SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 1
Download to read offline
What You Should Know about Research on Antioxidants & Cancer
© 2014 Jeanne M. Wallace, PhD, CNC • www.Nutritional-Solutions.net
• In nature, vitamin E exists as a group of 8 related compounds—4
tocopherols (alpha, beta, delta and gamma) and 4 tocotrienols.
Isolated alpha tocopherol is not equivalent to vitamin E.
• DL-alpha tocopherol is synthetic, D-alpha tocopherol is natural
(though still isolated and missing itʼs companion tocoʼs).
• To convert mg to iu of natural vitamin E, multiply by 1.5. For synthetic
vitamin E, multiply by 2.22. For example, 12-60 mg/kg synthetic
alpha-tocopherol used in an animal study translates to 1,800-9,000 iu
of natural vitamin E in a 150 lb human.
• Taking isolated alpha-tocopherol depletes the other tocopherols,
particularly gamma (which makes up about 70% of our dietary intake
of tocopherols) [Huang et al., 2003].
• In studies evaluating the various tocopherols, gamma- and deltatocopherol demonstrated potent anticancer effects while alphatocopherol was ineffective [Yang et al., 2012].
• Antioxidant nutrients work synergistically against cancer. When
researchers tested 4 antioxidant nutrients alone and in combination,
they found single nutrients ineffective while antioxidant combinations
strongly suppressed tumor growth by up to 85% [Prasad et al., 2004;
Ramesha et al., 1990].

Are you taking vitamin E?
If itʼs alpha tocopherol, switch to
a complete product that offers
mixed tocopherols and tocotrienols.

• Thereʼs no such thing as a single nutrient acting as an antioxidant: rather, the antioxidants are a network of
nutrients working synergistically, passing the free electron “hot potato” until it cools . When an antioxidant nutrient
quenches a free radical, it becomes oxidized can then act as a free radical. Supportive antioxidants are needed to
recycle it back to itʼs antioxidant state. The oxidized form of vitamin E needs adequate supplies of ß-carotene and
vitamin C to be regenerated. If the other members of the network are not also supplied, they can become
depleted, and the study is really measuring the effects of depletion of these nutrients, not a true “antioxidant”
effect.
• The goal is Redox Balance, not eradication of all free radicals! Oxidation isnʼt necessarily bad, it is necessary in
controlled amounts for our metabolism, energy production, detoxification and immune function. We need a
BALANCE between oxidation and antioxidants.
• Vitamin E (and antioxidant) requirements differ from one person to the next depending on dietary intake of
polyunsaturated oils, and exposure to factors that increase oxidation. So a dose of 400iu vitamin E may be too
much for one person, just right for another, and excessive in someone else.
• A well-designed intervention study shouldnʼt give each person the same dose of vitamin E (or other antioxidants).
Rather, each personʼs level of oxidation should be measured and their doses tailored to provide the same level of
redox balance.
• There are several different methods for measuring oxidative stress or testing antioxidant capacity, none of which
has been established as the gold standard. Some methods better measure lipid oxidation, others assess aqueous
components. Well designed studies often use several of the measurements to give an overall picture.
• Do we really need to avoid antioxidants in order to kill cancer cells? Measuring 15 antioxidants and 9 markers of
oxidation in cancer patients undergoing radiation, one study reported that those with the highest blood levels of
antioxidants and robust levels of oxidative stress had an 80% reduced risk of cancer progression and an 87%
reduced risk of death [Sakhi et al., 2009].
• Charles Simone, MD, published a review of 50 human studies including 8,521 patients (of whom 5,081 were given
antioxidant supplements during their cancer treatments). These studies have consistently shown that antioxidants
do not interfere with cancer treatments. Rather, they enhanced the killing effects of chemotherapy and radiation,
decrease side effects and toxicity, while protecting normal tissue. In the 15 studies that reported survival data, the
3,738 patients taking antioxidants actually had increased survival [Simone et al., 2007a, 2007b].

More Related Content

More from Jeanne M Wallace PhD

Selecting high-quality dietary supplements: Finding the products and companie...
Selecting high-quality dietary supplements: Finding the products and companie...Selecting high-quality dietary supplements: Finding the products and companie...
Selecting high-quality dietary supplements: Finding the products and companie...Jeanne M Wallace PhD
 
A model for drug nutrient synergies: Focus on cortisone drugs
A model for drug nutrient synergies: Focus on cortisone drugsA model for drug nutrient synergies: Focus on cortisone drugs
A model for drug nutrient synergies: Focus on cortisone drugsJeanne M Wallace PhD
 
Adjunctive nutrition and phytotherapy in primary malignant brain tumors.
Adjunctive nutrition and phytotherapy in primary malignant brain tumors.Adjunctive nutrition and phytotherapy in primary malignant brain tumors.
Adjunctive nutrition and phytotherapy in primary malignant brain tumors.Jeanne M Wallace PhD
 
Considering the mechanisms behind cancer cachexia-anorexia can inform wiser n...
Considering the mechanisms behind cancer cachexia-anorexia can inform wiser n...Considering the mechanisms behind cancer cachexia-anorexia can inform wiser n...
Considering the mechanisms behind cancer cachexia-anorexia can inform wiser n...Jeanne M Wallace PhD
 
Harnessing the Power of Nutrition to Complement Brain Tumor Care
Harnessing the Power of Nutrition to Complement Brain Tumor CareHarnessing the Power of Nutrition to Complement Brain Tumor Care
Harnessing the Power of Nutrition to Complement Brain Tumor CareJeanne M Wallace PhD
 
Modulating Oncometabolic Syndrome: Integrative Diet & Nutrition to Complement...
Modulating Oncometabolic Syndrome: Integrative Diet & Nutrition to Complement...Modulating Oncometabolic Syndrome: Integrative Diet & Nutrition to Complement...
Modulating Oncometabolic Syndrome: Integrative Diet & Nutrition to Complement...Jeanne M Wallace PhD
 
Harnessing the Power of Food: Epigenetics in the Anti-Cancer Kitchen
Harnessing the Power of Food: Epigenetics in the Anti-Cancer KitchenHarnessing the Power of Food: Epigenetics in the Anti-Cancer Kitchen
Harnessing the Power of Food: Epigenetics in the Anti-Cancer KitchenJeanne M Wallace PhD
 
Radiation Therapy: Nutritional Strategies to Improve Outcomes
Radiation Therapy: Nutritional Strategies to Improve OutcomesRadiation Therapy: Nutritional Strategies to Improve Outcomes
Radiation Therapy: Nutritional Strategies to Improve OutcomesJeanne M Wallace PhD
 
Cache Soil-to-Table Plant List 2015
Cache Soil-to-Table Plant List 2015Cache Soil-to-Table Plant List 2015
Cache Soil-to-Table Plant List 2015Jeanne M Wallace PhD
 
What's Included: Oncometabolic Advantage Program
What's Included: Oncometabolic Advantage ProgramWhat's Included: Oncometabolic Advantage Program
What's Included: Oncometabolic Advantage ProgramJeanne M Wallace PhD
 
Edible Landscaping for Über Nutrition
Edible Landscaping for Über NutritionEdible Landscaping for Über Nutrition
Edible Landscaping for Über NutritionJeanne M Wallace PhD
 

More from Jeanne M Wallace PhD (14)

Selecting high-quality dietary supplements: Finding the products and companie...
Selecting high-quality dietary supplements: Finding the products and companie...Selecting high-quality dietary supplements: Finding the products and companie...
Selecting high-quality dietary supplements: Finding the products and companie...
 
A model for drug nutrient synergies: Focus on cortisone drugs
A model for drug nutrient synergies: Focus on cortisone drugsA model for drug nutrient synergies: Focus on cortisone drugs
A model for drug nutrient synergies: Focus on cortisone drugs
 
Adjunctive nutrition and phytotherapy in primary malignant brain tumors.
Adjunctive nutrition and phytotherapy in primary malignant brain tumors.Adjunctive nutrition and phytotherapy in primary malignant brain tumors.
Adjunctive nutrition and phytotherapy in primary malignant brain tumors.
 
Considering the mechanisms behind cancer cachexia-anorexia can inform wiser n...
Considering the mechanisms behind cancer cachexia-anorexia can inform wiser n...Considering the mechanisms behind cancer cachexia-anorexia can inform wiser n...
Considering the mechanisms behind cancer cachexia-anorexia can inform wiser n...
 
Gadolinium: MRI Contrast Agent
Gadolinium: MRI Contrast AgentGadolinium: MRI Contrast Agent
Gadolinium: MRI Contrast Agent
 
Harnessing the Power of Nutrition to Complement Brain Tumor Care
Harnessing the Power of Nutrition to Complement Brain Tumor CareHarnessing the Power of Nutrition to Complement Brain Tumor Care
Harnessing the Power of Nutrition to Complement Brain Tumor Care
 
Garden intern announce 2017
Garden intern announce 2017Garden intern announce 2017
Garden intern announce 2017
 
Modulating Oncometabolic Syndrome: Integrative Diet & Nutrition to Complement...
Modulating Oncometabolic Syndrome: Integrative Diet & Nutrition to Complement...Modulating Oncometabolic Syndrome: Integrative Diet & Nutrition to Complement...
Modulating Oncometabolic Syndrome: Integrative Diet & Nutrition to Complement...
 
Harnessing the Power of Food: Epigenetics in the Anti-Cancer Kitchen
Harnessing the Power of Food: Epigenetics in the Anti-Cancer KitchenHarnessing the Power of Food: Epigenetics in the Anti-Cancer Kitchen
Harnessing the Power of Food: Epigenetics in the Anti-Cancer Kitchen
 
Radiation Therapy: Nutritional Strategies to Improve Outcomes
Radiation Therapy: Nutritional Strategies to Improve OutcomesRadiation Therapy: Nutritional Strategies to Improve Outcomes
Radiation Therapy: Nutritional Strategies to Improve Outcomes
 
Cache Soil-to-Table Plant List 2015
Cache Soil-to-Table Plant List 2015Cache Soil-to-Table Plant List 2015
Cache Soil-to-Table Plant List 2015
 
Garden internship 2015
Garden internship 2015Garden internship 2015
Garden internship 2015
 
What's Included: Oncometabolic Advantage Program
What's Included: Oncometabolic Advantage ProgramWhat's Included: Oncometabolic Advantage Program
What's Included: Oncometabolic Advantage Program
 
Edible Landscaping for Über Nutrition
Edible Landscaping for Über NutritionEdible Landscaping for Über Nutrition
Edible Landscaping for Über Nutrition
 

Recently uploaded

SGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA .pdf
SGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA    .pdfSGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA    .pdf
SGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA .pdfHongBiThi1
 
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdf
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdfRed Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdf
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdfMedicoseAcademics
 
FDMA FLAP - The first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap is used mainly for...
FDMA FLAP - The first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap is used mainly for...FDMA FLAP - The first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap is used mainly for...
FDMA FLAP - The first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap is used mainly for...Shubhanshu Gaurav
 
Unit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.ppt
Unit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.pptUnit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.ppt
Unit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.pptPradnya Wadekar
 
Female Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
Female Reproductive Physiology Before PregnancyFemale Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
Female Reproductive Physiology Before PregnancyMedicoseAcademics
 
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing student
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing studentCPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing student
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing studentsaileshpanda05
 
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusanguhistoryofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu Medical University
 
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacologypA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacologyDeepakDaniel9
 
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation of strabismus
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation  of strabismuspower point presentation of Clinical evaluation  of strabismus
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation of strabismusChandrasekar Reddy
 
Neurological history taking (2024) .
Neurological  history  taking  (2024)  .Neurological  history  taking  (2024)  .
Neurological history taking (2024) .Mohamed Rizk Khodair
 
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptxDNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptxMAsifAhmad
 
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)kishan singh tomar
 
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptx
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptxBasic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptx
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptxkomalt2001
 
Male Infertility Panel Discussion by Dr Sujoy Dasgupta
Male Infertility Panel Discussion by Dr Sujoy DasguptaMale Infertility Panel Discussion by Dr Sujoy Dasgupta
Male Infertility Panel Discussion by Dr Sujoy DasguptaSujoy Dasgupta
 
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdf
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdfCONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdf
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdfDolisha Warbi
 
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxationPhysiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxationMedicoseAcademics
 
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN        RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdfSGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN        RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdfHongBiThi1
 
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.aarjukhadka22
 

Recently uploaded (20)

SGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA .pdf
SGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA    .pdfSGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA    .pdf
SGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA .pdf
 
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdf
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdfRed Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdf
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdf
 
FDMA FLAP - The first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap is used mainly for...
FDMA FLAP - The first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap is used mainly for...FDMA FLAP - The first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap is used mainly for...
FDMA FLAP - The first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap is used mainly for...
 
Unit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.ppt
Unit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.pptUnit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.ppt
Unit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.ppt
 
Female Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
Female Reproductive Physiology Before PregnancyFemale Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
Female Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
 
How to master Steroid (glucocorticoids) prescription, different scenarios, ca...
How to master Steroid (glucocorticoids) prescription, different scenarios, ca...How to master Steroid (glucocorticoids) prescription, different scenarios, ca...
How to master Steroid (glucocorticoids) prescription, different scenarios, ca...
 
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing student
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing studentCPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing student
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing student
 
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusanguhistoryofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
 
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacologypA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
 
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation of strabismus
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation  of strabismuspower point presentation of Clinical evaluation  of strabismus
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation of strabismus
 
Neurological history taking (2024) .
Neurological  history  taking  (2024)  .Neurological  history  taking  (2024)  .
Neurological history taking (2024) .
 
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptxDNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
 
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
 
Immune labs basics part 1 acute phase reactants ESR, CRP Ahmed Yehia Ismaeel,...
Immune labs basics part 1 acute phase reactants ESR, CRP Ahmed Yehia Ismaeel,...Immune labs basics part 1 acute phase reactants ESR, CRP Ahmed Yehia Ismaeel,...
Immune labs basics part 1 acute phase reactants ESR, CRP Ahmed Yehia Ismaeel,...
 
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptx
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptxBasic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptx
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptx
 
Male Infertility Panel Discussion by Dr Sujoy Dasgupta
Male Infertility Panel Discussion by Dr Sujoy DasguptaMale Infertility Panel Discussion by Dr Sujoy Dasgupta
Male Infertility Panel Discussion by Dr Sujoy Dasgupta
 
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdf
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdfCONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdf
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdf
 
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxationPhysiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
 
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN        RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdfSGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN        RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
 
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.
 

Research on Antioxidants & Cancer: What You Should Know

  • 1. What You Should Know about Research on Antioxidants & Cancer © 2014 Jeanne M. Wallace, PhD, CNC • www.Nutritional-Solutions.net • In nature, vitamin E exists as a group of 8 related compounds—4 tocopherols (alpha, beta, delta and gamma) and 4 tocotrienols. Isolated alpha tocopherol is not equivalent to vitamin E. • DL-alpha tocopherol is synthetic, D-alpha tocopherol is natural (though still isolated and missing itʼs companion tocoʼs). • To convert mg to iu of natural vitamin E, multiply by 1.5. For synthetic vitamin E, multiply by 2.22. For example, 12-60 mg/kg synthetic alpha-tocopherol used in an animal study translates to 1,800-9,000 iu of natural vitamin E in a 150 lb human. • Taking isolated alpha-tocopherol depletes the other tocopherols, particularly gamma (which makes up about 70% of our dietary intake of tocopherols) [Huang et al., 2003]. • In studies evaluating the various tocopherols, gamma- and deltatocopherol demonstrated potent anticancer effects while alphatocopherol was ineffective [Yang et al., 2012]. • Antioxidant nutrients work synergistically against cancer. When researchers tested 4 antioxidant nutrients alone and in combination, they found single nutrients ineffective while antioxidant combinations strongly suppressed tumor growth by up to 85% [Prasad et al., 2004; Ramesha et al., 1990]. Are you taking vitamin E? If itʼs alpha tocopherol, switch to a complete product that offers mixed tocopherols and tocotrienols. • Thereʼs no such thing as a single nutrient acting as an antioxidant: rather, the antioxidants are a network of nutrients working synergistically, passing the free electron “hot potato” until it cools . When an antioxidant nutrient quenches a free radical, it becomes oxidized can then act as a free radical. Supportive antioxidants are needed to recycle it back to itʼs antioxidant state. The oxidized form of vitamin E needs adequate supplies of ß-carotene and vitamin C to be regenerated. If the other members of the network are not also supplied, they can become depleted, and the study is really measuring the effects of depletion of these nutrients, not a true “antioxidant” effect. • The goal is Redox Balance, not eradication of all free radicals! Oxidation isnʼt necessarily bad, it is necessary in controlled amounts for our metabolism, energy production, detoxification and immune function. We need a BALANCE between oxidation and antioxidants. • Vitamin E (and antioxidant) requirements differ from one person to the next depending on dietary intake of polyunsaturated oils, and exposure to factors that increase oxidation. So a dose of 400iu vitamin E may be too much for one person, just right for another, and excessive in someone else. • A well-designed intervention study shouldnʼt give each person the same dose of vitamin E (or other antioxidants). Rather, each personʼs level of oxidation should be measured and their doses tailored to provide the same level of redox balance. • There are several different methods for measuring oxidative stress or testing antioxidant capacity, none of which has been established as the gold standard. Some methods better measure lipid oxidation, others assess aqueous components. Well designed studies often use several of the measurements to give an overall picture. • Do we really need to avoid antioxidants in order to kill cancer cells? Measuring 15 antioxidants and 9 markers of oxidation in cancer patients undergoing radiation, one study reported that those with the highest blood levels of antioxidants and robust levels of oxidative stress had an 80% reduced risk of cancer progression and an 87% reduced risk of death [Sakhi et al., 2009]. • Charles Simone, MD, published a review of 50 human studies including 8,521 patients (of whom 5,081 were given antioxidant supplements during their cancer treatments). These studies have consistently shown that antioxidants do not interfere with cancer treatments. Rather, they enhanced the killing effects of chemotherapy and radiation, decrease side effects and toxicity, while protecting normal tissue. In the 15 studies that reported survival data, the 3,738 patients taking antioxidants actually had increased survival [Simone et al., 2007a, 2007b].