Location Privacy for Mobile Computing, Cylab Talk on Feb 2011

2. ©2011CarnegieMellonUniversity:2 Ubiquity of Location-Enabled Devices •2009: 150 million GPS- equipped phones shipped •2014: 770 million GPS- equipped phones expected to ship (~ 5x increase!) •Future: Every mobile device will be location-enabled (GPS or WiFi) 2 [Berg Insight ‘10]

5. ©2011CarnegieMellonUniversity:5 Potential Benefits of Location • Okayness checking • Micro-coordination • Games – Exploring a city • Info retrieval / filtering – Ex. geotagging photos, tweets • Activity recognition – Ex. walking, driving, bus • Improving trust – Co-locations to infer tie strength and trust

6. ©2011CarnegieMellonUniversity:6 Potential Risks • Little sister • Undesired social obligations • Wrong inferences • Over-monitoring by employers Failing to address accidents and legitimate concerns could blunt adoption of a promising technology

7. ©2011CarnegieMellonUniversity:7 Our Work in Location Privacy • System architectures – Architectures for location-based content – Estimating how many people in a location • User studies – Why do people use foursquare? – Sharing location in China vs US • User interfaces and policies – How to help people create policies? – How do people name places? – Large scale analysis of location traces

8. ©2011CarnegieMellonUniversity:8 Talk Outline • System architectures – Architectures for location-based content – Estimating how many people in a location • User studies – Why do people use foursquare? – Sharing location in China vs US • User interfaces and policies – How to help people create policies? – How do people name places? – Large scale analysis of location traces

9. ©2011CarnegieMellonUniversity:9 Location-based Content • Some location-based content, even if old, still useful • Different time-to-live Amini et al, Caché: Caching Location-Enhanced Content to Improve User Privacy. (Under Review) Real-time Daily Weekly Monthly Yearly Traffic, Parking spots, Friend Finder Weather, Social events, Coupons Movie schedules, Ads, Yelp! Geocaches, Bus schedules Maps, Store locations, Restaurants

10. ©2011CarnegieMellonUniversity:10 Caching Location-based Content • Pre-fetch all the content you might need for a geographic area in advance – SELECT * from DB where City=‘Pittsburgh’ • Then, use it locally on your device only – We assume that you determine your location locally using WiFi or GPS – So a content provider would only know you are in Pittsburgh

11. ©2011CarnegieMellonUniversity:11 Feasibility of Pre-Fetching • Are people’s mobility patterns regular? – Pre-fetching useful only if we can predict where people will be – Locaccino: Top 20 people, 460k traces – Place naming: 26 people, 118k traces • For each person, take a 5mi radius around two most common places (home + work) – What % of all mobility data does this account for?

14. ©2011CarnegieMellonUniversity:14 Feasibility of Pre-Fetching • Content doesn’t change that often – Average amount of change per day (over 5 months) • Downloading it doesn’t take long – NYC has 250k POI = 100MB, 65MB for map

15. ©2011CarnegieMellonUniversity:15 Caché Toolkit • Android background service for apps – Apps modified to make requests to service – User specifies home and work locations – Caché service pre-fetches content in background when plugged in and WiFi – Caché also gets content for your region if you spend night there

16. ©2011CarnegieMellonUniversity:16 Caché Discussion • Doesn’t work for time-sensitive content • Tor anonymizing servers – Performance hit for mobile devices – Tor not useful for named accounts • Better content distribution models • Still need user studies of effectiveness in practice

17. ©2011CarnegieMellonUniversity:17 Talk Outline • System architectures – Architectures for location-based content • User studies – Why do people use foursquare? • User interfaces and policies – Large scale analysis of location traces

18. ©2011CarnegieMellonUniversity:18 Why People Use Foursquare • Started in Mar 2009, 5 million users • After two decades of research, finally a LBS beyond navigation – Large graveyard of location apps – Critical mass of devices and developers • Opportunity to study value proposition and how people manage privacy Lindqvist et al, I’m the Mayor of My House: Examining Why People Use a Social-Driven Location Sharing Application, CHI 2011

19. ©2011CarnegieMellonUniversity:19 What is Foursquare? • “Foursquare is a mobile application that makes cities easier to use and more interesting to explore. It is a friend-finder, a social city guide and a game that challenges users to experience new things, and rewards them for doing so. Foursquare lets users "check in" to a place when they're there, tell friends where they are and track the history of where they've been and who they've been there with.”

20. ©2011CarnegieMellonUniversity:20 How Does Foursquare Work? • Check-in – See list of nearby places – Manually select a place – “Off the grid” option – Can create new places – Facebook + Twitter too • Can see check-ins of friends, plus who else is at your location

24. ©2011CarnegieMellonUniversity:24 How Does Foursquare Work? Become mayor of a place if you have most check-ins in past 60 days Wean Hall http://foursquare.com/venue/209221 Gates http://foursquare.com/venue/174205 CIC http://foursquare.com/venue/175395

25. ©2011CarnegieMellonUniversity:25 News of the Weird • People fighting to be mayors of a place – One pair eventually got engaged • Some people mayor of 30+ places • Some businesses offering discounts to mayors

26. ©2011CarnegieMellonUniversity:26 Three-Part Study of Foursquare • Why do people use foursquare? – How do they manage privacy concerns? – Surprising uses? • Interviews with early adopters of LBS (N=6) • First survey to understand range of uses of foursquare (N=18) • Second survey to understand details of use, especially privacy (N=219)

27. ©2011CarnegieMellonUniversity:27 Why People Check-In • Principal components analysis based on survey data – See paper for details • Foursquare’s mission statement quite accurate – Fun (mayorships, badges) – Keep in touch with friends – Explore a city – Personal history

28. ©2011CarnegieMellonUniversity:28 Privacy Issues Why people don’t check-in • Presentation of Self issues – Didn’t want to be seen in McDonalds or fast food – Boring places, or at Doctor’s • Didn’t want to spam friends – Facebook and Twitter • Didn’t want to reveal location of home – Tension: “Home” to signal availability – Tension: Some checked-in everywhere

30. ©2011CarnegieMellonUniversity:30 Privacy Issues • Surprisingly few concerns about stalkers – Only 9/219 participants (but early adopters) • Checking in when leaving (safety) – Surprising use, 29 people said they did this – 71 people (32%) used for okayness checking • Over half of participants had a stranger on their friends list – Want to know where interesting people go – Perceived like Twitter followers – Suggests separating Friends from friends

31. ©2011CarnegieMellonUniversity:31 Talk Outline • System architectures – Architectures for location-based content • User studies – Why do people use foursquare? • User interfaces and policies – Large scale analysis of location traces

32. ©2011CarnegieMellonUniversity:32 Understanding Human Behavior at Large Scales • Capabilities of today’s mobile devices – Location, sound, proximity, motion – Call logs, SMS logs, pictures • We can now analyze real-world social networks and human behaviors at unprecedented fidelity and scale • 2.8m location sightings of 489 volunteers in Pittsburgh

34. ©2011CarnegieMellonUniversity:34 Early Results • Can predict Facebook friendships based on co-location patterns – 67 different features • Intensity and Duration • Location diversity (entropy) • Mobility • Specificity (TF-IDF) • Graph structure (mutual neighbors, overlap) – 92% accuracy in predicting friend/not Cranshaw et al, Bridging the Gap Between Physical Location and Online Social Networks, Ubicomp 2010

37. ©2011CarnegieMellonUniversity:37 Early Results • Can predict number of friends based on mobility patterns – People who go out often, on weekends, and to high entropy places tend to have more friends – (Didn’t check age though) Cranshaw et al, Bridging the Gap Between Physical Location and Online Social Networks, Ubicomp 2010

39. ©2011CarnegieMellonUniversity:39 Ongoing Work: Understanding Human Behavior at Large Scales • What does me going to a place say about me and that place? • Scale up to thousands of people, what does it say about people in a city?

40. ©2011CarnegieMellonUniversity:40 Understanding Human Behavior at Large Scales • Utility for individuals – Predict onset of depression – Infer physical decline – Predict personality type • Utility for groups – Architecture and urban design – Use of public resources (e.g. buses) – Traffic Behavioral Inventory (TBI) – Ride-sharing estimates – What do Pittsburgher’s do? – What do Chinese people in Pittsburgh do?

41. ©2011CarnegieMellonUniversity:41 Understanding Human Behavior at Large Scales • Get location from thousands of people in a city – Or, what if we could give smart phone to every incoming freshman? – Incentivizing people to share • Ways of sharing data while maintaining privacy of individuals? – Very high cost in collecting data – How to offer k-anonymity (or other) guarantees? – Privacy server rather than sharing data

42. ©2011CarnegieMellonUniversity:42 Acknowledgements Shah Amini Justin Cranshaw Jialiu Lin Janne Lindqvist Jason Wiese Karen Tang Eran Toch Guang Xiang Lorrie Cranor Norman Sadeh Cylab Google Intel Research Portugal

44. ©2011CarnegieMellonUniversity:44 Enhanced Social Graph • Create a more sophisticated graph that captures tie strength and relationship • Take call data, SMS, FB use, co-locations • More appropriate sharing

45. ©2011CarnegieMellonUniversity:45 Research Angle of Attack Sensed Data Location, sound, proximity, motion Computer Data Facebook, Call Logs, SMS logs Intermediate Metrics Characterize People and Places at Large Scale Human Phenomena We Care About Privacy, Health Care, Relationships, Info Overload, Architecture, Urban Design PrivacyModels

46. ©2011CarnegieMellonUniversity:46 End-User Privacy in HCI • 137 page article surveying privacy in HCI and CSCW Iachello and Hong, End-User Privacy in Human-Computer Interaction, Foundations and Trends in Human-Computer Interaction

49. ©2011CarnegieMellonUniversity:49 Sharing One’s Location • Place naming – “Hey mom, I am at 55.66N 12.59E.” vs “Home” • User study + machine learning to model how people name places – Semantic: business, function, personal – Geographic: city, street, building Jialiu Lin et al, Modeling People’s Place Naming Preferences in Location Sharing, Ubicomp 2010

51. ©2011CarnegieMellonUniversity:51 Sharing One’s Location • Location abstractions share nothing & no social benefits share precise location (GPS) & max social benefits use location abstractions to scaffold privacy concerns use location abstractions to scaffold privacy concerns

52. ©2011CarnegieMellonUniversity:52 Sharing One’s Location • Location abstractions type of description example geographic 100 Art Rooney Ave Near Golden Triangle Downtown Pittsburgh semantic Heinz Field Steelers vs. Bengals Steelers’ home Football field

53. ©2011CarnegieMellonUniversity:53 Managing Geotagged Photos • 4.3% Flickr photos, 3% YouTube, 1% Craigslist photos geotagged • Idea: Use place entropy to differentiate between public / private • But need to radically scale up entropy – 2.8m sightings, 489 volunteers, N years Wired Magazine story

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