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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 05 Issue: 01 | Jan-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1035
TECHNIQUES OF BRAIN CANCER DETECTION FROM MRI USING
MACHINE LEARNING
Aaswad Sawant#1, Mayur Bhandari #2, Ravikumar Yadav#3, Rohan Yele#4, Sneha Kolhe#5
1,2,3,4,5 Department of Computer Engineering, Terna Engineering College, Mumbai University, India
---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - Cancer is one of the most harmful disease. To
detect cancer MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) of brain is
done. Machine learning and image classifier can be used to
efficiently detect cancer cells in brain through MRI. Thispaper
is a study on the various techniques we can employ for the
detection of cancer. The system can be used as a second
decision by surgeons and radiologists to detect brain tumor
easily and efficiently.
Key Words: Feature Extraction, MRI, Threshold
Segmentation, Machine Learning, Softmax, Rectified
Linear Unit (RELU), Convolution Neural Network (CNN).
1. INTRODUCTION
A brain tumor is a collection, or mass, of abnormal
cellsin your brain. Human skull, which encloses our brain,is
very rigid. Any growth inside such a restricted space can
cause problems. Brain tumorscan be cancerous (malignant)
or noncancerous (benign). When benign or malignant
tumors grow, they can cause the pressure inside your skull
to increase. This can cause brain damage, and it can be life-
threatening.
Brain tumors are categorized as primary or
secondary. A primary brain tumor originates in your brain.
Many primary brain tumors are benign. A secondary brain
tumor, also known as a metastatic brain tumor, occurswhen
cancer cells spread to your brain from anotherorgan,suchas
your lung or breast.
Symptoms of brain tumors depend on the location
and size of the tumor. Some tumors cause direct damage by
invading brain tissue and some tumors cause pressure on
the surrounding brain. You’ll have noticeable symptoms
when a growing tumor is putting pressure on your brain
tissue. If you have an MRI of your head, a special dye can be
used to help your doctor detect tumors. An MRI is different
from a CT scan because it doesn’t use radiation, and it
generally provides much more detailed pictures of the
structures of the brain itself.
The cancer detection involvesthe followingstepsto
be performed on the MRI.
Fig -1: Cancer detection Process Flow
1.1 Tensorflow
TensorFlow [8] is an open source software library
released in 2015 by Google to make it easier for developers
to design, build, and train deep learning models.TensorFlow
originated asan internal library that Googledevelopersused
to build models in-house, and we expect additional
functionality to be added to the open source version as they
are tested and vetted in the internal flavour. The name
TensorFlow derives from the operations that such neural
networks perform on multidimensional data arrays. These
arrays are referred to as"tensors". In June 2016,Deanstated
that 1,500 repositorieson GitHub mentionedTensorFlow,of
which only 5 were from Google
Although TensorFlow is only one of several options
available to developers, we choose to use it here because of
its thoughtful design and ease of use.
At a high level, TensorFlow is a Python library that
allows users to express arbitrary computation as a graph of
data flows. Nodes in this graph represent mathematical
operations, whereas edges represent data that is
communicated from one node to another. Data in
TensorFlow are represented as tensors, which are
multidimensional arrays. Although this framework for
thinking about computation is valuable in many different
fields, TensorFlow is primarily used for deep learning in
practice and research.
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 05 Issue: 01 | Jan-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1036
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 MRI Pre-processing and Filtering
Pre-processing stage removes the noise and also
high frequency artifact seen in the image. After these stages
the medical image is converted into standard image without
noise, film artifacts and labels. There are many methods to
perform the above.
2.1.1 Histogram Equalization Technique
The histogram equalization [1] is used to enhance
the quality of the image. The continual probability density
function and cumulative probability distribution functions
are calculated.
The Equation (1) is employed to calculate the
cumulative probability distribution function. The frequency
of occurrence of every gray value is calculated as well as the
image is converted in a more useful form. From the
histogram equalization the output image, we can easily
notice that the contrast in the image is enhanced. The
cumulative probability distribution function emerged by
Fu (u)= ∫ Pu(u)du ….(1)
Here u may be the image pixel value where each
pixel carries a continuousprobability densityfunction. Pu(u)
could be the continuousprobability density function,Fu(u)is
the cumulative probability distribution function. [1]
2.1.2 Anisotropic Diffusion Filter
Anisotropic diffusion filter [7] is a method for
removing noise which is proposed by Persona and Malik.
This method is for smoothing the image by preserving
needed edges and structures. The purpose of these steps is
basically Preprocessing involves removing low-frequency
background noise, normalizing the intensityoftheindividual
particles images, removing reflections andmaskingportions
of images. Anisotropic filter is used to remove the
background noise and thuspreserving the edge pointsinthe
image. Diffusion constant which is related to the noise
gradient and smoothing the background noisebyfiltering,so
an appropriate threshold value is chosen. A higher diffusion
constant value is taken to compare with theabsolutevalueof
the noise gradient in its edge.
2.2 Segmentation
Segmentation is a division of the digital image into
multiple parts and objective process is to simplify the
representation of the image to what is more pronounced for
the analysis of the image.
2.2.1 Canny Edge Detection Technique:
The Canny edge detection [2] operator, developed
by John F. Canny in 1986, uses a multi-stage algorithm to
detect a wide range of edges and involves the following
steps:
• Smooth the image with a Gaussian filter,
• Compute the gradient magnitude and orientation using
finite-difference approximations for the partial derivatives,
• Apply non-maxima suppression, with the aid of the
orientation image, to thin the gradient-magnitude edge
image,
• Track along edges starting from any point exceeding a
higher threshold aslong asthe edge point exceedsthe lower
threshold.
• Apply edge linking to fill small gaps
Applying canny edge detection technique to the MRI image
in Fig.2, the result is shown in Fig.3.
Fig -2: The original MRI Brain image.
Fig -3: Brain image after applying canny edge detector
2.2.2 Adaptive Threshold Detection Technique:
The adaptive threshold technique [2] is applied to
the original MRI image illustrated in Fig.2. It is based on a
simple concept, a parameter called defines the brightness
threshold is chosen and applied to the imagepixelstodeliver
the binary image shown in Fig.4.
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 05 Issue: 01 | Jan-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1037
Fig -4: The segmented image using Adaptive threshold
method.
2.2.3 Threshold Segmentation:
The threshold [1]of an image is calculated using the
Equation (1). The output of the threshold image is a binary
image. Thresholding creates binary images from grey-level
ones by turning all pixels below some threshold to zero and
all pixels above that threshold to 1. If g (x, y) is a threshold
version of f (x, y) at some global threshold T, then
g (x , y ) = 1 if f (x , y ) > T
0 if f (x, y) < T (2)
f (x , y) is the pixels in the input image and
g (x , y ) is the pixels in the output image.
2.3 Feature Extraction:
Feature extraction methodsare usedtogetthemost
important features in the image to reduce the processing
time and complexity in the image analysis.
2.3.1 LOG-Lindeberg Algorithm:
• Read the image.
• Number of blobs detected.
• Calculate Laplacian of Gaussian parameters.
• Calculate scale-normalized laplacian operator.
• Search of local maxima.
Applying LOG-Lindeberg algorithm to the original MRI
Brain image shown in Fig.1 the resulting image is shown in
Fig.5.
Fig -5: The feature points of the segmented image are in
blue.
2.3.2 Harris-Laplace Technique:
Another method is Harris-Laplace [2]. It relies
heavily on both the Harris measure and a Gaussian scale-
space representation.
The algorithm follows these steps:
• Find the image parameters.
• Scale these parameters.
• Find the Harris feature.
• Compute the Laplace.
Fig.6 shows the result of applying Harris-Laplace to the
segmented image is n in.
Fig -6: The feature points of the segmented image are in
blue.
2.4 Classification:
In classification tasks, there are often several
candidate feature extraction methods available. The most
suitable method can be chosen by training neural networks
to perform the required classification task using different
input features (derived using different methods). The error
in the neural network response to test examples providesan
indication of the suitability of the corresponding input
features (and thus method used to derive them) to the
considered classification task.
2.4.1 SVM Technique:
SVM [7] is one of the classificationtechniqueapplied
on different fields such as face recognition, text
categorization, cancer diagnosis, glaucoma diagnosis,
microarray gene expression data analysis. SVM utilizes
binary classification of brain MR image as normal or tumor
affected. SVM divides the given data into decision surface,
(i.e. a hyper plane) which divides the data into two classes.
The prime objective of SVM is to maximize the margins
between two classes of the hyper plane.
Dimensionality reduction and precise feature set
given as input to the SVM on the duration of training part as
well as during the testing part. SVM is based on binary
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 05 Issue: 01 | Jan-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1038
classifier which employs supervised learning to provide
better results.
2.4.2 MLP:
In MLP [3], each node is a neuron with a nonlinear
activation function. It is based on supervised learning
technique. Learning take place by changing connection
weights after each piece of data is processed, based on the
amount of error in the target output as compared to the
expected result. The goal of the learning procedure is to
minimize error by improving the current values of the
weight associated with each edge. Because of this backward
changing process of the weights, model is named as back-
propagation.
2.4.3 Naïve Bayes Technique:
Naive bayes [3] is a supervised learning as well as
statistical method for classification. It is simple probabilistic
classifier based on Bayes theorem. It assumes that the value
of a particular feature is unrelated to the presence or
absence of any other feature. The prior probability and
likelihood are calculated in order to calculate the posterior
probability.
The method of maximum posterior probability is
used for parameter estimation. This method requires only a
small amount of training data to estimate the parameters
which are needed for classification. The time taken for
training and classification is less.
2.4.4 CNN:
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) [4] have
proven to be very successful frameworks for image
recognition. In the past few years, variants of CNN models
achieve increasingly better performance for object
classification. The GOOGLE API Tensoflow [8], makes use of
CNN with many layers. Some important layers are listed
below.
Fig -7: Structure of CNNs. Nuclear seed maps are fed into 6
layers of artificial neurons: three convolutional layers, two
full-connected layers, and one softmax layer.
2.4.4.1 CONVOLUTION:
This moving filter, or convolution, applies to a
certain neighbourhood of nodes (which may be the input
nodes i.e. pixels) as shown below, where the filter applied is
0.5 x the node value.
Fig -8: Convolution
The output of the convolutional mapping is then
passed through some formof non-linear activation function,
often the rectified linear unit activation function.
2.4.4.2 POOLING:
Again it is a “sliding window” type technique, but in
this case, instead of applying weights the pooling applies
some sort of statistical function over the values within the
window.
Most commonly, the function used is the max ()
function, so max pooling will take the maximumvaluewithin
the window.
Fig -9: Pooling
2.4.4.3 RECTIFIED LINEAR UNIT (RELU):
Usually a layer in a neural network has some input,
say a vector, and multipliesthat by a weight matrix,resulting
i.e. again in a vector.
However, most layers in neural networksnowadays
involve nonlinearities. Hence an add-on function that, you
might say, adds complexity to these output values.
It is defined as
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 05 Issue: 01 | Jan-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1039
f(x) = max(0,x)
Therefore it’s not differentiable.
The derivative of Relu is very simple.
1 if x > 0,
0 otherwise.
2.4.4.4 SOFTMAX:
Softmax regression is a generalized form of logistic
regression which can be used in multi-class classification
problems where the classes are mutually exclusive. The
Softmax function squashes the outputs of each unit to be
between 0 and 1, just like a sigmoid function. But it also
divides each output such that the total sum of the outputs is
equal to 1.
Fig-10: Softmax
3. COMPARISON TABLE
Table -1: Comparison between Various Papers
Author Paper Title Techniques
Used
Observation
Abd El Kader
Isselmou,
Shuai Zhang,
Guizhi Xu
A Novel
Approach for
Brain Tumor
Detection
Using MRI
Images
Median, High
pass filter,
Threshold
Segmentatio
n
Accuracy of
around 95.5%
Ehab F.
Badran, Esraa
Galal
Mahmoud,
and Nadder
Hamdy
An Algorithm
for Detecting
Brain Tumors
in MRI Images
Canny edge
detection,
Neural
Network
used for
classification
The canny edge
detection
algorithm used
produces the
inaccuracy of
15-16%.
Komal
Sharma,
Akwinder
Kaur , Shruti
Gujral
Brain Tumor
Detection
based on
Machine
Learning
Algorithm
MLP and
Naïve Bayes
are used.
Accuracy can
probably be
increased by
considering a
large data set.
Athiwaratkun,
Ben & Kang
Feature
Representation
in
Convolutional
Neural
Networks
CNN along
with SVM is
used.
This approach
may fail when
dealing with
large dataset.
J. T. Kwak and
S. M. Hewitt
Nuclear
Architecture
Analysis of
Prostate
Cancer via
Convolutional
Neural
Networks
CNN is used
to identify
Prostate
cancer.
CNN alone
requires more
computational
power.
Mahmoud Al-
Ayyoub,
Ghaith Husari,
Ahmad
Alabed-alaziz
and Omar
Darwish
Machine
Learning
Approach for
Brain Tumor
Detection
Machine
Learning
approach
used, neural
network
classification
algorithm,
Lazy-IBk
Much higher
accuracy can be
achieved by
gaining a better
dataset with
high-resolution
images.
N. Subash and
J. Rajeesh
Brain Tumor
Classification
Using Machine
Learning
SVM
Accuracy can be
increased with
CNN along with
SVM.
4. CONCLUSION
Brain tumour diagnosis has become a vital one in
medical field because they are caused by abnormal and
uncontrolled growing of cellsinside the brain. Brain tumour
detection is done using MRI and analysing it. The machine
learning is very powerful strategy for the detection of the
cancer tumour from MRI. A much higher accuracy can be
achieved by gaining images taken directly from the MRI
scanner. The Tensorflow can be used to tackle the problem
of Classification.
REFERENCES
[1] Isselmou, A., Zhang, S. and Xu, G. (2016) A Novel
Approach for Brain Tumor Detection Using MRI
Images. Journal of Biomedical Science and
Engineering, 9, 44-52.
doi: 10.4236/jbise.2016.910B006.M. Young, The
Technical Writer’sHandbook. Mill Valley,CA:University
Science, 1989.
[2] E. F. Badran, E. G. Mahmoud and N. Hamdy, "An
algorithm for detecting brain tumors in MRI
images," The 2010 International Conference on
Computer Engineering & Systems, Cairo, 2010, pp. 368-
373.
doi: 10.1109/ICCES.2010.5674887K. Elissa, “Title of
paper if known,” unpublished.
[3] Komal Sharma, Akwinder Kaur and Shruti Gujral.
Article: Brain Tumor Detection based on Machine
Learning Algorithms. International JournalofComputer
Applications 103(1):7-11, October 2014.K. Elissa, “Title
of paper if known,” unpublished.
[4] Athiwaratkun, Ben & Kang, Keegan. (2015). Feature
Representation in Convolutional Neural Networks.K.
Elissa, “Title of paper if known,” unpublished.
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 05 Issue: 01 | Jan-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1040
[5] J. T. Kwak and S. M. Hewitt, "Nuclear Architecture
Analysis of Prostate Cancer via Convolutional Neural
Networks," in IEEE Access, vol. 5, pp. 18526-18533,
2017.Athiwaratkun, Ben & Kang, Keegan. (2015).
Feature Representation in Convolutional Neural
Networks. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2747838
[6] Mahmoud Al-Ayyoub, Ghaith Husari, Ahmad Alabed-
alaziz and Omar Darwish, "Machine Learning Approach
for Brain Tumor Detection", ICICS '12 Proceedingsofthe
3rd International Conference on Information and
Communication Systems, Article-23, 2012-04-03.
[7] N. Subash and J. Rajeesh, "Brain Tumor Classification
Using Machine Learning" In International SciencePress,
I J C T A, 8(5), 2015, pp. 2335-2341.
[8] Mart´ın Abadi, Ashish Agarwal, Paul Barham, Eugene
Brevdo, Zhifeng Chen, Craig Citro, Greg S. Corrado,Andy
Davis, Jeffrey Dean, Matthieu Devin, Sanjay Ghemawat,
Ian Goodfellow, Andrew Harp, Geoffrey Irving, Michael
Isard, Yangqing Jia, Rafal Jozefowicz, Lukasz Kaiser,
Manjunath Kudlur, Josh Levenberg, Dan Man´e, Rajat
Monga, Sherry Moore, Derek Murray, Chris Olah, Mike
Schuster, Jonathon Shlens, Benoit Steiner, Ilya
Sutskever, Kunal Talwar, Paul Tucker, Vincent
Vanhoucke, Vijay Vasudevan, Fernanda Vi´egas, Oriol
Vinyals, Pete Warden, Martin Wattenberg,MartinWicke,
Yuan Yu, and Xiaoqiang Zheng.“TensorFlow:Large-scale
machine learning on heterogeneous systems”, 2015.
Software available from tensorflow.org.

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Techniques of Brain Cancer Detection from MRI using Machine Learning

  • 1. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 01 | Jan-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1035 TECHNIQUES OF BRAIN CANCER DETECTION FROM MRI USING MACHINE LEARNING Aaswad Sawant#1, Mayur Bhandari #2, Ravikumar Yadav#3, Rohan Yele#4, Sneha Kolhe#5 1,2,3,4,5 Department of Computer Engineering, Terna Engineering College, Mumbai University, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - Cancer is one of the most harmful disease. To detect cancer MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) of brain is done. Machine learning and image classifier can be used to efficiently detect cancer cells in brain through MRI. Thispaper is a study on the various techniques we can employ for the detection of cancer. The system can be used as a second decision by surgeons and radiologists to detect brain tumor easily and efficiently. Key Words: Feature Extraction, MRI, Threshold Segmentation, Machine Learning, Softmax, Rectified Linear Unit (RELU), Convolution Neural Network (CNN). 1. INTRODUCTION A brain tumor is a collection, or mass, of abnormal cellsin your brain. Human skull, which encloses our brain,is very rigid. Any growth inside such a restricted space can cause problems. Brain tumorscan be cancerous (malignant) or noncancerous (benign). When benign or malignant tumors grow, they can cause the pressure inside your skull to increase. This can cause brain damage, and it can be life- threatening. Brain tumors are categorized as primary or secondary. A primary brain tumor originates in your brain. Many primary brain tumors are benign. A secondary brain tumor, also known as a metastatic brain tumor, occurswhen cancer cells spread to your brain from anotherorgan,suchas your lung or breast. Symptoms of brain tumors depend on the location and size of the tumor. Some tumors cause direct damage by invading brain tissue and some tumors cause pressure on the surrounding brain. You’ll have noticeable symptoms when a growing tumor is putting pressure on your brain tissue. If you have an MRI of your head, a special dye can be used to help your doctor detect tumors. An MRI is different from a CT scan because it doesn’t use radiation, and it generally provides much more detailed pictures of the structures of the brain itself. The cancer detection involvesthe followingstepsto be performed on the MRI. Fig -1: Cancer detection Process Flow 1.1 Tensorflow TensorFlow [8] is an open source software library released in 2015 by Google to make it easier for developers to design, build, and train deep learning models.TensorFlow originated asan internal library that Googledevelopersused to build models in-house, and we expect additional functionality to be added to the open source version as they are tested and vetted in the internal flavour. The name TensorFlow derives from the operations that such neural networks perform on multidimensional data arrays. These arrays are referred to as"tensors". In June 2016,Deanstated that 1,500 repositorieson GitHub mentionedTensorFlow,of which only 5 were from Google Although TensorFlow is only one of several options available to developers, we choose to use it here because of its thoughtful design and ease of use. At a high level, TensorFlow is a Python library that allows users to express arbitrary computation as a graph of data flows. Nodes in this graph represent mathematical operations, whereas edges represent data that is communicated from one node to another. Data in TensorFlow are represented as tensors, which are multidimensional arrays. Although this framework for thinking about computation is valuable in many different fields, TensorFlow is primarily used for deep learning in practice and research.
  • 2. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 01 | Jan-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1036 2. LITERATURE SURVEY 2.1 MRI Pre-processing and Filtering Pre-processing stage removes the noise and also high frequency artifact seen in the image. After these stages the medical image is converted into standard image without noise, film artifacts and labels. There are many methods to perform the above. 2.1.1 Histogram Equalization Technique The histogram equalization [1] is used to enhance the quality of the image. The continual probability density function and cumulative probability distribution functions are calculated. The Equation (1) is employed to calculate the cumulative probability distribution function. The frequency of occurrence of every gray value is calculated as well as the image is converted in a more useful form. From the histogram equalization the output image, we can easily notice that the contrast in the image is enhanced. The cumulative probability distribution function emerged by Fu (u)= ∫ Pu(u)du ….(1) Here u may be the image pixel value where each pixel carries a continuousprobability densityfunction. Pu(u) could be the continuousprobability density function,Fu(u)is the cumulative probability distribution function. [1] 2.1.2 Anisotropic Diffusion Filter Anisotropic diffusion filter [7] is a method for removing noise which is proposed by Persona and Malik. This method is for smoothing the image by preserving needed edges and structures. The purpose of these steps is basically Preprocessing involves removing low-frequency background noise, normalizing the intensityoftheindividual particles images, removing reflections andmaskingportions of images. Anisotropic filter is used to remove the background noise and thuspreserving the edge pointsinthe image. Diffusion constant which is related to the noise gradient and smoothing the background noisebyfiltering,so an appropriate threshold value is chosen. A higher diffusion constant value is taken to compare with theabsolutevalueof the noise gradient in its edge. 2.2 Segmentation Segmentation is a division of the digital image into multiple parts and objective process is to simplify the representation of the image to what is more pronounced for the analysis of the image. 2.2.1 Canny Edge Detection Technique: The Canny edge detection [2] operator, developed by John F. Canny in 1986, uses a multi-stage algorithm to detect a wide range of edges and involves the following steps: • Smooth the image with a Gaussian filter, • Compute the gradient magnitude and orientation using finite-difference approximations for the partial derivatives, • Apply non-maxima suppression, with the aid of the orientation image, to thin the gradient-magnitude edge image, • Track along edges starting from any point exceeding a higher threshold aslong asthe edge point exceedsthe lower threshold. • Apply edge linking to fill small gaps Applying canny edge detection technique to the MRI image in Fig.2, the result is shown in Fig.3. Fig -2: The original MRI Brain image. Fig -3: Brain image after applying canny edge detector 2.2.2 Adaptive Threshold Detection Technique: The adaptive threshold technique [2] is applied to the original MRI image illustrated in Fig.2. It is based on a simple concept, a parameter called defines the brightness threshold is chosen and applied to the imagepixelstodeliver the binary image shown in Fig.4.
  • 3. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 01 | Jan-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1037 Fig -4: The segmented image using Adaptive threshold method. 2.2.3 Threshold Segmentation: The threshold [1]of an image is calculated using the Equation (1). The output of the threshold image is a binary image. Thresholding creates binary images from grey-level ones by turning all pixels below some threshold to zero and all pixels above that threshold to 1. If g (x, y) is a threshold version of f (x, y) at some global threshold T, then g (x , y ) = 1 if f (x , y ) > T 0 if f (x, y) < T (2) f (x , y) is the pixels in the input image and g (x , y ) is the pixels in the output image. 2.3 Feature Extraction: Feature extraction methodsare usedtogetthemost important features in the image to reduce the processing time and complexity in the image analysis. 2.3.1 LOG-Lindeberg Algorithm: • Read the image. • Number of blobs detected. • Calculate Laplacian of Gaussian parameters. • Calculate scale-normalized laplacian operator. • Search of local maxima. Applying LOG-Lindeberg algorithm to the original MRI Brain image shown in Fig.1 the resulting image is shown in Fig.5. Fig -5: The feature points of the segmented image are in blue. 2.3.2 Harris-Laplace Technique: Another method is Harris-Laplace [2]. It relies heavily on both the Harris measure and a Gaussian scale- space representation. The algorithm follows these steps: • Find the image parameters. • Scale these parameters. • Find the Harris feature. • Compute the Laplace. Fig.6 shows the result of applying Harris-Laplace to the segmented image is n in. Fig -6: The feature points of the segmented image are in blue. 2.4 Classification: In classification tasks, there are often several candidate feature extraction methods available. The most suitable method can be chosen by training neural networks to perform the required classification task using different input features (derived using different methods). The error in the neural network response to test examples providesan indication of the suitability of the corresponding input features (and thus method used to derive them) to the considered classification task. 2.4.1 SVM Technique: SVM [7] is one of the classificationtechniqueapplied on different fields such as face recognition, text categorization, cancer diagnosis, glaucoma diagnosis, microarray gene expression data analysis. SVM utilizes binary classification of brain MR image as normal or tumor affected. SVM divides the given data into decision surface, (i.e. a hyper plane) which divides the data into two classes. The prime objective of SVM is to maximize the margins between two classes of the hyper plane. Dimensionality reduction and precise feature set given as input to the SVM on the duration of training part as well as during the testing part. SVM is based on binary
  • 4. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 01 | Jan-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1038 classifier which employs supervised learning to provide better results. 2.4.2 MLP: In MLP [3], each node is a neuron with a nonlinear activation function. It is based on supervised learning technique. Learning take place by changing connection weights after each piece of data is processed, based on the amount of error in the target output as compared to the expected result. The goal of the learning procedure is to minimize error by improving the current values of the weight associated with each edge. Because of this backward changing process of the weights, model is named as back- propagation. 2.4.3 Naïve Bayes Technique: Naive bayes [3] is a supervised learning as well as statistical method for classification. It is simple probabilistic classifier based on Bayes theorem. It assumes that the value of a particular feature is unrelated to the presence or absence of any other feature. The prior probability and likelihood are calculated in order to calculate the posterior probability. The method of maximum posterior probability is used for parameter estimation. This method requires only a small amount of training data to estimate the parameters which are needed for classification. The time taken for training and classification is less. 2.4.4 CNN: Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) [4] have proven to be very successful frameworks for image recognition. In the past few years, variants of CNN models achieve increasingly better performance for object classification. The GOOGLE API Tensoflow [8], makes use of CNN with many layers. Some important layers are listed below. Fig -7: Structure of CNNs. Nuclear seed maps are fed into 6 layers of artificial neurons: three convolutional layers, two full-connected layers, and one softmax layer. 2.4.4.1 CONVOLUTION: This moving filter, or convolution, applies to a certain neighbourhood of nodes (which may be the input nodes i.e. pixels) as shown below, where the filter applied is 0.5 x the node value. Fig -8: Convolution The output of the convolutional mapping is then passed through some formof non-linear activation function, often the rectified linear unit activation function. 2.4.4.2 POOLING: Again it is a “sliding window” type technique, but in this case, instead of applying weights the pooling applies some sort of statistical function over the values within the window. Most commonly, the function used is the max () function, so max pooling will take the maximumvaluewithin the window. Fig -9: Pooling 2.4.4.3 RECTIFIED LINEAR UNIT (RELU): Usually a layer in a neural network has some input, say a vector, and multipliesthat by a weight matrix,resulting i.e. again in a vector. However, most layers in neural networksnowadays involve nonlinearities. Hence an add-on function that, you might say, adds complexity to these output values. It is defined as
  • 5. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 01 | Jan-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1039 f(x) = max(0,x) Therefore it’s not differentiable. The derivative of Relu is very simple. 1 if x > 0, 0 otherwise. 2.4.4.4 SOFTMAX: Softmax regression is a generalized form of logistic regression which can be used in multi-class classification problems where the classes are mutually exclusive. The Softmax function squashes the outputs of each unit to be between 0 and 1, just like a sigmoid function. But it also divides each output such that the total sum of the outputs is equal to 1. Fig-10: Softmax 3. COMPARISON TABLE Table -1: Comparison between Various Papers Author Paper Title Techniques Used Observation Abd El Kader Isselmou, Shuai Zhang, Guizhi Xu A Novel Approach for Brain Tumor Detection Using MRI Images Median, High pass filter, Threshold Segmentatio n Accuracy of around 95.5% Ehab F. Badran, Esraa Galal Mahmoud, and Nadder Hamdy An Algorithm for Detecting Brain Tumors in MRI Images Canny edge detection, Neural Network used for classification The canny edge detection algorithm used produces the inaccuracy of 15-16%. Komal Sharma, Akwinder Kaur , Shruti Gujral Brain Tumor Detection based on Machine Learning Algorithm MLP and Naïve Bayes are used. Accuracy can probably be increased by considering a large data set. Athiwaratkun, Ben & Kang Feature Representation in Convolutional Neural Networks CNN along with SVM is used. This approach may fail when dealing with large dataset. J. T. Kwak and S. M. Hewitt Nuclear Architecture Analysis of Prostate Cancer via Convolutional Neural Networks CNN is used to identify Prostate cancer. CNN alone requires more computational power. Mahmoud Al- Ayyoub, Ghaith Husari, Ahmad Alabed-alaziz and Omar Darwish Machine Learning Approach for Brain Tumor Detection Machine Learning approach used, neural network classification algorithm, Lazy-IBk Much higher accuracy can be achieved by gaining a better dataset with high-resolution images. N. Subash and J. Rajeesh Brain Tumor Classification Using Machine Learning SVM Accuracy can be increased with CNN along with SVM. 4. CONCLUSION Brain tumour diagnosis has become a vital one in medical field because they are caused by abnormal and uncontrolled growing of cellsinside the brain. Brain tumour detection is done using MRI and analysing it. The machine learning is very powerful strategy for the detection of the cancer tumour from MRI. A much higher accuracy can be achieved by gaining images taken directly from the MRI scanner. The Tensorflow can be used to tackle the problem of Classification. REFERENCES [1] Isselmou, A., Zhang, S. and Xu, G. (2016) A Novel Approach for Brain Tumor Detection Using MRI Images. Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering, 9, 44-52. doi: 10.4236/jbise.2016.910B006.M. Young, The Technical Writer’sHandbook. Mill Valley,CA:University Science, 1989. [2] E. F. Badran, E. G. Mahmoud and N. Hamdy, "An algorithm for detecting brain tumors in MRI images," The 2010 International Conference on Computer Engineering & Systems, Cairo, 2010, pp. 368- 373. doi: 10.1109/ICCES.2010.5674887K. Elissa, “Title of paper if known,” unpublished. [3] Komal Sharma, Akwinder Kaur and Shruti Gujral. Article: Brain Tumor Detection based on Machine Learning Algorithms. International JournalofComputer Applications 103(1):7-11, October 2014.K. Elissa, “Title of paper if known,” unpublished. [4] Athiwaratkun, Ben & Kang, Keegan. (2015). Feature Representation in Convolutional Neural Networks.K. Elissa, “Title of paper if known,” unpublished.
  • 6. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 01 | Jan-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1040 [5] J. T. Kwak and S. M. Hewitt, "Nuclear Architecture Analysis of Prostate Cancer via Convolutional Neural Networks," in IEEE Access, vol. 5, pp. 18526-18533, 2017.Athiwaratkun, Ben & Kang, Keegan. (2015). Feature Representation in Convolutional Neural Networks. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2747838 [6] Mahmoud Al-Ayyoub, Ghaith Husari, Ahmad Alabed- alaziz and Omar Darwish, "Machine Learning Approach for Brain Tumor Detection", ICICS '12 Proceedingsofthe 3rd International Conference on Information and Communication Systems, Article-23, 2012-04-03. [7] N. Subash and J. Rajeesh, "Brain Tumor Classification Using Machine Learning" In International SciencePress, I J C T A, 8(5), 2015, pp. 2335-2341. [8] Mart´ın Abadi, Ashish Agarwal, Paul Barham, Eugene Brevdo, Zhifeng Chen, Craig Citro, Greg S. Corrado,Andy Davis, Jeffrey Dean, Matthieu Devin, Sanjay Ghemawat, Ian Goodfellow, Andrew Harp, Geoffrey Irving, Michael Isard, Yangqing Jia, Rafal Jozefowicz, Lukasz Kaiser, Manjunath Kudlur, Josh Levenberg, Dan Man´e, Rajat Monga, Sherry Moore, Derek Murray, Chris Olah, Mike Schuster, Jonathon Shlens, Benoit Steiner, Ilya Sutskever, Kunal Talwar, Paul Tucker, Vincent Vanhoucke, Vijay Vasudevan, Fernanda Vi´egas, Oriol Vinyals, Pete Warden, Martin Wattenberg,MartinWicke, Yuan Yu, and Xiaoqiang Zheng.“TensorFlow:Large-scale machine learning on heterogeneous systems”, 2015. Software available from tensorflow.org.