SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON BUILDING CONSTRUCTION.docx
Introduction to Embedded Systems
1. Joy Dutta
Pursuing PhD (Jadavpur University)
M.Tech in CSE (1St Class : CU)
Post Graduate B.Tech in CSE (1St Class : CU)
B.Sc in Physics ( Honours : CU)
2. What is an Embedded System?
Definition:
“An embedded system is a system that has software
embedded into computer-hardware, which makes a
system dedicated for an application (s) or specific part
of an application or product or part of a larger system.”
i.e. It is a dedicated computer based system for an application(s) or
product. It may be an independent system or a part of large
system. Its software usually embeds into a ROM (Read Only
Memory) or flash.”
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3. Examples of Embedded Systems:
Time display system – Watch
Automatic cloth washing system – Washing Machine
Fax Machines
ATM
Cell Phone
Digital Camera
Portable Video Games
Calculator
Etc.
All of these devices are dedicated in their approach.
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4. Embedded Systems Vs General
Computing System
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5. Computer Washing Machine
Uses Hardware and Software Uses Hardware and Software
Capable of handling various activities
with very high speed
It can do only dedicated type of work,
completely dedicated system
It can handle tremendous amount of
data
It can handle limited amount of data
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6. Let’s consider a Computer
A computer is a system that has the following or more
components.
A microprocessor
A large memory comprising the following two kinds:
(a) Primary memory (semiconductor memories - RAM, ROM
and fast accessible caches)
(b) Secondary memory [(magnetic memory located in hard
disks, diskettes (Floppy Disk) and cartridge tapes, optical
memory in CD-ROM or memory stick (removable
flash memory card in mobile computer)] using which
different user programs can load into the primary memory
and can be run.
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7. Computer …
I/O units such as touch screen, modem, fax cum modem
etc.
Input units such as keyboard, mouse, digitizer, scanner,
etc.
Output units like LCD screen, video monitor, printer, etc.
Networking units like Ethernet card, front-end
processor-based server, bus drivers, etc.
Operating system (OS).
General purpose user interfaces and application software,
mostly in secondary memory
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8. Now consider an Embedded system
Three main embedded components-
1. Embeds hardware to give computer like
functionalities
2. Embeds main application software generally into
flash or ROM and the application software performs
concurrently the number of tasks.
3. Embeds a real time operating system( RTOS),
which supervises the application software tasks
running on the hardware and organizes the accesses
to system resources according to priorities and
timing constraints of tasks in the system.
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9. Physical Components of an Embedded
System
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10. Embedded system RTOS
Enables execution of concurrent processes or threads or tasks
Provides a mechanism to let the processor run each process as
per scheduling and to do context-switch between the various
processes (threads or tasks)
RTOS sets the rules during execution of application processes to
enable finishing of a process within the assigned time interval
and with assigned priority
**RTOS:
A real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating system (OS)
intended to serve real-time application process data as it comes in,
typically without buffering delays. Processing time requirements
(including any OS delay) are measured in tenths of seconds or shorter.
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11. Sophisticated Embedded System
Characteristics
(1) Dedicated functions
(2) Dedicated complex algorithms
(3) Dedicated (GUIs) and other user interfaces for the
application
(4) Real time operations— Defines the ways in which the
system works, reacts to the events and interrupts,
schedules the system functioning in real time and executes
by following a plan to control the latencies and to meet the
deadlines. [Latency — Waiting interval between the
instance at which a need to run the codes arises for task (or
interrupt service routine) following an event and instance
of start executing the codes]
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12. Sophisticated Embedded System
Characteristics (cont …)
(5) Multi-rate operations — Different operations may
take place at distinct rates. For example, the audio,
video, network data or stream and events have the
different rates and time constraints to finish associated
processes.
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13. Constraints of an Embedded
System Design
Available system-memory
Available processor speed
Limited power dissipation when running the system
continuously in cycles of the system start, wait for
event, wake-up and run, sleep and stop.
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14. System design constraints
Performance,
power,
size,
non-recurring design cost, and
manufacturing costs.
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15. What is a Microcontroller?
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A microcontroller is a compact microcomputer designed to govern
the operation of embedded systems in motor vehicles, robots, office
machines, complex medical devices, mobile radio transceivers,
vending machines, home appliances, and various other devices
It is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a
processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals
17. Size of a Microcontroller
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All these uses made
available from a tiny
piece of computer that
is not bigger than the
size of a crack piece of
paper
21. Fundamental components of a
Micro Controller Unit (MCU)
Fundamental components are :
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
System Clock
Memory
Peripherals
** Wide variety of this components (application specific)
different microcontrollers are produced
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Components of Embedded Systems:
(I) Input:
It can be button , Keypad , Sensors etc.
(II) Microcontroller :
It can have either or both external / internal memory. Oldest microcontroller is 8051 series. The Intel MCS-51 (commonly referred to as8051) is a Harvard architecture, CISC instruction set, single chip microcontroller(µC) series which was developed by Intel in 1980 for use in embedded systems.
The Harvard architecture is a computer architecture with physically separate storage and signal pathways for instructions and data.
Complex instruction set computing (CISC ) is a processor design where single instructions can execute several low-level operations (such as a load from memory, an arithmetic operation, and a memory store) or are capable of multi-step operations or addressing modes within single instructions
The term was retroactively coined in contrast to reduced instruction set computer (RISC) and has therefore become something of an umbrella term for everything that is not RISC, i.e. everything from large and complex mainframes to simplistic microcontrollers where memory load and store operations are not separated from arithmetic instructions.
(III) Output :
Motor, Display screen etc.
** Actually program is burnt into the microcontroller. The program can be written in any language which the microcontroller converts in its own machine format. We can write the code in C language or in any assembly language or any other complicated language but the microcontroller will take only the machine code to run it.
Examples:
A simple remote for TV
For communication application : Cell phone
Medical application : Thermometer , Utility meter
Home Appliances : Induction cooker , Microwave
Automotive application : Rain sensor , Air bags sensor, Tire pressure Sensor
Energy harvesting : Solar Panel
Etc.
Microprocessor :
A microprocessor is the unit that processes the input instruction and produces the respective output. The unit is manufactured using the micrometer technology of the CMOS transistors.
Microcontroller :
A microcontroller is defined as the microprocessor equipped with RAM, ROM, clock and I/O interface. Microcontrollers are also manufactured using the micrometer technology of the CMOS transistors.
Microcontrollers find their applications mostly in the embedded systems and the microprocessors find their applications in almost any computing mechanism.
For MCU
System clock is based on Oscillators in MCU
System Clock determines resolution , response and even power consumption
MCU won’t need peripherals like . It is generally associated with particular pin on the package. You need to connect circuitry to that specified pin to accomplish this.