© OECD/IEA 2017 © OECD/IEA 2017

© OECD/IEA 2017
Context
 The 2015 Sustainable Development Goals recognise energy access as the “golden
thread” that weaves together human development, economic growth & sustainability
 Yet, this report finds that today, 1.1 billion people lack access to electricity &
2.8 billion people do not have access to clean cooking
 Women without access bear the burden, spending over 5 hours each day gathering
wood & cooking on polluting stoves, linked to 2.8 million premature deaths each year
 The declining costs of renewables and digital technologies are transforming the
electricity access landscape
 But is this new political momentum & technology progress enough to bring
universal access to modern energy?

© OECD/IEA 2017
Women are disproportionately impacted by lack of energy
access
Average number of hours spent collecting fuel per day per household
A high reliance on biomass for cooking in many countries means that women and children
without clean cooking access spend an average of 1.4 hours/day collecting fuel
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1
2
3
4
5
Hours
Number of hours per day Share of population relying on biomass for cooking (right axis)

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A lack of access to clean cooking facilities kills
Population without access to clean cooking & related premature deaths, 2015
Household air pollution is responsible for 2.8 million premature deaths every year,
concentrated in countries with a high reliance on biomass and coal for cooking
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
200
400
600
800
1 000
1 200
China India Sub-Saharan
Africa
Other
developing
Asia
Other
Southeast Asia
Indonesia
Millionprematuredeaths
Millionpeople
Traditional use of biomass Coal Kerosene Premature deaths (right axis)

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Improved access to clean cooking remains elusive
Impact of policies and population growth on the number of people without access to clean cooking
In many regions, the impact of policies is over-shadowed by population growth
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
2 500
3 000
2000 2015
Millionpeople
Rest of the world
Sub-Saharan Africa
Other developing Asia
India
China
Population
gaining access
Population
growth

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Million
people
200
400
600
2000 2005 2010 2016
Progress in electricity access is seen in all world regions,
but sub-Saharan Africa lags behind
Population without electricity access
Many countries, led by India, are on track to achieving full electrification by 2030,
but – despite recent progress – efforts in sub-Saharan Africa need to redouble
Sub-Saharan
Africa
India
Other Asia
2020 2025 2030
India
Other Asia
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Million
200
400
600
2000 2005 2010 2016
Sub-Saharan
Africa
India
Other Asia
2020 2025 2030

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A shift in the electricity access paradigm
Population gaining access by source
Declining cost of renewables and innovative off-grid business models are
transforming the way access is delivered, especially in rural areas
Fossil fuels
39%
2017-2030
Coal
16%
Gas
9%
Other
14%
2000-2016
Renewables
30%
Coal
45%
Gas
19%
Other, 7%
Renewables
61%
Renewables
30%
Grid
27%
Renewables
61%
Decentralised
38%
Grid
23%

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Achieving access for all by 2030

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An IEA strategy to universal electricity access
On-Grid
Mini-Grid
Off-Grid
Existing grid
 Grid extension for 150 million additional people,
with hydro accounting for the lion’s share
 Decentralised solutions, mainly solar PV, for the
remaining 450 million people in rural areas
 An additional $26 billion per year is needed in
electricity generation and grids
In 2030, 90% of those without access in sub-Saharan Africa are in rural areas;
electricity for all needs an acceleration in the deployment of decentralised systems
Least-cost solution for delivering universal electricity access in the Energy for All Case, 2030

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Efficient appliances provide more for less
Efficient appliances bring down the cost of delivering electricity access
with off-grid solutions by one-third

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The deployment of a range of clean fuels and technologies can lower premature deaths
related to household air pollution from 2.5 to 0.7 million in 2030
Today 2030
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
2 500
3 000Million
people
Population without
access to clean cooking
Clean cooking for all: what will it take?
90%
10%
Clean fuels and technologies used for
cooking in developing countries in the
Energy for All Case, 2030
Gained access
in the Central
Scenario
Gained access
in the Energy
for All Case
Biomass
(improved)
16%
LPG
30%Gas
35%
Electricity
17%
Other, 2%
2000

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New test protocols are required for lab tests, but field campaigns can not
be replaced to understand implications of some issues like “stove stacking”
• lack of results for ICS proving
statistically significant reduction
in emissions
• For micro-gasifiers evidence
based results don’t comply with
WHO targets
Laboratory Tests
Clean cooking
To promote evidence-based “improved” technologies
 assess stoves’ performance
under controlled conditions =>
may improve ICSs design
 fixed cooking system – pot,
fuel, burn sequence
 fixed Boundary Condition:
room size, shape & ventilation
 expert users: ability to
operate the stove may vary
 Integrating local context factor
i.e different burn sequences
“improved” and “clean” technologies

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Technological choice is strongly influenced by local practice and culture,
such as speed of cooking, taste of traditional dishes and family harmony
90%
10%
Cooking fuels &technologies: trade-offs
1.Go local
2.Convince people of the benefits
3.Engage women
4.Monitor and adapt
5.Use a subsidy when necessary
Clean cooking programmes: best practise
Clean cooking
To promote evidence-based “improved” technologies

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Woman’s relief may start a virtuous cycle of opportunities to unveil diversity
within the energy supply chain for socio-economic activities
Clean cooking:
to unveil a gender-based opportunity for society
90%
10%
Energy Solutions 4 productive uses
Women’s relief at household level
Toward Clean
Cooking
for all
HealthEntrepreneurs
TimeEnergy business
…technologies, business models…
Diversity in socio-economic thinking

Energy Solutions need to be designed FOR - BY - WITH the people
without them, no transformative change in energy access could be achieved
The power of human capital:
To exploit more effectively capacity building
…beyond delivering
«training hours»
... capacity
building
«Appropriate energy
solutions…must respond
to the needs, capacities,
and aspirations of people
and be absorbed within
the local culture…”Comprehesive
and life cycle
approach
Mix of Teaching
Strategies and Tools
Diversified
Targets for
Diversified
Skills
SEAR Special Report, 2017:
The Power of human Capital, the World Bank

Systemic integration of functions, data and governance may generate
more effective resource management and equitable access to services
A new paradigm of Infrastructure: to foster
Integration among services
The ‘leapfrogging’ transformation toward SMART & Integrated
infrastructure may match the need of People, Planet & Prosperity
Toward Smart and Integrated
Infrastructure for Africa, ICA
Background Paper 2017
Inter-sectorial synergies are crucial among energy, transport
and ICT and other services provided
1. right asset of governance is in place and
2. multidimensional involvement of citizens is enabled
Limited Access to other services like ICT and transport beyond energy
Internet<30%Broadband<5%
Rails ~15%Passengers ~5% Goods ~3%

© OECD/IEA 2017
Realising energy for all won’t cost the earth
Additional impact of the Energy for All Case relative to the Central Scenario, 2030
The benefits of achieving universal energy access by 2030 far outweigh the costs
0%Net increase in
greenhouse-gas
emissions
1.8Million deaths
avoided annually
2Months of work
saved annually
per woman
1.9%
Increase in
global energy
investment

© OECD/IEA 2017
Conclusions
 Achieving energy for all is essential for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals,
especially for improving livelihoods, health, gender equality and education
 Cost declines in solar and energy efficiency open new and viable rural electrification
strategies to “leave no one behind”
 Universal access to clean cooking cannot be achieved unless it is elevated on the
political agenda and women are at the heart of delivering solutions
 Energy access and climate goals are not in conflict
 The IEA will continue to lead in providing data, analysis and policy guidance to support
governments & the international community to achieve SDG 7.1 – energy for all

© OECD/IEA 2017
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