75. The Reformation Divides Europe
• Hundreds of German Princes converted to Lutheranism, the Holy Roman Emperor fought
them as heretics.
76. The Reformation Divides Europe
• These rulers quickly took control of the Catholic churches in their territories, forming state
churches under their rule.
77. The Reformation Divides Europe
• In June 1524, Luther faced a political crisis when German peasants revolted against their
lords, Luther sided with the lords.
78. The Reformation Divides Europe
• Lutheranism had time to spread as the Holy Roman EmperorCharlesV (Hapsburg) was busy.
79. The Reformation Divides Europe
• CharlesV (a paladin of Catholicism) fought a 20 year war against the French King.
80. The Reformation Divides Europe
• CharlesV (a paladin of Catholicism) colonized the Americas.
81. The Reformation Divides Europe
• CharlesV (a paladin of Catholicism) fought a 20 year war against the French King.
82. The Reformation Divides Europe
• When Pope ClementVII joined the French King, CharlesV captured him and sacked Rome in
1527.
83. The Reformation Divides Europe
• Next CharlesV had to fight off the armies and navies of the Ottoman Sultan.
84. The Reformation Divides Europe
• When he turned his attention to the Holy Roman Empire, Lutheranism had become deep
rooted.
85. The Reformation Divides Europe
• He defeated the Protestant German Princes, yet could not kill them all.
86. The Reformation Divides Europe
• An end to religious warfare in Germany came in 1555 with the Peace of Augsburg.
87. The Reformation Divides Europe
• This agreement formally accepted the division of Christianity in Germany.The German Princes
could choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism.
88. The Reformation Divides Europe
• A Prince’s religion became the religion of that state, subjects could not choose their religion..
131. Church of England (Anglican Church)
The Pope would not allow him to divorce Queen Catherin, daughter of Isabella of Spain.
132. Church of England (Anglican Church)
Henry 8 expected Cardinal Wosley to get an annulment, however Pope ClementVII could not as
Catherine was the aunt of CharlesV.
133. Henry turned toThomas Cromwell and had Parliament declare him the head of the Church in
England, and divorced her.
The Reformation Changes England
136. Church of England
They Anglican Church kept most
of the Catholic hierarchy, just
with Henry as the head.
The Reformation Changes England
137. Church of England
Henry’s did away with monks and
nuns and expropriated the
treasures that Monasteries had
built up over 1500 years, which
were substantial.
The Reformation Changes England
189. Müezzinzade Pasha deploys his fleet in five divisions, three being pre-committed to fight at his dense center. His left wing has the most room to maneuver and thus
equipped with many with smaller, more agile galiots. He plans to preserve his center while one or both of his wings defeat their opposition and envelop the Holy League
line. Juan deploys his fleet in four divisions, one being a reserve. Juan strengthens his center with both quantity and quality of galleys and allows his lethal galeasses to sail
ahead of the main line to thin out the Ottoman ranks. He plans to crush the Ottoman center while his wings prevent his own center from being outflanked. Overall, the Holy
League galleys are larger and boast more firepower but are slower than their Ottoman counterparts. Both Müezzinzade and Juan command from the center of their lines.
Ottomans
(Müezzinzade Pasha)
Holy League
(Juan)
NN
Mehmet Suluk
As both fleets sail towards each other, Barbarigo’s galeasses pulverize Mehmet Suluk’s galleys and disrupt their formation. Mehmet Suluk
adapts by sending the galleys on his extreme right to round the inshore flank of Barbarigo’s galleys, knowing the Holy League captains are
less accustomed to the area and more fearful of running ashore. The rest of the Ottoman right wing follows and is able to concentrate against
only half of the Holy League left wing.
Doria
Bazan
Barbarigo
Juan
Müezzinzade Pasha
Uluj Ali
Mehmet Suluk is punishing the Holy League left wing until its other half swings around to engage in battle and Bazan sends reinforcements
from the reserve. Barbarigo is mortally wounded and must cede command to Contarini who is then killed and succeeded by Nani. Juan’s
center galeasses decimate the Ottoman galleys with a murderous fire before close combat. Meanwhile, Uluj Ali is straining the Holy League
right by deploying his surplus of ships in line, forcing Doria to stretch his own line to match the length of the Ottoman line. This inevitably
creates gaps.
In the north, Nani turns the tide by killing Mehmet Suluk and trapping the Ottoman galleys against the shore. In the center, the heftier Holy
League galleys are inflicting heavy losses while a duel between the two flagships develops; both commanders funnel all available men into
this battle. Bazan sends reinforcements from the reserve to ensure steady pressure against the Ottoman flagship. In the south, Uluj Ali
continues to deploy ships and force Doria to strain his line; the Holy League right wing is drifting dangerously further from the center.
Trapped against the shore and without a leader, the Ottoman right wing is in the process of annihilation. The Ottoman center continues to suffer grievous losses but remains
intact. Fifteen captains of Doria’s extreme left believe he is betraying the Holy League by ignoring the fierce engagement in the center so they break formation to join the
fray, creating a sizeable gap in the Holy League right wing. Uluj Ali seizes this opportunity to charge the gap, destroying most of the wandering galleys on the way. Juan’s
right flank is suddenly threatened but Bazan sends the last of the reserve to try and contain the gap. Doria meanwhile rushes to engage the rest of his division but cannot
fully do so.
The remainder of the Ottoman right wing runs aground and the crews abandon their galleys for land. Meanwhile,
Müezzinzade Pasha is finally killed and his flagship overrun just as Doria engages the Ottoman left wing. Uluj Ali realizes
the situation is futile and escapes westward with thirty galleys. The remaining Ottoman galleys flee in small
contingents.
Holy League
(Don Juan ofAustria)
202 galleys
6 galeasses
Ottomans
(MüezzinzadeAli Pasha)
216 galleys
64 galiots
Contarini
Nani
Holy League Reserve
(DonÁlvaro de Bazan)
38 galleys
Ottoman RightWing
(Mehmet Suluk Pasha)
60 galleys 2
galiots
Holy League Center
(Don Juan ofAustria)
62 galleys 2
galeasses
Holy League LeftWing
(Agostin Barbarigo)
53 galleys 2
galeasses
Holy League RightWing
(GianAndrea Doria)
54 galleys 2
galeasses
Ottoman Center
(MüezzinzadeAli Pasha)
95 galleys 30
galiots
Ottoman LeftWing
(Uluj Ali Pasha)
61 galleys 32
galiots
Holy League LeftWing
(Frederigo Nani)
53 galleys 2
galeasses
Galeasse
Galeasses are designed to carry guns whereas typical
galleys carry soldiers. The six Venetian galeasses at
Lepanto are relatively experimental but pack ample
firepower: they carry fourty heavy guns whereas
flagship galleys carry only five. However, galeasses
must be towed into battle by two galleys and so this
firepower comes at the expense of speed.