CCNA CHAPTER 1 BY jetarvind kumar madhukar

Release 16/07/2009 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Internetworking Overview
Chapter 1

Chapter Objectives
 Explain line configuration
 Explain different types of topologies
 Explain the types of networks
 Discuss the modes of transmission
 Discuss the hierarchical network model
 Discuss the OSI Layers

Point-to-Point Configuration
 A dedicated link exists between the two devices

Multipoint Configuration
 More than two devices share the same link.

Physical Topology
 Represents the physical layout of devices on a
network
 It is the arrangement of the devices on the network
and the way they communicate with each other
Bus
Star
Ring
Tree
MeshPhysical Topology

Local Area Network (LAN)
 This is used in a small area, an office or organization
 The computers can be connected to
each other and other devices, printer
or a modem
 The rate at which the data is
transmitted is very fast

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
 This is used in a large geographical area, town or city
 Enables high speed connections using fiber optic

Wide Area Network (WAN)
 This is used in a larger area than MAN, countries or
cities
 Enables high speed connections using
public networks, telephone lines,
satellites, or leased lines

Simplex Mode of Transmission
 Only one device can transmit the data, whereas the
other can only receive the data

Half Duplex Transmission Mode
 Both devices can transmit and receive the data, but
not simultaneously
Waki-toky

Full Duplex Mode of Transmission
 Both the devices can send and receive the data
simultaneously

OSI Model

Application Layer - I
 The topmost layer of the OSI model
 Link between the user and the presentation layer

Application Layer - II
 Functions include
 Authentication
 File access, transfer and management
 Directory Services

Presentation Layer
 Acts as a link between application and the session
layer
 Defines the forms of text, graphics, video or audio
information that is to be sent to the user

Session Layer
 Responsible to validate and establish a connection
between the users
 Each session is divided into sub sessions
 Session Management
 Synchronization
 Dialog Control
 Closing the session

Transport Layer
 Responsible for source-to-destination delivery of the entire
message
 divides each message into segments and assigns a sequence
number to each segment
 Service point addressing
 End-to-end message delivery
 Segmentation and reassembly
 Connection control

Flow Control using Three-Way
Handshake
 Three-Way handshake
helps to establish the
connection between the
two devices

Sliding Window
 This concept of deciding the window size without
sending an acknowledgement is termed as
Windowing

Window Resizing

Network Layer
 Responsible for routing and logical addressing
 Assigns IP addresses and routes the packets to the
destination
 Source-to-destination delivery
 Logical addressing
 Routing
 Address transformation
 Multiplexing

Data Link Layer
 Second layer of the OSI model
 Identifying the encapsulated data
 Framing
 Arbitration
 Physical addressing
 Error detection

Physical Layer
 Responsible for transmitting a bit over the physical
medium
 Converts the data from the data link layer in a
format that the communication medium can carry
 Functions include:
 Line configuration
 Data transmission
 Topology
 Signals

Full and Half Duplex Ethernet
Half Duplex Full Duplex
One wire is used to connect the
networks and transmit the data
Two wires are used to connect the
networks and transmit the data
Chances of collision if client and
server transmit data
simultaneously
There are no chances of collision
It uses Carrier Sense Multiple
Access with Collision Detection
(CSMA/CD) protocol
CSMA/CD not required hence the
data transmission rate is 100
percent

Ethernet Frames
 Frames are used to transfer the packets
 They perform the data security check and ensure
that the data is not corrupted

Hierarchical Communications
 The benefits of Cisco hierarchical model include
 High performance
 Efficient management and troubleshooting
 Policy creation
 Scalability
 Behavior prediction

Core Layer
 Responsible for fast and reliable transportation of data
across a network
 Devices include
 Cisco Switches in the 7000, 7200, 7500 and 12000
series for connecting to the WAN devices
 Catalyst Switches in the 6000, 5000 and 4000 series
for connecting to the LAN devices

Distribution Layer
 Responsible for routing and managing network traffic
 Packet filtering
 Access layer aggregation point
 Control broadcast and multicast
 Application gateways

Access Layer
 Layer ensures that the packets are delivered to the
destination computers
 Address filtering
 Separate collisions domain
 Share bandwidth
 Handle switch bandwidth

Ethernet Physical Layer Specification

Straight Through Cable Or Patch Cable
Communicate
d to different
device to each
other like as
computer to
switch ,hub to
switch or
router to
computer etc.

Cross-Over Cable
Communicated
to same device
to each other.
Such as
computer to
computer and
router to router,
switch to switch
etc.

Twisted Pair Cables
 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
 Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

Summary - I
 Line configuration is the manner in which the devices are
attached to the communication links
 Topology is the way in which the devices are connected
together in the network
 Two types of line configuration are:
 Point-to-point
 Multipoint
 Five basic topologies include
 Bus
 Star

Summary - II
 Ring
 Tree
 Mesh
 The types of network are
 Local Area Network
 Metropolitan Area Network
 Wide Area Network
 Modes of transmission
 Simplex
 Half Duplex
 Full Duplex

Summary - III
 The hierarchical network model designed by Cisco
provides a reliable, scalable and cost effective way
to transfer information
 The three layers of the network model are:
 Core
 Distributional
 Access
 Core layer is responsible for fast and reliable
transportation of data on the network

Summary - IV
 Distribution layer is responsible for routing and it
manipulates the packets by queuing them
 Access layer ensures that the packets are delivered
to the destination computers
 The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) is the
layered model for the network systems, which
enables computers in the network to communicate
with each other
 Application layer provides an interface for the user
to interact with the application

Summary - V
 The seven layers of the OSI model include:
 Application
 Presentation
 Session
 Transport
 Network
 Data Link
 Physical

Summary - VI
 Presentation layer is responsible for the delivery of
information
 Session layer controls the communication between
the applications on the hosts
 Transport layer is responsible for source-to-
destination delivery of the entire message
 Ethernet Frames are used by the Data Link layer to
transfer the packets of data from the Network layer
 Physical layer is responsible to transmit a bit over
the physical medium

CCNA CHAPTER 1 BY jetarvind kumar madhukar

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