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Ops Meta-Metrics: The Currency You Pay For Change
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Engineer, Researcher, Founder at Adaptive Capacity Labs, LLCJun. 24, 2010•0 likes•14,082 views
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Ops Meta-Metrics: The Currency You Pay For Change
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Ops Meta-Metrics: The Currency You Pay For Change
- Ops Meta-Metrics The Currency You Use to Pay For Change John Allspaw VP Operations Etsy.com http://www.flickr.com/photos/wwarby/3296379139
- Warning Graphs and numbers in this presentation are sort of made up
- /usr/nagios/libexec/check_ops.pl
- How R U Doing? http://www.flickr.com/photos/a4gpa/190120662/
- We track bugs already... Example: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/TS
- We should track these, too...
- We should track these, too... Changes (Who/What/When/Type)
- We should track these, too... Changes (Who/What/When/Type) Incidents (Type/Severity)
- We should track these, too... Changes (Who/What/When/Type) Incidents (Type/Severity) Response to Incidents (TTR/TTD)
- trepidation noun 1 a feeling of fear or agitation about something that may happen : the men set off in fear and trepidation. 2 archaic trembling motion. DERIVATIVES trepidatious adjective ORIGIN late 15th cent.: from Latin trepidatio(n-), from trepidare ‘be agitated, tremble,’ from trepidus ‘alarme
- Change Required. Often feared. Why? http://www.flickr.com/photos/20408885@N03/3570184759/
- This is why OMGWTF OUTAGES!!!1!! la de da, everything’s fine change happens
- Change PTSD? http://www.flickr.com/photos/tzofia/270800047/
- Brace For Impact?
- Brace For Impact?
- But wait.... (OMGWTF) la de da, everything’s fine change happens
- But wait.... (OMGWTF) la de da, } everything’s fine How much change is this? change happens
- But wait.... (OMGWTF) la de da, } everything’s fine How much change is this? What kind of change? change happens
- But wait.... (OMGWTF) la de da, } everything’s fine How much change is this? What kind of change? How often does this happen? change happens
- Need to raise confidence that change != outage
- ...incidents can be handled well http://www.flickr.com/photos/axiepics/3181170364/
- ...root causes can be fixed quick enough http://www.flickr.com/photos/ljv/213624799/
- ...change can be safe enough http://www.flickr.com/photos/marksetchell/43252686/
- But how? How do we have confidence in anything in our infrastructure? We measure it. And graph it. And alert on it.
- Tracking Change 1. Type 2. Frequency/Size 3. Results of those changes
- Types of Change Layers Examples App code PHP/Rails/etc or ‘front-end’ code Apache, MySQL, DB schema, Services code PHP/Ruby versions, etc. OS/Servers, Switches, Routers, Infrastructure Datacenters, etc. (you decide what these are for your architecture)
- Code Deploys: Who/What/When WHEN WHO WHAT (guy who pushed the button) (link to diff) (http://codeascraft.etsy.com/2010/05/20/quantum-of-deployment/)
- Code Deploys: Who/What/When Last 2 prod deploys Last 2 Chef changes
- other changes (insert whatever ticketing/tracking you have)
- Frequency
- Frequency
- Frequency
- Size
- Tracking Incidents http://www.flickr.com/photos/47684393@N00/4543311558/
- Incident Frequency
- Incident Size Big Outage TTR still going
- Tracking Incidents 1. Frequency 2. Severity 3. Root Cause 4. Time-To-Detect (TTD) 5. Time-To-Resolve (TTR)
- The How Doesn’t Matter http://www.flickr.com/photos/matsuyuki/2328829160/
- Incident/Degradation Tracking Start Detect Resolve Root PostMortem Date Severity Done? Time Time Time Cause 1/2/08 12:30 ET 12:32 ET 12:45 ET Sev1 DB Change Yes 3/7/08 18:32 ET 18:40 ET 18:47 ET Sev2 Capacity Yes 5/3/08 17:55 ET 17:55 ET 18:14 ET Sev3 Hardware Yes
- Incident/Degradation Tracking Start Detect Resolve Root PostMortem Date Severity Time These Time give you will Time context Cause Done? for your rates of change. (You’ll need them for postmortems, anyway.)
- Change:Incident Ratio
- Change:Incident Ratio Important.
- Change:Incident Ratio Important. Not because all changes are equal.
- Change:Incident Ratio Important. Not because all changes are equal. Not because all incidents are equal, or change-related.
- Change:Incident Ratio But because humans will irrationally make a permanent connection between the two. http://www.flickr.com/photos/michelepedrolli/449572596/
- Severity
- Severity Not all incidents are created equal.
- Severity Not all incidents are created equal. Something like:
- Severity Not all incidents are created equal. Something like:
- Severity Not all incidents are created equal. Something like: SEV1 Full outage, or effectively unusable.
- Severity Not all incidents are created equal. Something like: SEV1 Full outage, or effectively unusable. SEV2 Significant degradation for subset of users.
- Severity Not all incidents are created equal. Something like: SEV1 Full outage, or effectively unusable. SEV2 Significant degradation for subset of users. SEV3 Minor impact on user experience.
- Severity Not all incidents are created equal. Something like: SEV1 Full outage, or effectively unusable. SEV2 Significant degradation for subset of users. SEV3 Minor impact on user experience. SEV4 No impact, but time-sensitive failure.
- Root Cause? (Not all incidents are change related) Something like: Note: this can be difficult to categorize. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_cause_analysis
- Root Cause? (Not all incidents are change related) Something like: 1. Hardware Failure 2. Datacenter Issue 3. Change: Code Issue 4. Change: Config Issue 5. Capacity/Traffic Issue 6. Other Note: this can be difficult to categorize. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_cause_analysis
- Recording Your Response (worth the hassle) http://www.flickr.com/photos/mattblaze/2695044170/
- Time
- la de da, everything’s fine Time
- la de da, everything’s fine Time change happens
- Noticed there was a problem la de da, everything’s fine Time change happens
- Noticed there was a problem Figured out la de da, what the cause is everything’s fine Time change happens
- Fixed the problem Noticed there •rolled back was a problem •rolled forward •temporary solution •etc Figured out la de da, what the cause is everything’s fine Time change happens
- Fixed the problem Noticed there •rolled back was a problem •rolled forward •temporary solution •etc Figured out la de da, what the cause is everything’s fine Time change happens
- • Coordinate troubleshooting/diagnosis Fixed the problem Noticed there •rolled back was a problem •rolled forward •temporary solution •etc Figured out la de da, what the cause is everything’s fine Time change happens
- • Coordinate troubleshooting/diagnosis • Communicate to support/community/execs Fixed the problem Noticed there •rolled back was a problem •rolled forward •temporary solution •etc Figured out la de da, what the cause is everything’s fine Time change happens
- Fixed the problem Noticed there •rolled back was a problem •rolled forward •temporary solution •etc Figured out la de da, what the cause is everything’s fine Time Time change happens
- • Coordinate responses* Fixed the problem Noticed there •rolled back was a problem •rolled forward •temporary solution •etc Figured out la de da, what the cause is everything’s fine Time Time change happens * usually, “One Thing At A Time” responses
- • Coordinate responses* • Communicate to support/community/execs problem Fixed the Noticed there •rolled back was a problem •rolled forward •temporary solution •etc Figured out la de da, what the cause is everything’s fine Time Time change happens * usually, “One Thing At A Time” responses
- Fixed the problem Figured out what the cause is Noticed there •rolled back was a problem •rolled forward •temporary solution •etc la de da, everything’s fine Time Time change happens
- • Confirm stability, resolving steps Fixed the problem Figured out what the cause is Noticed there •rolled back was a problem •rolled forward •temporary solution •etc la de da, everything’s fine Time Time change happens
- • Confirm stability, resolving steps • Communicate to support/community/execs Fixed the problem Figured out what the cause is Noticed there •rolled back was a problem •rolled forward •temporary solution •etc la de da, everything’s fine Time Time change happens
- Communications http://etsystatus.com twitter.com/etsystatus
- Fixed the problem Figured out what the cause is Noticed there •rolled back was a problem •rolled forward •temporary solution •etc la de da, everything’s fine Time Time change happens PostMortem
- Time To Detect (TTD) Time To Resolve la de da, (TTR) la de da, everything’s fine everything’s fine Time change happens
- Hypothetical Example: “We’re So Nimble!”
- Nimble, But Stumbling?
- Is There Any Pattern?
- Nimble, But Stumbling? +
- Nimble, But Stumbling? +
- Maybe this is too Maybe you’re much suck? } changing too much at once? } Happening too often?
- What percentage of incidents are related to change? http://www.flickr.com/photos/78364563@N00/2467989781/
- What percentage of change- related incidents are “off-hours”? http://www.flickr.com/photos/jeffreyanthonyrafolpiano/3266123838
- What percentage of change- related incidents are “off-hours”? Do they have higher or lower TTR? http://www.flickr.com/photos/jeffreyanthonyrafolpiano/3266123838
- What types of change have the worst success rates? http://www.flickr.com/photos/lwr/2257949828/
- What types of change have the worst success rates? Which ones have the best success rates? http://www.flickr.com/photos/lwr/2257949828/
- Does your TTD/TTR increase depending on the: - SIZE? - FREQUENCY? http://www.flickr.com/photos/45409431@N00/2521827947/
- Side effect is that you’re also tracking successful changes to production as well http://www.flickr.com/photos/wwworks/2313927146
- Q2 2010 Incident Success Type Successes Failures Minutes(Sev1 Rate /2) App code 420 5 98.81 8 Config 404 3 99.26 5 DB Schema 15 1 93.33 10 DNS 45 0 100 0 Network (misc) 5 0 100 0 Network (core) 1 0 100 0
- Q2 2010 Incident Success Type Successes Failures Minutes(Se ! Rate v1/2) App code 420 5 98.81 8 Config 404 3 99.26 5 DB Schema 15 1 93.33 10 DNS 45 0 100 0 Network (misc) 5 0 100 0 Network (core) 1 0 100 0
- Some Observations
- Incident Observations Morale Length of Incident/Outage
- Incident Observations Mistakes Length of Incident/Outage
- Change Observations Change Size Change Frequency
- Change Observations Huge changesets deployed rarely Change Size Change Frequency
- Change Observations Huge changesets (high TTR) deployed rarely Change Size Change Frequency
- Change Observations Huge changesets (high TTR) deployed rarely Change Size Tiny changesets deployed often Change Frequency
- Change Observations Huge changesets (high TTR) deployed rarely Change Size Tiny changesets deployed often (low TTR) Change Frequency
- Specifically.... la de da, What if this was only 5 } everything’s fine lines of code that were changed? Does that feel safer? change happens (it should)
- Pay attention to this stuff http://www.flickr.com/photos/plasticbag/2461247090/
- We’re Hiring Ops! SF & NYC In May: - $22.9M of goods were sold by the community - 1,895,943 new items listed - 239,340 members joined
- The End
- Bonus Time!!1!
- Continuous Deployment Described in 6 graphs (Originally Cal Henderson’s idea)
Editor's Notes
- This is about metrics about YOU! Metrics *about* the metrics-makers!
- They are basically taken from both Flickr and Etsy.
- HOW MANY: write public-facing app code? maintain the release tools? release process? respond to incidents? have had an outage or notable degradation this month? that was change-related?
- Too fast? Too loose? Too many issues? Too many upset and stressed out humans?
- Everyone is used to bug tracking, it’s something worthwhile....
- If this is a feeling you have often, please read on.
- All you need is to see this happen once, and it’s hard to get out of your memory. No wonder why some people can start to think “code deploy = outage”.
- Mild version of “Critical Incident Stress Management”? Change = risk, and sometimes risk = outage. And outages are stressful.
- Not supposed to feel like this.
- Details about the change play a huge role in your ability to respond to change-related incidents.
- Details about the change play a huge role in your ability to respond to change-related incidents.
- Details about the change play a huge role in your ability to respond to change-related incidents.
- We do this by tracking our responses to outages and incidents.
- We can do this by tracking our change, and learning from the results.
- We need to raise confidence that we’re moving as fast as we can while still being safe enough to do so. And we can adjust the change to meet our requirements...
- Why should change and results of changes be any different?
- Type = code, schema, infrastructure, etc. Frequency/Size = how often each type is changed, implies risk Results = how often each change results in an incident/degradation
- Lots of different types here. Might be different for everyone. Not all types of change bring the same amount of risk.
- This info should be considered mandatory. This should also be done for db schema changes, network changes, changes in any part of the stack, really.
- The header of our metrics tools has these statistics, too.
- The tricky part: getting all prod changes written down without too much hassle.
- Here’s one type of change....
- Here’s another type of change....
- Here’s yet another type of change...
- Size does turn out to be important. Size = lines of code, level of SPOF risk, etc.
- This seems like something you should do. Also: “incidents” = outages or degradations.
- Just an example. This looks like it’s going well! Getting better!
- Maybe I can’t say that it’s getting better, actually....
- Some folks have Techcrunch as their incident log keeper. You could just use a spreadsheet.
- An example!
- You *are* doing postmortems on incidents that happen, right? Doing them comes at a certain point in your evolution.
- Without the statistics, even a rare but severe outage can make the impression that change == outage.
- Just examples. It’s important to categorize these things so you can count the ones that matter for the user’s experience. #4 Loss of redundancy
- Just examples. It’s important to categorize these things so you can count the ones that matter for the user’s experience. #4 Loss of redundancy
- Just examples. It’s important to categorize these things so you can count the ones that matter for the user’s experience. #4 Loss of redundancy
- Just examples. It’s important to categorize these things so you can count the ones that matter for the user’s experience. #4 Loss of redundancy
- Just examples. It’s important to categorize these things so you can count the ones that matter for the user’s experience. #4 Loss of redundancy
- Just examples. It’s important to categorize these things so you can count the ones that matter for the user’s experience. #4 Loss of redundancy
- Just examples. It’s important to categorize these things so you can count the ones that matter for the user’s experience. #4 Loss of redundancy
- Just examples. This normally comes from a postmortem meeting. A good pointer on Root Cause Analysis is Eric Ries’ material on Five Whys, and the wikipedia page for RCA.
- http://www.flickr.com/photos/mattblaze/2695044170/
- What happens in our response to a change-related incident is just as important as the occurrence of the incident.
- What happens in our response to a change-related incident is just as important as the occurrence of the incident.
- What happens in our response to a change-related incident is just as important as the occurrence of the incident.
- What happens in our response to a change-related incident is just as important as the occurrence of the incident.
- What happens in our response to a change-related incident is just as important as the occurrence of the incident.
- Th
- Th
- This might also be known as a ‘diagnose’ point.
- This might also be known as a ‘diagnose’ point.
- These events usually spawn other events.
- These events usually spawn other events.
- This should be standard operating procedure at this point,
- These events usually spawn other events.
- Some folks might notice a “Time To Diagnose” missing here. ALSO: it’s usually more complex than this, but this is the gist of it.
- Do incidents increase with size of change? With frequency? With frequency/size of different types?
- If you don’t track: Change, Incidents, and Responses, you’ll never have answers for these questions.
- Reasonable questions.
- *YOU* get to decide what is “small” and “frequent”.
- THIS is what can help give you confidence. Or not.
- The longer an outage lasts, the bigger of a bummer it is for all those who are working on fixing it.
- The longer an outage lasts, the more mistakes people make. (and, as the night gets longer) Red herrings...
- put two points on this graph
- put two points on this graph
- put two points on this graph
- put two points on this graph
- It should, because it is.
- How we feel about change and how it can (or not) cause outages is important. Some of the nastiest relationships emerge between dev and ops because of these things.
- “Normal” = lots of change done at regular intervals, change = big, time = long.
- 2 weeks? 5000 lines?
- Scary Monster of Change! Each incident-causing deploy has only one recourse: roll it all back. Even code that was ok and unrelated to the incident. Boo!
- Silly Monster of Nothing to Be Afraid Of Because His Teeth Are Small.
- Problem? Roll that little piece back. Or better yet, roll it forward!
- This looks like an adorable monster. Like a Maurice Sendak monster.
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