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2. ₪ INTRODUCTION
₪ WHAT ARE FILLERS?
₪ PROPERTIES OF A FILLER
₪ FILLERS USED IN VARIOUS MATERIALS
₫ COMPOSITES
₫ CERAMICS
₫ AMALGAM
₫ DIRECT FILLING GOLD
₫ TEMPORARY CEMENTS
₫ INVESTMENT MATERIALS
₫ CASTING ALLOYS
₫ IMPRESSION MATERIALS
₫ ENDODONTICS
₪ REFERENCES
₪ CONCLUSION
4. MATRIX ALONE IS NOT STRONG ENOUGH TO
SUPPORT OCCLUSAL LOAD AND CONTRACTS
EXCESSIVELY DURING POLYMERIZATION,
THERFORE REINFORCING IT WITH CERTAIN KIND
OF MATERIALS USED PROVIDES THE MATERIAL
ADEQUATE STRENGTH.
6. PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
TO INCREASE FILLER LOADING, IT IS
NECESSARY TO ADD FILLER IN A RANGE OF
PARTICLE SIZES.
IF SINGLE SIZE IS USED SPACE WILL EXIST
BETWEEN THE PARTICLE.
SMALL PARTICLE SIZE FILLERS THEN FILL
THESE SPACES.
7. REFRACTORY INDEX
FOE ESTHETIC MATERIALS, SHOULD HAVE
TRANSLUCENCY SIMILAR TO THAT OF TOOTH.
1.5
AMOUNT OF FILLER ADDED
AS FILLER CONTENT INCREASES, THE
FLUIDITY REDUCES.
DEGREE OF FILLER ADDITION IS
REPRESENTED IN TERMS OF WT % AND VOL %.
HIGHER FILLER CONTENT, LOWER WATER
8. SURFACE ROUGHNESS
FILLER PARTICLES ARE GENERALLY HARDER
THAN THE MATRIX.
DURING FINISHING SOME FILLER PARTICLES
MAY PROTRUDE FROM SURFACE.
IF PARTICLE SIZE PROTRUDING IS SMALL,
THEN RESULTING SURFACE ROUGHNESS IS OF
LITTLE CONCERN.
9. RADIOPACITY
BARIUM
ZINC THESE ARE USED
BORON TO PRODUCE
RADIOPACITY
ZIRCONIUM
YTTRIUM
SURFACE AREA
SMALLER THE PARTICLE SIZE LARGER IS THE
SURFACE AREA.
11. Composite is any material that is composed of hard,
pebble-like filler particles similar to sand or
pebbles, surrounded by a hard matrix of a second
material which binds the filler particles together.
The filler particles can be any coarseness varying
from large rocks to microscopically fine powder.
12. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON FILLER PARTICLE
SIZE
MEGAFILL
MACROFILL
VERY LARGE
10-100 U m
PARTICLE SIZE
0.5-2MM
MIDIFILL
1-10 U M
MINIFILL MICROFILL
O.1 – 1 U M 0.1 – 0.01 U M
13. HYBRID
NANOFILL
MIXED RANGE OF
0.005 – 0. 01 U M PARTICLE SIZES
HOMOGENEOUS
FILLERS +UNCURED MATRIX
MATERIAL
MODIFIED
HETEROGENEOUS THESE ARE NOVEL
FILLER MODIFICATION
PRECURED COMPOSITE IN ADDITION TO
OR OTHER UNUSUAL CONVENTIONAL
FILLERS FILLER
15. DISADVANTAGE
DIFFICULT TO FINISH & POLISH
HARDER THAN RESIN MATRIX, SO PROTRUDES
ON SURFACE WHICH MAY ACT AS AREAS OF
STRESS CONCENTRATION.
CAN ABRADE OPPOSING TOOTH.
16. TYPE OF FILLERS
GROUND QUARZ
COLLOIDAL SILICA
GLASS OR CERAMIC CONTAINING HEAVY
METALS
alumina silicate borosilicate
PURE SILICA OCCURS AS CRISTOBALLITE
TRIDYMITE
QUARTZ
17. QUARTZ
USED IN CONVENTIONAL COMPOSITES.
CHEMICALLY INERT.
VERY HARD.
DIFFICULT TO POLISH.
ABRADES OPPOSING TOOTH.
0.1 – 1.00 UM
18. COLLOIDAL SILICA
MICROFILLER
0.04 UM OR LESS
ADDED IN SMALL AMOUNT AS THEY HAVE
LARGE SURFACE AREA.
SIZE SMALLER THAN WAVELENGTH OF
LIGHT, SO BETTER POLISHING.
20. MACROFILLERS
FINELY GROUND AMORPHOUS SILICA OR
QUARTZ.
AVERAGE SIZE 8 – 12 um.
PARTICLES AS LARGE AS 50 um MAY ASLO BE
PRESENT.
FILLER LOADING IS 70 – 80 % BY WEIGHT
60 -70 % BY VOLUME
ADVANTAGE
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH IMPROVED OF
COMPOSITE DUE TO TRANSFER OF STRESS FROM
21. REDUCES WATER SORPTION,
POLYMERIZATION SHRINKAGE, THERMAL
EXPANSION.
DISADVANTAGE
ROUGH SURFACE DEVELOPS DURING
ABRASIVE WEAR OF SOFT RESIN MATRIX.
EXPOSING MORE OF FILLER PARTICLE,
THAT PROTRUDE FROM THE SURFACE.
ALSO LEAD TO DISCOLORATION.
22. MICROFILLERS
0.04 um.
80 % BY WEIGHT.
60 % BY VOLUME.
PROBLEMS OF SURFACE ROUGHENING & LOW
TRANSLUNENCY ASSOCIATED WITH
MACROFILLED COMPOSITES ARE OVERCOME BY
USE OF COLLOIDAL SILICA.
23. ADVANTAGE
SMOOTH SURFACE.
INORGANIC FILLER PARTICLE SMALLER
THAN
ABRASIVES, SO SILICA REMOVED ALONG WITH
RESIN, LEAVING SMOOTH, POLISHED SURFACE.
DISADVANTAGE
REDUCES TENSILE STRENGTH.
INCREASES WATER SORPTION.
24. SMALL PARTICLE
0.5 – 3 um.
FILLERS ADDED ARE GROUND QUARTZ TO
IMPROVE SUTFACE ROUGHNESS & RETAIN OR
IMPROVE PYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
TRADITIONAL COMPOSITES.
80 -90 % BY WEIGHT.
65 – 70 % BY VOLUME.
25. ADVANTAGES
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH EXCEED THAT OF
TRADITIONAL COMPOSITES.
HIGH MODULUS OF ELASTICITY.
HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH.
SURFACE SMOOTHNESS IS ALMOST SIMILAR
TO THAT ACHIEVED BY MICROFILLERS.
GREAT WEAR RESISTANCE, THUS CAN BE
USED IN HIGH STRESS BEARING AREAS.
26. HYBRID FILLERS
0.6 – 1.0 um.
DEVELOPED IN AN EFFORT TO OBTAIN EVEN
BETTER SMOOTHNESS THAN THAT PROVIDED BY
SMALL PARTICLE, WHILE STILL MAINTAINING THE
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES.
COLLOIDAL SILICA & GROUND PARTICLES OF
GLASSES CONTAINING HEAVY METAL .
27. ADVANTAGES
SMALLER PARTICLE SIZE + GREATTER
AMOUNT OF MICROFILLERS
INCREASES SURFACE AREA
THUS, OVERALL FILLER LOADING IS NOT AS
HIGH AS SMALL PARTICLE.
PROVIDING A SMOOTH &POLISHED
SURFACE.
PHYSICAL & MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
RANGE BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AND
28. PACKABLE COMPOSITES
BASED ON PRIMM, WHERE THE FILLER CONTENT IS
INCREASED AND MATRIX CONENT REDUCED.
THE NOVEL FILLERS USED INCREASED THE
FILLER SURFACE AREA THAT WOULD ABSORB MORE
MATRIX & THUS AVOID STICKINESS.
THE FIRST FEW PACKABLE COMPOSITES USED
FUSED PARTICLE AGGLOMERATES, FIBROUS FILLER
ADDITINS AND BETTER FILLER PARTICLE PACKING
ARRANGEMENTS.
ALL THIS WILL REDUCE THE VISCOELASTICITY OF
29. EXAMPLES
SOLITAIRE
FILLER USED IS CRUSHED BARIUM
ALUMINOSILICATE .
THESE PARTICLES ARE BONDED AT HIGH
TEMPERATURES, CREATING LARGE PARTICLES WITH
COARSE STRUCTURE.
THE UNIQUE GEOMETRY OF THE FILLER
COMPONENT CREATES AN UNSET COMPOSITE WITH
PACKABLE BEHAVIOUR.
THIS IS BECAUSE OF FRICTION CAUSED BY SLIDING
30. ALERT
FILLER USED IS CRUSHED BARIUM
BOROALUMINOSILICATE + COLLOIDAL SILICA.
THESE ARE CHOPPED MICROGLASS FILLER +
CONVENTIONAL HYBRID FILLERS.
THE OVERALL CONSISTENCY IS SIMILAR TI THAT OF
TRITURATED AMALGAM.
31. SUREFIL
FILLER USED IS CRUSHED MIDIFILLER,
MINIFILLER, MICROFILLER.
THESE FILLER PARTICLES ARE MADE OF
BARIUMFLOURO ALUMINOSILICATE GLASS + SILICA.
THIS PERMITS HIGH PACKING DENITY AND
AMALGAM LIKE PROPERTIES.
32. FLOWABLE COMPOSITES
LOWER FILLER CONTENT THAN PACKABLE
COMPOSITES.
0.04 – 1.00 UM.
20 -25 % LESS THAN TRADITIONAL
COMPOSITES.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES INFERIOR.
FILLER CONTENT WAS REDUCED TO LET THE
MATERIAL FLOW READILY, SPREAD
UNIFORMLY & INTIMATELY ADAPT TO CAVITY
33. COMPOMERS
THESE MATERIALS CONTAIN
FUNCTIONAL GROUP OF POLY ACRYLIC ACID +
METHACRYLATE, FILLERS TO WHICH GLASS
PARTICLES ARE ADDED.
THERE FILERS HAVE FLOURIDE RELEASE
PROPERTY.
Eg. DYCRAT – CALCIUM FLOUROAMINO SILICATE
GLASS
- FINELY MILLED GLASS
34. SMART COMPOSITES
THESE CONTAIN BARIUM, ALUMINIUM,
FLOURIDE SILICATE GLASS FILLER WITH
YTTERBIUM TRI FLOURIDE, SILICON DIOXIDE
AND ALKALINE GLASS.
FILLER CONTENT
80% BY WEIGHT
60% BY VOLUME.
FLOURIDERELEASE IS LOWER THAN GLASS
IONOMER BUT MORE THAN COMPOMERS.
35. ORMOCERS
THESE ARE ORGANICALLY MODIFIED
CERAMICS.
FILLER USED IS SILICON OXIDE.
THESE ARE MODIFIED BY ADDING
FIBRE REINFORCED COMPOSITES
POLYMERIZABLE SIDE CHAINS.
FILLER HERE ARE THE IMPREGNATED
FIBERS.
GENERALLY 10-15 UM, CAN BE SUPPLIED AS,
PARALLEL GLASS FIBERS
WOVEN FIBERS
36. NANOFILLERS
0.005 – 0.01 UM.
THAT IS BELOW THE WAVELENGTH FOR
VISIBLE LIGHT (0.02 – 2UM),
AS THESE PARTICLES DO NOT INTERACT
WITH VISIBLE LIGHT THEY DO NOT PRODUCE
SCATTERING OR SIGNIFICANT ABSORPTION.
THE FILLERS HERE ARE NON-SILICATE
BASED, AS THEY DO NOT AGGLOMERATE,
UNLIKE THE SISLICA BASED FILLERS.
38. The new nanofiller and liquid-crystal filling material
reduce leakage by preventing shrinkage and resisting wear.
Before the cavity is filled with this resin, a new
treatment is applied to the pulp chamber to encourage
40. REFRACTORY MATERIAL
A material that withstands high temperature without
decomposing
or disintegrating.
Resists heat & force of casting.
Expands and compensates for casting shrinkage.
Silica
41. Quartz, Cristoballite, Tridymite, Fused
Quartz
inverts
Low form High form
(Alpha quartz) 575 0 C ( Beta quartz)
Cristoballite 200 0 C to 270 0 C
Tridymite 2 inversions at 117 0 C & 163 0 C.
Density decreases as alpha form converts to beta form,
with resulting increase in linear expansion.
Fused quartz is amorphous & glass like & exhibits no
inversion at
43. IN ADMIXED ALLOY, WHICH IS MADE OF 2
PARTS BY WEIGHT OF AgSn LATHE CUT ALLOY
AND 1 PART OF AgCu EUTECTIC ALLOY .
HERE AgCu ALLOY ACTS AS THE FILLER.
THIS HELPS IN STRENGTHENING OF SILVER
MATRIX.
TOTAL AMOUNT OF COPPER IS 9-20%.
COPPER GIVES STRENGTH
REDUCES FLOW & CREEP
INCREASES SETTING
EXPANSION
45. ELECTROLYTE PRECIPITATE GOLD, ALLOYED
WITH CALCIUM.
HERE CALCIUM ACTS AS FILLER.
0.1% CALCIUM.
ITS PURPOSE IS TO PRODUCE STRONGER
RESTORATIONS BY DISPERSION
STRENGTHENING.
OTHER FILLERS THAT CAN BE ADDED ARE
PALLADIUM
PLATINUM
INDIUM
47. PALLADIUM IS GENERALLY USED AS THE
FILLER HERE.
IN CLASS I ALLOYS 1-5% PALLADIUM
CLASS II ALLOYS 60% PALLADIUM
CLASS III ALLOYS MAINLY COMPOSED OF
PALLADIUM
PALLADIUM GIVES STRENGTH TO THE
CASTING ALLOYS.
49. ZINC OXIDE EUGENOL PASTE
25% TALC FILLER USED.
THESE ARE SMALL PARTICLES OF INERT
MATERIALS
ADDED TO GIVE STRENGTH TO MATERIAL
REDUCES PLASTICITY
OTHER FILLERS ADDED ARE FRENCH CHALK
DIATOMACEOUS EARTH
SOAP
50. AGAR
BORAX IS USED TO GIVE STRENGTH
OTHER FILLERS ADDED ARE CLAY
DIATOMACEOUS EARTH
SILICA
WAX
RUBBER
THESE ARE ADDED TO CONTROL STRENGTH
51. ALGINATE
DIATOMACEOUS EARTH FILLER
THESE GIVE STRENGTH
STIFFNESS
SMOOTH TEXTURE
ENSURE FORMATION OF A
SMOOTH,
NON-TACKY GEL
FORMS SOL BY DISPERSING
ALGINATE
53. INLAY WAX
INLAY WAX IS A COMPOSITION OF VARIOUS WAXES
WITH CONTROLLED PROPERTIES OF THERMAL
EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION.
PARAFFIN WAX IS THE MAJOR INGREDIENT OF 40 – 60
%, BUT LIKELY TO FLAKE WHEN TRIMMED AND DOES
NOT PRESENT SMOOTH SURFACE.
GUM DAMMAR IMPROVES SMOOTHNESS, INCREASES
TOUGHNESS AND RENDER IT MORE RESISTAMT TO
CRACKS.
CARNAUBA WAX ALSO ADDS TO GLOSSINESS AND HAS
HIGH MELTING POINT.
CERESIN REPLACES PART OF PARAFFIN WAX TO
55. CERAMICS
PURE QUARTZ
THIS WILL IMPART STRENGTH
FIRMNESS
TRANSLUCENCY
ALUMINA AND LEUCITE FILLERS
INFILTRATRED TO GIVE STRENGTH
INHIBIT CRACK PROPAGATION
57. ZINC PHOSPHATE CEMENT
FILLER USED IS SILICA.
1.4 %
AS FILLER CONTEMT IS INCREASED
₫STRENGTH OF THE CEMENT ALSO INCREASES
TO ABOUT 17,000 PSI.
₫FLUID AND WATER SORPTION REDUCES
₫LESS SOLUBILTIY & DISINTEGRATION
58. ZINC POLYCARBOXYLATE CEMENT
FILLER USED IS STANNOUS FLOURIDE.
AS FILLER CONTENT IS INCREASED
₫STRENGTH OF THE CEMENT ALSO INCREASES
TO ABOUT 7,000 - 9,000 PSI.
₫FLUID AND WATER SORPTION REDUCES.
₫LESS SOLUBILTIY & DISINTEGRATION.
₫ IMPARTS ANTICARIOGENIC PROPERTY.
59. ZINC OXIDE EUGENOL CEMENT
IN CONVENTIONAL CEMENT, USE OF ZINC
ACETATE AS FILLER HELPS INCRESING THE
STRENGTH.
IN EBA CEMENT, CERTAIN FILLERS LIKE
QUARTZ, FUSED QUARTZ, ALUMINA,
DICALCIUM PHOSPHATE, LEAD OXIDE,
MERCURIC OXIDE, ETC ARE ADDED TO IMPROVE
THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES.
IN RESIN MODIFIED ZOE, POLYMETHYL
METHACRYLATE RESIN INFILTRATED TO
60. GLASS IONOMER CEMENT
FILLER USED HERE IS 35 – 50 % SILICA
OTHERS, CALCIUM (15-20%), SODIUM (3-6%) &
ALUMINIUM (1.5-2.5%) FLOURIDE
GIVES GIC A STRENGTH OF 150 – 200 MPA.
RESIN MODIFIED GIC
SILICA FILLER USED, ONLY THE POLY ACRYIC ACID
HAS, A DIMETHACRYLATE MONOMER GRAFTED IN IT.
POLYACID MODIFIED GIC
METHACRYLATE GROUP + POLYACRYLIC ACID, FILLERS
TO WHICH GLASS PARTICLE ADDED
62. CALCIUM HY.DROXIDE AND MTA USED AS
RETROGRADE FILLING MATERIALS HAVE
TITANIUM OXIDE (12- 14 %)AS FILLER.
GUTTA PERCHA USES ZINC OXIDE AS FILLER
(66 %).
RESILON CONTAINS FILLER CONTENT OF
ABOUT 70% THAT COMPRISES OF CALCIUM
HYDROXIDE, BARIUM SULFATE, BARIUM GLASS
& SILICA.
64. The effect of ceramic and porous fillers
on the mechanical properties of
experimental dental composites.
Dent Mater. 2005 Jul 28
Rare earth oxide-containing fluorescent
glass filler for composite resin.
Dent Mater J. 2005 Mar;24(1):49-52.
65. An application of nanotechnology in
advanced dental materials.
J Am Dent Assoc. 2003
Oct;134(10):182-90.
Distribution of nanofillers from a
simplified-step adhesive in acid-
conditioned dentin.
J Adhes Dent. 1999;1(2):103-17.