Free » Software ?
Richard Stallman

Collective Property
• New models of intellectual property
• Paternity
• Commercial use (or not)
• Modification (or not)
• Share-Alike (transitivity)
• « Creative Commons »
• Aligned with the « dynamic » of innovation
• An innovation is based on others
• Interdependant building / design
• Sharing richness
How to understand « intellectual property »
in different communities ?
Protection / Commons
22/a

EXPANSION OF THE OPEN GALAXY
PRODUCTION, DESIGN, EDUCATION,
SCIENCE, GOVERNMENT
Partie V

Open Hardware
The Arduino UNO board www.arduino.cc

Open Hardware
OpenMoko / Neo1973 CAD files wiki.openmoko.org

Open Hardware
Poppy the open source humanoid platform
www.poppy-project.org

Open Hardware
Open Source Vehicle
www.osvehicle.com

Open Hardware
OpenROV the submarine rover
openrov.com

Open Satellite !!!
ArduSat www.ardusat.org www.spire.com

Production & Design
Cornell, Creative Machines, Food Printing [link]

Production & Design
• Not limited to companies or laboratories
• Technology usable by « the masses » ?
• Starting at 300$
• Kits DIY (printed boards, controllets…)
• Standard and mutualized
• FabLabs [Gershenfeld 2006]
• Open workshops
• Production means made available to the public
• Self learning
Open Source Prototyping
DIY machines
Open Fabrication
V/a
V/b
V/c

Open Design
Page Opener, http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:1120

Production & Design
• Free means [Bowyer 2011]
• Prototyping, design software
• Online exchange and transmission of models
• CC Licences
• Diversification of solutions (micro-needs)
• Products to download, products to optimize
• Ex : micro market, no distribution circuits
• Communities
• Sharing models, evolutions, corrections
• Prosumers : designers, engineers, manufacturers
• Thingiverse, etc…
Community of designers
Sharing models
Open Design
V/d
V/e
V/f

Production & Design
Funding platforms for innovative projects
CrowdFunding

Education & Development
• Open Course Ware
• Freely available contents [Unesco, 2011]
• Ex : MIT OCW
• Open modules, contributive classes (MOOC)
• First MOOCs : Stanford, AI-class / ML-class.org
• How to retain subscribers along the process
• Collecting data on students
Opening the schools, the means, supports
for education
Open Education
V/g
V/h
V/i

Education & Development
• Open access to publications
• Free distribution circuits
• Platforms for publishing and reviewing
• Collaboration
• Research social media (ex: ResearchGate)
• Bibliography (ex: Mendeley, Zotero)
• Reviewing (ex: Hypothes.is, science.I/O)
• Distributed teams
• Crowdfunding research
Open Science
(back to) an open research, open
laboratories and open collaboration between
international research units [Nielsen, 2011]

Open Data
Thanks to the detailed topographic data released by the city of Rennes
(France), Handimap can propose an application that computes the best
path if you are in a wheelchair - www.handimap.org

Open Government
Regards Citoyens, study of the lobbying within the french parliement reports,
July 2011 [link]

… AND INTO THE DARK MATTER
WHAT COULD GO WRONG ?
Chapter VI

Open technology über cool
Watch parts 1950, made with embedded radium, used by a swedish (they
say so) to experiment nuclear reaction in his kitchen [link], cf "Atom
splitting in my kitchen was a hobby, man tells Swedish police", The
Guardian, Aug. 3rd 2011

Open technology über cool
The « Liberator » is the first gun entirely printed with 3D printers, it can
be downloader online (Credit: Screenshot by Dara Kerr/CNET) [link]

Crowdfunding fail or fraud ?
« He raises 123000 $ on Kickstarters, cancels the project and spends all
the money », Journal du Gamer, 26/07/2013 [link]

Crowdsourced
« Human Flesh Search »
« Brown University student falsely identified as Boston bombing suspect
found dead in Providence River — NBC News (@NBCNews) 25 avril 2013
[link]

BIBLIOGRAPHIE

Baytiyeh, H. & Pfaffman, J., 2010. Open source software: A community of altruists. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(6), p.1345-1354. [lien]
Berners-Lee Tim, 2010, The year open data went worldwide, TED
Engage, 2009, Engage: Getting on with Government 2.0, a publication of the government 2.0 taskforce, Dec 2009, http://bit.ly/bU8CrD
Bitzer, J., Schrettl, W. & Schroder, P.J.H., 2007. Intrinsic motivation in open source software development. Journal of Comparative Economics, 35(1),
p.160–169 [lien]
Bowyer A., Cuartilles D., 2011. Mechatronics: Arduino & RepRap - Creating Wealth by Giving it Away (Keynote). International Conference on
Engineering Design - ICED'11. [lien]
CIGREF, 2011. Maturité et gouvernance de l’Open Source, [lien]
Capra, E. et al., 2011. Firms’ involvement in Open Source projects: A trade-off between software structural quality and popularity. Journal of
Systems and Software, 84(1), p.144-161. [lien]
Cusumano, M., 2010. Technology strategy and management: The evolution of platform thinking. Communications of the ACM, 53(1), p.32. [lien]
Durand, R., Vergne, J.P., L'organisation pirate. Essai sur l'évolution du capitalisme, Le Bord de l'eau, coll. « Mondes Marchands », 2010, 176 p., EAN :
9782356870841. [lien]
Fogel, K., 2005. Producing Open Source Software : How to Run a Successful Free Software Project, O’Reilly ed.. [lien]
Gawer A., 2000. The organization of platform leadership: an empirical investigation of intel’s management processes aimed at fostering
complementary innovation by third parties. Report of the Sloan School of Management [lien]
Gawer, 2009. Platforms, Markets and Innovation, Ed. Edward Elgar Publishing
Gershenfeld N., 2006, Fab Labs, TED, [lien]
Gonon, 2011, Universités et réseaux sociaux, web [lien]
Grier, D.A., 2007. Working Class Hero. The Known World, IEEE Computer Society Podcasts, 03/05/2007, [lien]
Harmon, A., 1998. For Sale: Free Software; Backers of Linux Say System Is Basis For Revolutionizing Computer Business. New York Times.
28/09/1998
Hertel, G., 2003. Motivation of software developers in Open Source projects: an Internet-based survey of contributors to the Linux kernel. Research
Policy, 32(7), p.1159-1177.
Kazman, R. & Chen, H., 2009. The metropolis model a new logic for development of crowdsourced systems. Communications of the ACM, 52(7),
p.76-75. [lien]
Khatib, F. et al., 2011. Algorithm discovery by protein folding game players. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, [lien]
Klang, M., 2005. Free software and open source. First Monday, 10(3) [lien]
Le Crosnier H., 2009. Leçons d'émancipation : l'exemple du mouvement des logiciels libres. ATTAC. [lien]

Li, Y. et al., 2006. Motivating open source software developers: influence of transformational and transactional leaderships. Proceedings of the
Special Interest Group on Computer Personnel Research Annual Conference [lien]
Mingqing, X., 2010. Does open source software decrease profit of proprietary software producer and increase social welfare. In The 2nd
International Conference on Information Science and Engineering. IEEE, pp. 203-206. [lien]
Nielsen, M. 2011, Open Science Now !, TED, [lien]
Owni 2001, Les Fab Labs capitalisent, Owni, 26/09/2011, [lien]
Ong, C.A., 2004. (Re-) integration dynamics of the PC platform. Report of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [lien]
Oreg, S. & Nov, O., 2008. Exploring motivations for contributing to open source initiatives: The roles of contribution context and personal values.
Computers in Human Behavior, 24(5), p.2055–2073. [lien]
O'Reilly T., 2005, What Is Web 2.0 : Design Patterns and Business Models for the Next Generation of Software , 09/30/2005, [lien]
Pink D., 2010, Drive: The surprising truth about what motivates us, RSA/Animate, http://bit.ly/cmISIs
Raymond, E.S., 2000. The Cathedral and the Bazaar. [lien] Accessed October 1, 2011
Rossi, C. & Bonaccorsi, A., 2005. Why profit-oriented companies enter the OS field?: intrinsic vs. extrinsic incentives. International Conference on
Software Engineering, 30(4). [lien]
Rouvroy, A. & Berns, T., 2010a. Le nouveau pouvoir statistique : ou quand le contrôle s’exerce sur un réel normé, docile et sans événement car
constitué de corps « numériques ». Multitudes, 40(1), p.88-103. [lien]
Rouvroy A., 2010b, in « La gouvernementalité algorithmique », Place de la Toile, France Culture, 21/05/2010
Shell, D., 1959. The SHARE 709 system: a cooperative effort. Journal of the ACM (JACM), (August 1955), p.123-127. [lien]
Stallman, R.M., 2010. Free software, free society : selected essays of Richard M. Stallman (2nd edition) J. Gay, ed., Gnu Press.
UNESCO, 2011. Guidelines for Open Educational Resources (OER) in Higher Education, UNESCO, Commonwealth of Learning. [lien]
Wasserman, T. & Capra, E., 2007. Evaluating software engineering processes in commercial and community open source projects. In First
International Workshop on Emerging Trends in FLOSS Research and Development (FLOSS’07: ICSE Workshops 2007). IEEE. [lien]
Zittrain, J.L., 2008. The Future of the Internet (and how to stop it), Yale University Press. [lien]

Illustrations
O/a – Mail d’origine de Linux, by Linux History [lien]
O/b – “Linux Distro Timeline” unknown origin, found at [lien]
I/a – IBM logo
I/b - IBM System 360, by Michael Coté, on Flickr, CC-by [lien]
I/c - Mike Licht, NotionsCapital.com, on Flickr, CC-by [lien]
I/d – exemple de Bulletin Board System, [lien]
I/e - Compuserve Interface, by HistoireInformatique.com [lien]
I/f – Mosaic navigator
II/f – an assembly :o)
III/a - MIT team wins Darpa's treasure hunt in less than one day, The
Guardian, Dec 2009, http://bit.ly/cBRF2c
III/b – Project for Haiti, cartography of the information relevant for
targeting rescue [lien]
III/c – Fold-It, a serious game on folding molecules, cf [Khatib 2011]
IV/a - Workers manufacture Guy Fawkes masks at a factory in São Gonçalo,
Brazil in July. Reuters
IV/b - Creative Commons, the different contracts, http://bit.ly/9mjzHC
V/a - MakerBot Thing-O-Matic
V/b - eMaker Huxley
V/c - Fab@Home
V/d - FreeCAD
V/e - Page Opener, [lien]
V/f - HTC Evo 3D extended battery case, [lien]
V/g – MIT Open Course Ware [lien]
V/h – Mascotte du cours Machine Learning [lien]
V/i – logo Coursera [lien]

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