2. • The beginning of public schooling 1688
• Swedish time: development of gymnasiums
and TU 1632
• Wars and home schooling
• Alexander I and co-educational schooling
1804
• Alexander II and russification 1882
• Secondary schools with the Estonian
language of instruction 1906
Looking back

3. Today
• 520 schools – majority with the Estonian
language of instruction
• 74 schools with the Russian language of
instruction
• 8 schools with the English language of
instruction
• 1 Finnish school
• German language department at Tallinn
German Gymnasium

4. • Trilingualism since the beginning of the 20th
century
• Rational arrangement of FL teaching 1918-
1940
• Soviet period 1945-1960
• School experiments, e.g. language specialist
schools, CLIL
• TPD since 1990 and support
Foreign languages or the fate of
small nations is to be multilingual

5. • Languages of minorities at Sunday schools
• Estonian as the 2nd language
• Choice and A, B, C foreign language
• Equal status of foreign languages
• Promoting Estonian abroad – schools and
universities
Languages today

6. • Learning from experience
• Language competence as core competence
• More attention to teaching and learning
Estonian
• Acknowledging diversity
• Estonian language of instruction at schools –
dealing with fears and applying different models
• Expanding the choice of FL, paths of learning
and CLIL
• Certification
Languages tomorrow