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中国海南棕榈藤产业的机遇和挑战
Opportunities and Challenges
of the Rattan Sector in Hainan, China
竺肇华,中国林科院
Zhu Zhaohua, Chinese Academy of Forestry
2018.06. 26
1. 中国藤产业面临严重的原料短缺局面:
China's Rattan Industry is Facing a Serious Shortage of
Raw Materials
• - 中国的棕榈藤分布于东南亚藤中心区的北缘,分布在北纬24°以
南。有3个属40余种21个变种。
• Chinese rattan's distribution area is located in northern part of Asia of
the rattan distribution area, 24°latitude. There are 3 genera, 40 species
and 21 varieties.
中国的藤产业有悠久的历史,传统加工工艺精湛,在上世纪60年代之
前每年产藤10,000吨以上。中国藤资源大多分布在云南省和海南省。
但随着毁林开荒和大力发展用材林和经济林,以及不合理政策,藤资
源至80 ~ 90年代降到年产4000 ~ 5000吨,到现在只有3000 ~ 4000
吨
China's rattan sector has a long history and exquisite traditional
processing technology. China’s natural rattan resources mainly
distributed in Yunnan Province and Hainan Province. Before the
1960s, the annual production of raw materials was more than 10,000
tons. But with the deforestation and vigorous development of timber
forest and rubber forest, unreasonable policies, the rattan resources
dropped by 4000 to 5000 tons. Only about 3000 to 4000 tons at
present.
• - 改革开放后,中国在藤产业主要靠进口,80%以上的原藤来自国外,主要从
印尼,缅甸,越南等国进口。
• After the reform, China's rattan industry mainly relies on imports of raw materials.
More than 80% of original rattan are from abroad (Indonesia, Myanmar, Vietnam
and other countries)
我国历年原藤进出口 Import of Raw Materials
年度 Year 1981 1985 1987 1990 1993 1996 1998 2007 2010 2012
进口量(万t)by ton 16600 23300 51500 24000 40800 45100 34700 41000 34100 19700
进口值(100万美元)by million
US dollar
24.58 32.24 64.75 17.02 22.24 20.32 14.67 28 33.89 21.75
单价(美元/kg)US dollar by kg 1.481 1.121 1.258 0.708 0.545 0.451 0.423 0.683 0.994 0.944
出口值 export by million dollar 173 142 121.87
进出口总值 trade value 201 175.9 143.62
Trade value of
Rattan (million
dollar/year)
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
1981 1985 1987 1990 1993 1996 1998 2007 2010 2012
中国历年原藤进口量 Import by ton
进口量 Import by ton
• 从以上图表可以看出以下几点:
From the above chart we can see the following:
• 1. 中国的藤产业发展不完全取决于国内外市场需求,而主
要受制于国际原料供应状况的起落变化。
Chinese rattan industry development is not completely
determined in domestic and international market demand,
and is subject to the international raw material supply.
• 2.中国的藤产业发展由于原料供应不稳定,所以不像中国
其他产业(如竹产业)那样高速持续发展,甚至规模有下
降的趋势。
• The Chinese rattan industry due to unstable supply of raw
materials, faces a downward trend.
• 由于原藤价格快速上涨,不少低端大众产品和企业逐步退
出市场,国内现存的藤企业普遍向高质量,高档产品发展。
• 但是高端产品也存在制作成本高,利润率低,销售乏力的
挑战。
• Due to the rapid rise in prices of raw rattan, many low end
mass products and enterprises withdraw from the market,
and those who do not withdraw are generally in high quality
products development.
• They still face the challenge of high production costs, low
profit rate and weak sales.
2. 海南在中国藤产业发展的重要地位
Hainan has an Important Position in Chinese
Rattan Sector Development
• 2.1 海南概况 Brief Introduction
The Island of Hainan, locates in the south end of P. R. China, between
18°10′14″- 20°0′40″north latitude. The island has an total area of 34,000
km2. The island locates between tropical zone and sub-tropical zone, 42.5%
of the island belongs to tropical zone, with tropical monsoon and tropical
maritime climate.
In 1994, Hainan was the first Province in China that implement the ban of
logging natural forests
The forest coverage increased from 38% in 1990 to 61% in 2015.
• 2.2 海南的天然藤资源调查
• 中国棕榈藤分布于南亚热带和热带,其中海南和云南西南部(西
双版纳)是两个中心所在。海南天然分布有3个种、13个科1个变
种。主要经济价值较高的藤有红藤 Daemonorops jankinsianus; 单叶
省藤 Calamus simplicifolius; 大白藤 Calamus faberii; 鸡藤 Calamus
tetradactylus.
• 2.2 Survey on natural rattan resources in Hainan
• China's rattan distribution is in the southern subtropical and tropical
area of which Hainan and Yunnan southwest (Xishuangbanna) is the
center. Hainan natural distribution has 3 genera, 13 species and 1
variety. High economic value species are Daemonorops jankinsianus;
Calamus simplicifolius; Calamus faberii; Calamus tetradactylus.
• 2.3 海南的藤是与天然林相伴而生的,主要集中在中部山区和天
然林内。为摸清海南天然藤的家底GTZ/INBAR项目于2004 – 2005
年对海南重点产藤区的6个县 进行了野外实地调查。采用的方
法为随机样方调查法,这六个县覆盖大约全海南藤资源的65%
左右。
• Hainan rattan always grows in the natural forests, mainly
concentrated in the natural forest in central mountainous area. In
2004 to 2005, Hainan GTZ/INBAR bamboo rattan project carried out
rattan resources inventory in 6 six counties of the main rattan
production county. The method used was random sample survey.
These 6 counties covered 65% of all Hainan rattan resources.
含藤天然林面积(ha)
Area
藤的总丛数
Number of
clump
每公顷丛数
clump by ha
藤茎数rattan stems
(million)
其中>5m 1-5m <1m
保亭 Baoting 51153 ha 22680996 444.0 125.44 28.80% 22.80% 54.40%
五指山 Wuzhishan 67431 ha 11196019 166.5 83.32 17.34% 46.45% 36.25%
白沙Baisha 80275 ha 14649456 183.0 49.11 23.58% 35.53% 40.89%
乐东Ledong 81,880 10496625 128.0 43.94 25.31% 43.56% 31.13%
琼中Chongzhong 99,680 18311000 183.0 53.74 22.65% 51.50% 26.25%
陵水Lingshui 19,074 3855377 202.0 12.00 22.25% 52.83% 24.92%
含藤天然林面积
Natural forest with rattan
ha
399,493
总丛数
Total clump
81189473 367.55 80.08 136.67 150.08
百分比 percent 94%
平均
Average
205.2/ha 23.96% 37.18% 38.86%
不含藤天然林面积
Natural forest not with
rattan ha
25,366
6%
天然林总面积
Total area of natural forest
424,859
Rattan Resources in the 6 counties
藤种组成 Ratio of Different Rattan Species in Natural Forest
红藤 Daemonorops
margaritae
小白藤
Calamus
tetradactylus
厘藤calamus
simplicifolius
大白藤
C. Faberii
木藤
C. rhabdocladus
其他
Others
保亭Baoting 78.90% 19.80% 1.30%
五指山Wuzhishan 69.40% 29.70% 0.90%
白沙baisha 28.40% 47.80% 3.00% 0.80%
乐东Ledong 75.60% 9.70% 7.50% 7.20%
琼中Chongzhong 57.20% 6.00% 36.80%
陵水Linshui 76.70% 0.50% 4.50% 14.30% 9.10% 0.90%
含藤天然林面积 Natural forest
with rattanha
269.53 44.59 7.93 7.06
百分比 percent 73.33% 12.11% 2.16% 1.92%
• 2.4 从调查结果可以得出以下结论:海南野生藤资源丰富,6个县共有天
然林面积424,859ha,其中94%的天然林面积有藤分布。平均每公顷203,2
丛藤。共有8119万丛藤、3.68亿条藤茎,平均每丛4.5条。其中23.96%为
5m以上,共8008万条。如果以每条0.8公斤干藤计算,5m以上总产量为
64,064吨。如每年采收以20%计算,则每年潜在产量可达12,813吨。可见
海南有发展藤产业的巨大潜力。
• From the results, the following conclusions can be drawn: Hainan is rich in
natural rattan resources. The six counties have total natural forests area of
424859 ha, 94% of natural forests have rattan distribution, the average is
203.2 clumps per ha, 81.19 million clumps in total with 368 million stems of
rattan, in average there are 4.5 stems in each clump. Can produce 64 tons
with stems more than 5 meters. Hainan has the potential produce 12,813
tons per year of rattan.
• 2.5 资源分散不均,人为破坏严重:海南的藤资源分布十分不均匀,
如保亭平均每公顷有444丛藤,而乐东只有128丛。人为破坏严重,
大部分藤茎不足2 – 3米就被砍伐。有进40%的藤茎不足1米长。大面
积天然次生林被松树、桉树、槟郎和热带水果所代替。野生藤在当
地缺乏严格的权属和保护政策。所以在海南实际每年的藤产量不足
2000吨。
• Resources are unevenly distributed and there is serious human damage.
Hainan rattan resource distribution is not uniform, such as Baoting
average per ha is 444 rattan clumps, and Ledon is only 128 clumps. The
destruction is serious, most of the stems are less than 2 to 3 meters when
being cut down. About 40% of rattan stems are cut down before the stem
is less than 1 meter. A large area of natural forests was replaced by pine,
eucalyptus, Penang Lang and tropical fruits. There is lack of ownership
and protection policies. So the actual production of raw materials is less
than 2000 tons per year.
• 2.6 品种单一,优质藤种比例低:由于人为选择性采集,及森林环境的变
坏,一些优质藤种如单叶省藤(C. Simplicifolius)大白藤(C.faberii)的比
例很小,分别只占2.16%和1.92%。而抗逆性和耐旱性较强但质地较差的红
藤(D.jankinsianus)占的比例最大(73.33%)。有着巨大的资源优化空间。
• Varieties of high quality rattan is low due to the local people choosing the best
species for harvest. The forest environment was deteriorated, some of the fine
species of rattan for instance C. Simplicifolius and C. Faberii have a low ratio,
were only accounted for 2.16% and 1.92% respectively. D. Jankinsianus has a
strong resistance to drought and poor soil, therefore accounts for largest
proportion (73.33%). There is huge space for resource optimization.
• 2.7 海南藤产业发展潜力巨大:海南除了国家自然保护外,尚有
近33万公顷的低价值天然次生林和大面积的松树人工林以及大面
积河流两岸坡地都适合发展人工藤林。还有海南有大面积橡胶林,
至少胶园四周非常合适种藤。海南中部山区,群众贫困,是国家
级贫困县,缺乏致富门路。发展藤产业是海南山区在群众扶贫致
富的最佳选择之一,也是我国藤资源培育的最佳基地。
• Development for rattan sector in Hainan has great potential. Hainan
in addition to the National Nature Reserve, still has nearly 33 million
ha of low value natural secondary forests and large areas of
plantations on both sides of river which are suitable for development
of rattan. These is also large areas of rubber plantations. The
mountains of central Hainan have mass poverty and lack
opportunities. The development of rattan industry is one of the best
choices for the masses to relieve poverty and cultivate rattan. Hainan
can become best base for rattan industry development.
3. A summary of GTZ/INBAR Bamboo and Rattan Project
Report(2002-2005)
3.1 Why was the B&R Project became a component of the Sino-
German Cooperation - Hainan, Rehabilitation and Protection of
Tropical Forest?
Lingania chungii Daemonorops margaritae Becc.
3.1.2 Natural Forest Protection Project carried out by
the Provincial Government
• Since 1984, hillsides have
been closed to grow forests
• In 1994, Hainan was the first
Province in China that
implement the ban of logging
natural stands
• The forest coverage increased from
38% in1990 to 61% now
• There are 0.3-0.4 million ha of low-valued secondary forests, shrubs,
converted lands (from forestlands) that are suitable for rattan cultivation
under forest.
•Daemonorops margaritae Becc.
3.1.3 Non-timber forest product development, especially
bamboo and rattan (B&R) development is one of the best
choices for Hainan, especially for the Central Mountain
region
• With these protective policies in place and working effectively the
German technical aid agency GTZ and the Government of Hainan
have been funding an technical cooperation project– “Rehabilitation
and Protection of Tropical Forests”
 One major drawback of the logging ban policies in the Central Mountain region is that the
local people have been cut-off from their traditional income-generating resources, and their
development has lagged behind other parts of the province. Non-timber forest product
development, especially bamboo and rattan (B&R) development is one of the best choices for
Hainan.
3.1.4 Challenges after the implementation of the
Natural Forest Protection Project
The natural condition in Hainan is suitable for the
growth of bamboo and rattan. There are 26 natural
bamboo species and 3varieties of bamboo and 13 natural
rattan species and 1 variety. These ample genetic
resources press for protection and development.
3.2 INBAR/GTZ Bamboo and Rattan Project
• 3.2.1 Therefore, GTZ, INBAR and the Forestry Bureau of Hainan
Province decided to launch the B&R project in Hainan in May 2001.
3.2.2 Objectives of the Project
The objectives of the project are to capacity build production institutions and
organizations, to enhance the development of the bamboo and rattan
sectors, to protect and develop bamboo and rattan resources, to improve
local environments and forest protection, and to develop sustainable
livelihoods and the rural economy.
3.2.3 Main Project Activities from 2001 - 2005
• Enhancing awareness on the roles of Bamboo and Rattan
development
• The protection for natural forests has been carried out since 1984, however, the
protection policies for R&B resources hasn't been made yet, as a result, the
natural R&B resources, including some species with high value have been
destroyed.
• Although Hainan has superior natural conditions for bamboo and rattan
development, the local government officials and people have little knowledge of
it’s significance. It has been necessary and important to carry out various forms
of activities to enhance people’s awareness. The following activities have been
carried out:
• Activity 1: Project Workshop was held in Hainan and Yunnan (April, 2000)
to provide the government officials in the forestry departments with
ideas on the feasibility and necessity of B&R development in Hainan.
Activity 2: Study tours: In 5 years, the project organized or assisted 7
study tours to bamboo and rattan advanced areas in Zhejiang, Fujian,
Guangdong and Yunnan Provinces; totally 77 people including
government officials and technicians and entrepreneurs from the main
project target area participated these study tours.
Activity 3: During September 7-8, 2001, the project organized the Hainan
Bamboo and Rattan Development Symposium and Cooperation
Consultation Workshop – a conference with 103 representatives from all
levels of Hainan’s government (planning, forestry, finance, economy and
trade, land and resources, women’s associations, and media), scientists and
technicians, entrepreneurs from Hainan and other provinces .
Activity 4: On-site-meetings: It is necessary to organize local officers,
farmers to visit each other’s sites and exchange experiences. The project
organized 3 large scale on-site-meetings providing the exchanging
opportunities.
• The results of the above awareness raising activities were:
•Government:
• In 2001, the Forestry Bureau of Hainan
Province issued the policies to protect rattan
resources, banning to harvest natural rattan
resources for three years.
• Identified special policies for the bamboo and
rattan sectors, especially the policy of the
certification for rattan and medical plant
cultivation under secondary forests by
individual farmers and private enterprises
• Developed a provincial plan for bamboo and
rattan sectoral development
• Enterprises:
• Some enterprises from the other provinces decided to set up
factories in Hainan
• Local enterprises decided to invest in the bamboo and rattan sectors
Photo by Hainan Hongqi Rattan Technology
Co.,Ltd.
• Forestry departments, forest farms and communities:
• A commitment to enlarging bamboo and rattan nurseries and plantations.
• Media:
• There is almost no media report about
bamboo and rattan in Hainan before the
project, after the project was implemented,
there appears a large amount of media
reports on bamboo and rattan, these media
reports also helped in increasing the
awareness of the people in Hainan Province.
3.2.4 Strategic Plan
Hainan Provincial Bamboo and Rattan Development Strategy:
Through surveys and researches, the project consultant group submitted a report, which gave
detailed suggestions on the necessity, feasibility and technologies and policies for bamboo and
rattan development in Hainan. Hainan’s Provincial Bamboo and Rattan Development Strategy
Plan was made on the bases of the expert suggestions.
• Strategy plans at County, Township and Village Levels:
• In order to implement the Hainan Provincial Bamboo and
Rattan Strategy Plan in a practical way, the Project made
specific plans for the local bamboo and rattan development
in Baisha County, and the 4 villages of Maogan Country,
Baoting County.
• Bamboo and rattan resource survey:
• In 2002 and 2004,a provincial
bamboo and rattan resource survey
was carried out,in 6 countries of the
central mountain area, regarding the
distribution of diverse rattan species,
the density and area of natural rattan
resources, the length and number of
rattan culms, as well as its
regeneration capacity.
3.2.5 Training and capacity building
• When people recognized the importance of bamboo and rattan, and
identified the strategic plans for their development, it is necessary to
carry out personnel training. Actually, the personnel training of the
program have started at the same time even earlier than the launch of
the project:
Training workshops for the supervisors:
• The project organized a series of technical training courses for local
forest technicians, the workshops are for rattan and bamboo
cultivation, rattan harvest and processing, etc. There are in total 7
training workshops with 190 people attended.
Training for youths in local ethnic groups:
• in 2002: Three month training workshop on bamboo and rattan handicraft
processing, 105 youths of the Li Nationality were trained in the workshop.
• 43 youths from the local ethnic group were trained in the 3 months Workshop on
Bamboo and Rattan Furniture Processing Technologies.
3.2.6 Nurseries and plantations
• The success of a project or sector depends not only on the concept, knowledge
and personnel preparation, but also on raw material preparation and supply.
• Bamboo and rattan nurseries and propagation bases was established.
Bamboo and rattan plantations have been established
• From 2001 to 2005, the new established rattan plantation in Hainan
Province reached 7300 ha.
At the end of January 2002, 38 non-native bamboo species and 11 rattan
species had been introduced.
C.nambarienesis Var. Yingjiangensis. Rattan from Yingjiang, Yunnan Province, growing
well in the nursery.
Demonstrations of different cultivation models were established
• Low valued secondary forest (Pine/rubber/teak) + rattan
2001
2004
2006
2007
2008
2010 2012
2014
• Rubber + rattan
Pine + rattan
3.2.7 Building up supporting policy system
Building up a reasonable supporting policy system is one of the basic
conditions to encourage the participation of farmers and private sectors.
Besides, the field demonstration is necessary to test the policies and gather
experiences for further extending. Up to 2005, more than 700 farmer
households, as well as private companies were granted certificates for
rattan plantation, an total area of 3000 ha of secondary forest were
assigned.
Demonstration villages
In order to implement the policy of allowing rattan and medical plant cultivation
by local farmers under the state-owned or collective-owned secondary forests, we
carried out experiments in 5 Li Nationality villages and two Miao Nationality
villages in Baoting and Wuzhishan. The practices in each village were like the
following:
• First, a multi-lateral participated steering group was established;
• then the group convened the villager’s conference to announce the policy;
• questionnaires and interviews were carried out in each households following
the conference to identify brass tacks and interests, initiative applications from
individuals were also accepted;
Demonstration villages
• after the interview and questionnaire, the steering group evaluated and
adjust available local forestland; announce the forestland allocation
scheme;
• the steering group and technicians in identifying the borders of their
allocated forestlands;
• the Certificates of rattan and medical plant cultivation were issued to
correspondent villagers; technical services were provided to guide the
villagers in rattan and medical plant cultivation;
• at last, rattan plantations were established and evaluated.
• This policy were very successful in the above mentioned 7 villages, 350
households have been issued the Certificates and 500 ha of rattan in total
was cultivated in local secondary forests.
Dr. Ian Hunter, former INBAR DG grant rattan management and user-right
certificate to a local farmer in Baisha Village, Hainan Province
Dr. Coosje Hoogendoorn (right), former
DG of INBAR visiting rattan plantation
site in Baisha Village, Haina Province
INBAR staff members visiting bamboo nursery site of GTZ/INBAR Hainan
Bamboo and Rattna Project (2002)
3.2.8 Multi-participation
Establishment of a multi-participatory network is an important means of
ensuring sustainable development of the bamboo and rattan sectors. The
Hainan Bamboo and Rattan Society was established in January 2002 and
organizes government officials, entrepreneurs, scientists/technicians, and
farmers together, and each sector of the Society plays a unique role.
3.3 Preliminary experience from the project
indicates
• Increasing public awareness on the significance of bamboo and rattan is
the basis of the project successful implementation
• A strategic plan resulting from expert consultation confirmed the correct
orientation of the development by avoiding possible misleading or fails.
• A proper policy is more important than funds.
• The participation of multiple stakeholders in the Bamboo and Rattan
Society created a bridge among various parties.
• “Enterprises plus farmers” is a major model of the management, and the
enterprises are the engines of development.
• Personnel training provides the basis of sustainable and successful
performance.
• Through 6 years of efforts, the project explored and researched on the
successful experiences on how to initiate a bamboo or a rattan sector in a
place with zero basis. In a short period of time, the project achieved a lot of
results, including established 1,700 ha of new bamboo forests, propagated
3 million bamboo plantlets, established 7,300 ha of mixed forest of rattan
and other tree species, propagated 6.7 million rattan plantlets. Yet, the
total project investment was no more than 4 million RMB. The experiences
of the project indicated that if the project activities meet local needs, and
has an appropriate strategy plan, plus hard working and perseverance, it is
possible to achieve success, even exciting outcomes with limited funds.
Conclusion
• 海南需要重新认识在海南发展藤产业的巨大潜力。对中部山
区生态建设、产业发展、升级改善的重要意义。迎接海南藤
产业新的、更大、可持续的发展。采取切实措施和合理政策,
大力培育棕榈资源,支持既有企业做大、做强。
• Hainan needs to understand the enormous potential for the
development of rattan industry in Hainan, including the
significance of ecological construction and industrial
development by taking effective measures and make reasonable
policies through supporting enterprises, especially INBAR should
be payed attention to Hainan rattan sector development.
Zhu Zhaohua_Opportunities and Challenges of the Rattan Sector in Hainan, China

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Zhu Zhaohua_Opportunities and Challenges of the Rattan Sector in Hainan, China

  • 1. 中国海南棕榈藤产业的机遇和挑战 Opportunities and Challenges of the Rattan Sector in Hainan, China 竺肇华,中国林科院 Zhu Zhaohua, Chinese Academy of Forestry 2018.06. 26
  • 2. 1. 中国藤产业面临严重的原料短缺局面: China's Rattan Industry is Facing a Serious Shortage of Raw Materials • - 中国的棕榈藤分布于东南亚藤中心区的北缘,分布在北纬24°以 南。有3个属40余种21个变种。 • Chinese rattan's distribution area is located in northern part of Asia of the rattan distribution area, 24°latitude. There are 3 genera, 40 species and 21 varieties.
  • 3. 中国的藤产业有悠久的历史,传统加工工艺精湛,在上世纪60年代之 前每年产藤10,000吨以上。中国藤资源大多分布在云南省和海南省。 但随着毁林开荒和大力发展用材林和经济林,以及不合理政策,藤资 源至80 ~ 90年代降到年产4000 ~ 5000吨,到现在只有3000 ~ 4000 吨 China's rattan sector has a long history and exquisite traditional processing technology. China’s natural rattan resources mainly distributed in Yunnan Province and Hainan Province. Before the 1960s, the annual production of raw materials was more than 10,000 tons. But with the deforestation and vigorous development of timber forest and rubber forest, unreasonable policies, the rattan resources dropped by 4000 to 5000 tons. Only about 3000 to 4000 tons at present.
  • 4. • - 改革开放后,中国在藤产业主要靠进口,80%以上的原藤来自国外,主要从 印尼,缅甸,越南等国进口。 • After the reform, China's rattan industry mainly relies on imports of raw materials. More than 80% of original rattan are from abroad (Indonesia, Myanmar, Vietnam and other countries) 我国历年原藤进出口 Import of Raw Materials 年度 Year 1981 1985 1987 1990 1993 1996 1998 2007 2010 2012 进口量(万t)by ton 16600 23300 51500 24000 40800 45100 34700 41000 34100 19700 进口值(100万美元)by million US dollar 24.58 32.24 64.75 17.02 22.24 20.32 14.67 28 33.89 21.75 单价(美元/kg)US dollar by kg 1.481 1.121 1.258 0.708 0.545 0.451 0.423 0.683 0.994 0.944 出口值 export by million dollar 173 142 121.87 进出口总值 trade value 201 175.9 143.62 Trade value of Rattan (million dollar/year) 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 1981 1985 1987 1990 1993 1996 1998 2007 2010 2012 中国历年原藤进口量 Import by ton 进口量 Import by ton
  • 5. • 从以上图表可以看出以下几点: From the above chart we can see the following: • 1. 中国的藤产业发展不完全取决于国内外市场需求,而主 要受制于国际原料供应状况的起落变化。 Chinese rattan industry development is not completely determined in domestic and international market demand, and is subject to the international raw material supply. • 2.中国的藤产业发展由于原料供应不稳定,所以不像中国 其他产业(如竹产业)那样高速持续发展,甚至规模有下 降的趋势。 • The Chinese rattan industry due to unstable supply of raw materials, faces a downward trend.
  • 6. • 由于原藤价格快速上涨,不少低端大众产品和企业逐步退 出市场,国内现存的藤企业普遍向高质量,高档产品发展。 • 但是高端产品也存在制作成本高,利润率低,销售乏力的 挑战。 • Due to the rapid rise in prices of raw rattan, many low end mass products and enterprises withdraw from the market, and those who do not withdraw are generally in high quality products development. • They still face the challenge of high production costs, low profit rate and weak sales.
  • 7. 2. 海南在中国藤产业发展的重要地位 Hainan has an Important Position in Chinese Rattan Sector Development • 2.1 海南概况 Brief Introduction
  • 8. The Island of Hainan, locates in the south end of P. R. China, between 18°10′14″- 20°0′40″north latitude. The island has an total area of 34,000 km2. The island locates between tropical zone and sub-tropical zone, 42.5% of the island belongs to tropical zone, with tropical monsoon and tropical maritime climate. In 1994, Hainan was the first Province in China that implement the ban of logging natural forests The forest coverage increased from 38% in 1990 to 61% in 2015.
  • 9. • 2.2 海南的天然藤资源调查 • 中国棕榈藤分布于南亚热带和热带,其中海南和云南西南部(西 双版纳)是两个中心所在。海南天然分布有3个种、13个科1个变 种。主要经济价值较高的藤有红藤 Daemonorops jankinsianus; 单叶 省藤 Calamus simplicifolius; 大白藤 Calamus faberii; 鸡藤 Calamus tetradactylus. • 2.2 Survey on natural rattan resources in Hainan • China's rattan distribution is in the southern subtropical and tropical area of which Hainan and Yunnan southwest (Xishuangbanna) is the center. Hainan natural distribution has 3 genera, 13 species and 1 variety. High economic value species are Daemonorops jankinsianus; Calamus simplicifolius; Calamus faberii; Calamus tetradactylus.
  • 10. • 2.3 海南的藤是与天然林相伴而生的,主要集中在中部山区和天 然林内。为摸清海南天然藤的家底GTZ/INBAR项目于2004 – 2005 年对海南重点产藤区的6个县 进行了野外实地调查。采用的方 法为随机样方调查法,这六个县覆盖大约全海南藤资源的65% 左右。 • Hainan rattan always grows in the natural forests, mainly concentrated in the natural forest in central mountainous area. In 2004 to 2005, Hainan GTZ/INBAR bamboo rattan project carried out rattan resources inventory in 6 six counties of the main rattan production county. The method used was random sample survey. These 6 counties covered 65% of all Hainan rattan resources.
  • 11. 含藤天然林面积(ha) Area 藤的总丛数 Number of clump 每公顷丛数 clump by ha 藤茎数rattan stems (million) 其中>5m 1-5m <1m 保亭 Baoting 51153 ha 22680996 444.0 125.44 28.80% 22.80% 54.40% 五指山 Wuzhishan 67431 ha 11196019 166.5 83.32 17.34% 46.45% 36.25% 白沙Baisha 80275 ha 14649456 183.0 49.11 23.58% 35.53% 40.89% 乐东Ledong 81,880 10496625 128.0 43.94 25.31% 43.56% 31.13% 琼中Chongzhong 99,680 18311000 183.0 53.74 22.65% 51.50% 26.25% 陵水Lingshui 19,074 3855377 202.0 12.00 22.25% 52.83% 24.92% 含藤天然林面积 Natural forest with rattan ha 399,493 总丛数 Total clump 81189473 367.55 80.08 136.67 150.08 百分比 percent 94% 平均 Average 205.2/ha 23.96% 37.18% 38.86% 不含藤天然林面积 Natural forest not with rattan ha 25,366 6% 天然林总面积 Total area of natural forest 424,859 Rattan Resources in the 6 counties
  • 12. 藤种组成 Ratio of Different Rattan Species in Natural Forest 红藤 Daemonorops margaritae 小白藤 Calamus tetradactylus 厘藤calamus simplicifolius 大白藤 C. Faberii 木藤 C. rhabdocladus 其他 Others 保亭Baoting 78.90% 19.80% 1.30% 五指山Wuzhishan 69.40% 29.70% 0.90% 白沙baisha 28.40% 47.80% 3.00% 0.80% 乐东Ledong 75.60% 9.70% 7.50% 7.20% 琼中Chongzhong 57.20% 6.00% 36.80% 陵水Linshui 76.70% 0.50% 4.50% 14.30% 9.10% 0.90% 含藤天然林面积 Natural forest with rattanha 269.53 44.59 7.93 7.06 百分比 percent 73.33% 12.11% 2.16% 1.92%
  • 13. • 2.4 从调查结果可以得出以下结论:海南野生藤资源丰富,6个县共有天 然林面积424,859ha,其中94%的天然林面积有藤分布。平均每公顷203,2 丛藤。共有8119万丛藤、3.68亿条藤茎,平均每丛4.5条。其中23.96%为 5m以上,共8008万条。如果以每条0.8公斤干藤计算,5m以上总产量为 64,064吨。如每年采收以20%计算,则每年潜在产量可达12,813吨。可见 海南有发展藤产业的巨大潜力。 • From the results, the following conclusions can be drawn: Hainan is rich in natural rattan resources. The six counties have total natural forests area of 424859 ha, 94% of natural forests have rattan distribution, the average is 203.2 clumps per ha, 81.19 million clumps in total with 368 million stems of rattan, in average there are 4.5 stems in each clump. Can produce 64 tons with stems more than 5 meters. Hainan has the potential produce 12,813 tons per year of rattan.
  • 14. • 2.5 资源分散不均,人为破坏严重:海南的藤资源分布十分不均匀, 如保亭平均每公顷有444丛藤,而乐东只有128丛。人为破坏严重, 大部分藤茎不足2 – 3米就被砍伐。有进40%的藤茎不足1米长。大面 积天然次生林被松树、桉树、槟郎和热带水果所代替。野生藤在当 地缺乏严格的权属和保护政策。所以在海南实际每年的藤产量不足 2000吨。 • Resources are unevenly distributed and there is serious human damage. Hainan rattan resource distribution is not uniform, such as Baoting average per ha is 444 rattan clumps, and Ledon is only 128 clumps. The destruction is serious, most of the stems are less than 2 to 3 meters when being cut down. About 40% of rattan stems are cut down before the stem is less than 1 meter. A large area of natural forests was replaced by pine, eucalyptus, Penang Lang and tropical fruits. There is lack of ownership and protection policies. So the actual production of raw materials is less than 2000 tons per year.
  • 15. • 2.6 品种单一,优质藤种比例低:由于人为选择性采集,及森林环境的变 坏,一些优质藤种如单叶省藤(C. Simplicifolius)大白藤(C.faberii)的比 例很小,分别只占2.16%和1.92%。而抗逆性和耐旱性较强但质地较差的红 藤(D.jankinsianus)占的比例最大(73.33%)。有着巨大的资源优化空间。 • Varieties of high quality rattan is low due to the local people choosing the best species for harvest. The forest environment was deteriorated, some of the fine species of rattan for instance C. Simplicifolius and C. Faberii have a low ratio, were only accounted for 2.16% and 1.92% respectively. D. Jankinsianus has a strong resistance to drought and poor soil, therefore accounts for largest proportion (73.33%). There is huge space for resource optimization.
  • 16. • 2.7 海南藤产业发展潜力巨大:海南除了国家自然保护外,尚有 近33万公顷的低价值天然次生林和大面积的松树人工林以及大面 积河流两岸坡地都适合发展人工藤林。还有海南有大面积橡胶林, 至少胶园四周非常合适种藤。海南中部山区,群众贫困,是国家 级贫困县,缺乏致富门路。发展藤产业是海南山区在群众扶贫致 富的最佳选择之一,也是我国藤资源培育的最佳基地。 • Development for rattan sector in Hainan has great potential. Hainan in addition to the National Nature Reserve, still has nearly 33 million ha of low value natural secondary forests and large areas of plantations on both sides of river which are suitable for development of rattan. These is also large areas of rubber plantations. The mountains of central Hainan have mass poverty and lack opportunities. The development of rattan industry is one of the best choices for the masses to relieve poverty and cultivate rattan. Hainan can become best base for rattan industry development.
  • 17. 3. A summary of GTZ/INBAR Bamboo and Rattan Project Report(2002-2005)
  • 18. 3.1 Why was the B&R Project became a component of the Sino- German Cooperation - Hainan, Rehabilitation and Protection of Tropical Forest? Lingania chungii Daemonorops margaritae Becc.
  • 19. 3.1.2 Natural Forest Protection Project carried out by the Provincial Government • Since 1984, hillsides have been closed to grow forests • In 1994, Hainan was the first Province in China that implement the ban of logging natural stands • The forest coverage increased from 38% in1990 to 61% now
  • 20. • There are 0.3-0.4 million ha of low-valued secondary forests, shrubs, converted lands (from forestlands) that are suitable for rattan cultivation under forest. •Daemonorops margaritae Becc.
  • 21. 3.1.3 Non-timber forest product development, especially bamboo and rattan (B&R) development is one of the best choices for Hainan, especially for the Central Mountain region • With these protective policies in place and working effectively the German technical aid agency GTZ and the Government of Hainan have been funding an technical cooperation project– “Rehabilitation and Protection of Tropical Forests”
  • 22.  One major drawback of the logging ban policies in the Central Mountain region is that the local people have been cut-off from their traditional income-generating resources, and their development has lagged behind other parts of the province. Non-timber forest product development, especially bamboo and rattan (B&R) development is one of the best choices for Hainan. 3.1.4 Challenges after the implementation of the Natural Forest Protection Project
  • 23. The natural condition in Hainan is suitable for the growth of bamboo and rattan. There are 26 natural bamboo species and 3varieties of bamboo and 13 natural rattan species and 1 variety. These ample genetic resources press for protection and development.
  • 24. 3.2 INBAR/GTZ Bamboo and Rattan Project • 3.2.1 Therefore, GTZ, INBAR and the Forestry Bureau of Hainan Province decided to launch the B&R project in Hainan in May 2001.
  • 25. 3.2.2 Objectives of the Project The objectives of the project are to capacity build production institutions and organizations, to enhance the development of the bamboo and rattan sectors, to protect and develop bamboo and rattan resources, to improve local environments and forest protection, and to develop sustainable livelihoods and the rural economy.
  • 26. 3.2.3 Main Project Activities from 2001 - 2005 • Enhancing awareness on the roles of Bamboo and Rattan development • The protection for natural forests has been carried out since 1984, however, the protection policies for R&B resources hasn't been made yet, as a result, the natural R&B resources, including some species with high value have been destroyed. • Although Hainan has superior natural conditions for bamboo and rattan development, the local government officials and people have little knowledge of it’s significance. It has been necessary and important to carry out various forms of activities to enhance people’s awareness. The following activities have been carried out:
  • 27. • Activity 1: Project Workshop was held in Hainan and Yunnan (April, 2000) to provide the government officials in the forestry departments with ideas on the feasibility and necessity of B&R development in Hainan.
  • 28. Activity 2: Study tours: In 5 years, the project organized or assisted 7 study tours to bamboo and rattan advanced areas in Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong and Yunnan Provinces; totally 77 people including government officials and technicians and entrepreneurs from the main project target area participated these study tours.
  • 29. Activity 3: During September 7-8, 2001, the project organized the Hainan Bamboo and Rattan Development Symposium and Cooperation Consultation Workshop – a conference with 103 representatives from all levels of Hainan’s government (planning, forestry, finance, economy and trade, land and resources, women’s associations, and media), scientists and technicians, entrepreneurs from Hainan and other provinces .
  • 30. Activity 4: On-site-meetings: It is necessary to organize local officers, farmers to visit each other’s sites and exchange experiences. The project organized 3 large scale on-site-meetings providing the exchanging opportunities.
  • 31. • The results of the above awareness raising activities were: •Government: • In 2001, the Forestry Bureau of Hainan Province issued the policies to protect rattan resources, banning to harvest natural rattan resources for three years. • Identified special policies for the bamboo and rattan sectors, especially the policy of the certification for rattan and medical plant cultivation under secondary forests by individual farmers and private enterprises • Developed a provincial plan for bamboo and rattan sectoral development
  • 32. • Enterprises: • Some enterprises from the other provinces decided to set up factories in Hainan • Local enterprises decided to invest in the bamboo and rattan sectors Photo by Hainan Hongqi Rattan Technology Co.,Ltd.
  • 33. • Forestry departments, forest farms and communities: • A commitment to enlarging bamboo and rattan nurseries and plantations.
  • 34. • Media: • There is almost no media report about bamboo and rattan in Hainan before the project, after the project was implemented, there appears a large amount of media reports on bamboo and rattan, these media reports also helped in increasing the awareness of the people in Hainan Province.
  • 35. 3.2.4 Strategic Plan Hainan Provincial Bamboo and Rattan Development Strategy: Through surveys and researches, the project consultant group submitted a report, which gave detailed suggestions on the necessity, feasibility and technologies and policies for bamboo and rattan development in Hainan. Hainan’s Provincial Bamboo and Rattan Development Strategy Plan was made on the bases of the expert suggestions.
  • 36. • Strategy plans at County, Township and Village Levels: • In order to implement the Hainan Provincial Bamboo and Rattan Strategy Plan in a practical way, the Project made specific plans for the local bamboo and rattan development in Baisha County, and the 4 villages of Maogan Country, Baoting County.
  • 37. • Bamboo and rattan resource survey: • In 2002 and 2004,a provincial bamboo and rattan resource survey was carried out,in 6 countries of the central mountain area, regarding the distribution of diverse rattan species, the density and area of natural rattan resources, the length and number of rattan culms, as well as its regeneration capacity.
  • 38. 3.2.5 Training and capacity building • When people recognized the importance of bamboo and rattan, and identified the strategic plans for their development, it is necessary to carry out personnel training. Actually, the personnel training of the program have started at the same time even earlier than the launch of the project:
  • 39. Training workshops for the supervisors: • The project organized a series of technical training courses for local forest technicians, the workshops are for rattan and bamboo cultivation, rattan harvest and processing, etc. There are in total 7 training workshops with 190 people attended.
  • 40. Training for youths in local ethnic groups: • in 2002: Three month training workshop on bamboo and rattan handicraft processing, 105 youths of the Li Nationality were trained in the workshop. • 43 youths from the local ethnic group were trained in the 3 months Workshop on Bamboo and Rattan Furniture Processing Technologies.
  • 41. 3.2.6 Nurseries and plantations • The success of a project or sector depends not only on the concept, knowledge and personnel preparation, but also on raw material preparation and supply. • Bamboo and rattan nurseries and propagation bases was established.
  • 42. Bamboo and rattan plantations have been established • From 2001 to 2005, the new established rattan plantation in Hainan Province reached 7300 ha.
  • 43. At the end of January 2002, 38 non-native bamboo species and 11 rattan species had been introduced. C.nambarienesis Var. Yingjiangensis. Rattan from Yingjiang, Yunnan Province, growing well in the nursery.
  • 44. Demonstrations of different cultivation models were established • Low valued secondary forest (Pine/rubber/teak) + rattan 2001 2004 2006
  • 46. 2014
  • 47. • Rubber + rattan
  • 49. 3.2.7 Building up supporting policy system Building up a reasonable supporting policy system is one of the basic conditions to encourage the participation of farmers and private sectors. Besides, the field demonstration is necessary to test the policies and gather experiences for further extending. Up to 2005, more than 700 farmer households, as well as private companies were granted certificates for rattan plantation, an total area of 3000 ha of secondary forest were assigned.
  • 50. Demonstration villages In order to implement the policy of allowing rattan and medical plant cultivation by local farmers under the state-owned or collective-owned secondary forests, we carried out experiments in 5 Li Nationality villages and two Miao Nationality villages in Baoting and Wuzhishan. The practices in each village were like the following: • First, a multi-lateral participated steering group was established; • then the group convened the villager’s conference to announce the policy; • questionnaires and interviews were carried out in each households following the conference to identify brass tacks and interests, initiative applications from individuals were also accepted;
  • 52. • after the interview and questionnaire, the steering group evaluated and adjust available local forestland; announce the forestland allocation scheme; • the steering group and technicians in identifying the borders of their allocated forestlands; • the Certificates of rattan and medical plant cultivation were issued to correspondent villagers; technical services were provided to guide the villagers in rattan and medical plant cultivation; • at last, rattan plantations were established and evaluated. • This policy were very successful in the above mentioned 7 villages, 350 households have been issued the Certificates and 500 ha of rattan in total was cultivated in local secondary forests.
  • 53. Dr. Ian Hunter, former INBAR DG grant rattan management and user-right certificate to a local farmer in Baisha Village, Hainan Province
  • 54. Dr. Coosje Hoogendoorn (right), former DG of INBAR visiting rattan plantation site in Baisha Village, Haina Province
  • 55. INBAR staff members visiting bamboo nursery site of GTZ/INBAR Hainan Bamboo and Rattna Project (2002)
  • 56. 3.2.8 Multi-participation Establishment of a multi-participatory network is an important means of ensuring sustainable development of the bamboo and rattan sectors. The Hainan Bamboo and Rattan Society was established in January 2002 and organizes government officials, entrepreneurs, scientists/technicians, and farmers together, and each sector of the Society plays a unique role.
  • 57. 3.3 Preliminary experience from the project indicates • Increasing public awareness on the significance of bamboo and rattan is the basis of the project successful implementation • A strategic plan resulting from expert consultation confirmed the correct orientation of the development by avoiding possible misleading or fails. • A proper policy is more important than funds. • The participation of multiple stakeholders in the Bamboo and Rattan Society created a bridge among various parties.
  • 58. • “Enterprises plus farmers” is a major model of the management, and the enterprises are the engines of development. • Personnel training provides the basis of sustainable and successful performance. • Through 6 years of efforts, the project explored and researched on the successful experiences on how to initiate a bamboo or a rattan sector in a place with zero basis. In a short period of time, the project achieved a lot of results, including established 1,700 ha of new bamboo forests, propagated 3 million bamboo plantlets, established 7,300 ha of mixed forest of rattan and other tree species, propagated 6.7 million rattan plantlets. Yet, the total project investment was no more than 4 million RMB. The experiences of the project indicated that if the project activities meet local needs, and has an appropriate strategy plan, plus hard working and perseverance, it is possible to achieve success, even exciting outcomes with limited funds.
  • 59. Conclusion • 海南需要重新认识在海南发展藤产业的巨大潜力。对中部山 区生态建设、产业发展、升级改善的重要意义。迎接海南藤 产业新的、更大、可持续的发展。采取切实措施和合理政策, 大力培育棕榈资源,支持既有企业做大、做强。 • Hainan needs to understand the enormous potential for the development of rattan industry in Hainan, including the significance of ecological construction and industrial development by taking effective measures and make reasonable policies through supporting enterprises, especially INBAR should be payed attention to Hainan rattan sector development.