A presentation given at the Global Bamboo and Rattan Congress (BARC 2018), 25-27 June 2018.

2. 1. The research and development of engineered
bamboo materials for building bridge
2. Protection-treatment technology of engineered
bamboo materials and components
3. Design and manufacture of engineered bamboo
component applied in building bridges

3. Bamboo laminates ：
Hot-pressing Continuous bamboo laminate
Bamboo strips assembly
Bi-directional compression
1. The research and development of engineered
bamboo materials for building bridge

4. (1) Density distribution and grading of dimension bamboo
strips
density grading
density g/cm3
0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.45

5. (2) Bending property and grading of dimension bamboo strips

6. Stress grading
MOE
/GPa
MOR
/MPa Density g/cm3
E12，F140，D3/D4 12.4 140.0 0.77 0.725
E11，F133，D3/D4 11.4 133.0 0.77 0.725
E10，F126，D3/D4 10.5 126.0 0.77 0.725
E9，F126，D3-D7 9.6 118.0 0.77 0.725 0.675 0.623 0.573
E8，F99，D6/D7 8.7 99.3 0.623 0.573
E7，F86，D6/D7
E6，F77，D7/D8
7.5
6.8
86.0
77.0
0.623
0.573
0.573
0.523
Stress grading of dimension bamboo strips

7. (3) Manufacturing of bamboo laminates
Prepared by glue dipping, continuous splicing and intermittent hot-
pressing. Length can be controlled and strength can be designed.
Technology：bamboo → drying → glue dipping → secondary drying →
assembling → hot-pressing → cooling

8. Stress Grading
MOE
GPa
MOR
MPa
Density g/cm3
Moisture content 8%
E14，F142，D3/D4 14.5 140 0.76 0.725
E13，F128，D3/D4 13.4 130 0.76 0.725
E12，F120，D4/D5 12.4 120 0.725 0.0.675
E11，F113，D4/D6 11.4 110 0.725 0.625
E10，F103，D5/D7 10.5 100 0.675 0.575
E9， F92， D5-D8 9.6 90 0.675 0.525
E8， F84， D8 8.7 80 0.525
3
3
16 bd
Pl
E



9. Index EP PRF PF
Mean value
Standard deviation
Variation coefficient
5.718
0.423
0.074
6.328
0.0698
0.011
5.893
0.335
0.057
Dry shear strength test results of three adhesives MPa
Sealing end poached shear strength test results of three adhesives MPa
Index EP PRF PF
Mean value
Standard deviation
Variation coefficient
5.011
0.640
0.13
4.783
0.449
0.094
3.877
0.07
0.019

10. Ø Performance evaluation of bamboo laminates
- Single cycle dip peel test, crack ratio of adhesive layer is 3%, two cycle is
10%.
Test results of dip peel test
Circulation
type
Total number of
adhesive layer
Adhesive layer
length mm
Crack
length mm
Crack
ratio
ⅠClass 40 5428.80 541.78 3%
ⅡClass 55 6997.10 1512.45 10%
Tensile shear strength test MPa
Test
index
Maximum
value
Minimum
value
Mean
value
Standard
deviation
Variation
coefficient
Shear
strength 10.06 6.74 8.59 0.78 9.09%
- Tensile shear strength: 8.59MPa，bamboo broken rate over 90%, good
adhesive performance.

12. Staggered joints of adjacent
bamboo laminates
Surface boards
Design principle of glued laminated
bamboo with higher stress grading
bamboo strips on the surface

13. - Considering the fracture property of glued laminated bamboo, set up dry
shrinkage expansion model, provide the basis for design.

14. Mid-span deformation of
bamboo beam
- Creep analysis model of glued laminated bamboo, provide the basis
for stiffness design.

15. (1) Treatment technology of anticorrosion laminated
bamboo
Glue dipping drying Assembly
Material：Bamboo strips treated with three concentrations of CuAz and ACQ
pressurized infusion.
Adhesive：PF resin， about 12%
Preservative treatment → truncation → drying → gum dipping → drying →
assembly → hot-pressing → truncation
vertical pressure: 10MPa, lateral pressure: 5MPa, hot-pressing temperature：
130℃~135℃, Hot-pressing：15min.
Hot-pressing truncation
2、Protection-treatment technology of engineered
bamboo materials and components

16. Preservative Code
Density
kg/m3
MOE/Gpa MOR/MPa
Mean value
Standard
deviation
Mean value
Standard
deviation
Control - 746 9.81b 0.57 74.46a 7.29
ACQ
a1 674 8.92a 0.57 71.78a 5.54
a2 704 8.97a 0.75 70.95a 6.88
a3 700 9.25ab 0.37 72.59a 6.42
CuAz
t1 730 9.73b 0.38 75.41a 5.27
t2 709 9.18ab 0.57 69.08a 6.18
t3 727 9.79b 0.49 76.86a 7.99
Comparison of bending properties under different treatment conditions
The MOE change was not significant after CuAz treatment , and the mean comparison
was 0.2%-6.4% lower. There was no significant difference in MOR between glued
bamboo materials and treated materials. The effects of ACQ and CuAz treatment on the
physical and mechanical properties of adhesive bamboo were relatively small.
(2) Effect of anticorrosion treatment on bending property
of glued laminated bamboo

17. (3) Decay resistance evaluation of anticorrosive glued
laminated bamboo
Refer to national standard of GB/T 13942.1-2009 to investigate the corrosion
resistance of glued laminated bamboo. The anticorrosive properties reached the
strong corrosion resistance grade, and the anticorrosive properties of CuAz treatment
materials were similar to that of ACQ.
Indoor decay resistance test
Preservatives
Drug
loading
level
Weight loss
ratio(%)
Anti-corrosion grade
Contrast - 46.28 (IV) not resistant to corrosion
ACQ
low 5.18 (I) strong resistance
medium 5.60 (I) strong resistance
high 4.57 (I) strong resistance
CuAz
low 5.32 (I) strong resistance
medium 5.80 (I) strong resistance
high 4.72 (I) strong resistance
Decay resistance of preservative-treated material

18. (1) Analysis and design of glued laminated bamboo pre-arch
beam
Ø Analysis on various loads
No. Function classification Load name
1
Permanent action (constant load)
Structural self-weight
2 Pre-tension
3 Creep action
4 Support displacement action
5 Basic variable action (live load) Crowd load
6
Other variable action
Wind load
7 Snow load
8 Temperature action
9 Bearing friction
10 Running water pressure
11
Accidental load
Seismic action
12 Floating objects collide
3、Design and manufacture of engineered bamboo
component applied in building bridges

19. Ø Determine the calculation method of bamboo structure
design
 m
n
M
W

15cm
由于槽齿的削弱
由于保险螺栓的削弱
净截面积
15cm
净截面积
螺栓孔
迂回破坏
Strength of tension and bending member
checked by the following formula
Strength of tension and compression
member checked by the following formula

20. Ø Design and calculation of connection strength
拉拔
拉拔
剪切
剪切

21. Function：footbridge
Bridge deck clear width：2.5-3.5m
Design load：determined by bridge deck
width
Span：12-20m
Ø Design principles
Ø Four designing schemes

22. ① Simple-supported beam bridge (three-beam)

23. Ø Strength checking of simple-supported beam bridge
(three-beam)
Combination 1：1.2 × [self-weight(ST) + secondary constant load(CS)] + 1.4 ×
crowd load(MV)
Location Section
Superior border
stress（MPa）
Inferior border
stress（MPa）
Compressive
strength
（MPa）
Tensile strength
（MPa）
Checking
Middle girder
¼ section 8.782 -8.782 25 25 OK
Mid-span
section
6.460 -6.460 25 25 OK
Boundary
girder
¼ section 8.777 -8.777 25 25 OK
Mid-span
section
6.455 -6.455 25 25 OK
Main girder cross section：20cm×85cm. Load combination is calculated in
three ways.

24. Combination 2：1.2 × [self-weight(ST) + secondary constant
load(CS))]+0.98 × crowd load(MV) + 0.98 × temperature rise(ST)
Beam position Section
Superior
border stress
（MPa）
Inferior border
stress
（MPa）
Compressive
strength
（MPa）
Tensile
strength
（MPa）
Checking
Middle girder
¼ section 5.913 -5.913 25 25 OK
Mid-span
section
6.355 -6.355 25 25 OK
Boundary girder
¼ section 5.309 -5.309 25 25 OK
Mid-span
section
6.161 -6.161 25 25 OK

25. Combination 3：1.2 × [self-weight(ST) + constant load(CS)] + 0.98 ×
crowd load(MV) + 0.98 × temperature drop(ST)
Beam position section
Superior
border stress
（MPa）
Inferior border
stress（MPa）
Compressive
strength
（MPa）
Tensile
strength
（MPa）
Checking
Middle girder
¼ section 5.235 -5.235 25 25 OK
mid-span
section
6.302 -6.302 25 25 OK
Boundary girder
¼ section 5.306 -5.306 25 25 OK
mid-span
section
6.451 -6.451 25 25 OK

26. Ø Stiffness checking of simple-supported beam bridge
(three-beam)
The maximum deflection under pedestrian load: 13.4mm＜L/600 = 20mm，
the stiffness meets the specification requirements (CJJ 69—95).
The main girder vertical natural vibration frequency: 5.02Hz > 5.00Hz，the
transverse fundamental natural vibration frequency: 3.75Hz > 2.50Hz，meet
the specification requirements.
- Structural stiffness and comfort degree meet requirements.
Ø Fundamental frequency checking of simple-supported
beam bridge (three-beam)

27. ② Rib flat arch bridge

28. ③ Simple-supported beam with deck truss
X
Y
Z
AUG 8 2013
00:22:16
EMENTS
The truss beam is composed of 2-3 pieces of glued laminated bamboo
truss, on which horizontal bamboo or wood plate are laid, and heavy
bamboo board is laid to form a pedestrian passage.

29. ④ Truss girder bridge of glued laminated bamboo

31. Ø Processing technology of glued laminated bamboo arched
girder
Laminate thickness：16 mm
Nail length：55 mm
Through 3 layers of laminates, nail into the
fourth layer of the laminate 7mm.
Nails follow odd and even permutations
Odd and even exchange every three layers，
Avoid the nails meet

33. Ø Static load and fatigue performance of glued laminated
bamboo pre-arch beam

34. Ø Site selection
(4) Demonstration of glued laminated bamboo bridge

35. Ø Bridge arrangment
- Using double girder structure of glued
laminated bamboo, in between connected
by transverse steel connection system.
- Beam section：17.5cm×82.3cm

36. Ø Structural Analysis
Girder section stress deflection and
natural vibration frequency
Superior border
stress
（MPa）
Inferior border
stress
（MPa）
Compressive
strength
（MPa）
Tensile strength
（MPa）
checking
Main girder
Mid-span
Serviceability
limit state -11.2
11.2 25 25 OK
Ultimate
limit state -13.6 13.6
25 25 OK
Mid-span deflection
18.3mm＜L/600
OK
Natural vibration
frequency 7.85Hz ＞3.0Hz
OK

37. Bamboo beam hoisting
Ø Construction of bamboo bridge

39. Ø Safety and health performance detection
（5）Safety and health performance evaluation of glued
laminated bamboo bridge

41. Thanks