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Research Program Genetic Gains (RPGG) Review Meeting 2021: Delivering Accelerated On-farm Genetic Gains By Chris Ojiewo team

  1. RP-GG Meeting with the DDG 05/01/2021 Chris Ojiewo Essegbemon Akpo Geffrey Muricho Mequanint Melesse Risper Gekanana Grace Waithira Philip Zeph Delivering Accelerated On-farm Genetic Gains
  2. Speed breeding: From seed to seed in 60 days Approximately 6 generations a year 20 days Cost: <30 US$ 25 ˚C and 22 hours light/day Speed breeding = Speed release of superior varieties with better genetics, but where is speed adoption, without technology delivery strategy Rapid generation turnover Rapid generation advance Speed breeding Years per cycle Genetic gain over time Selection intensity Selection accuracy Genetic variance “The hardest thing to see is what is in front of your eyes.”- Goethe
  3. Rapid varietal replacement by an effective dissemination system Breeding Improved varieties/lines CGIAR/NARS NARES identify and release superior replacements for current varieties Continuous deliver new varieties through seed systems PrivateNGOsGOs Farmers Access to markets Through Digital Platforms Agronomy Seed System Foundation seeds Seed is the vehicle that carries the improved genetics to end-users
  4. Theme Seed Systems: Strengthening the Science of Delivery 1. increasing total seed production and availability (e.g. through decentralizing production); 2. increasing access to high-quality seed of improved varieties (e.g. through small seed packs, and better coordination with other stakeholders); 3. creating demand for quality seed (e.g. through value-chain support, demonstration trials, postharvest handling including seed, business training and market linkages); 4. reaching farmers through formal and informal seed systems (bundling seed with other products eg seed treatment); 5. lowering costs of seed (e.g. through quality declared seed; strengthening community seed production approaches).
  5. Increasing seed production: Decentralized seed systems 1. Seed Producing SMEs (Amwari in Ethiopia) • 1995: individual chickpea farmer • 2007: chickpea seed producer • 2009: a seed producers’ association with 119 members. • 2012: a 10 member private seed company – Amuari PLC. • Current: business support from ISSD; Financial support from AGRA 2. Seed Cooperatives in WCA • In Burkina, at least 54 seed-producing cooperatives • Two of them specialize in foundation seed production for INERA. • Of these, one has 200 seed producers operating in irrigated land and sells to seed company NAFASO • UGCPA/BM, a cooperative union in Boucle du Mouhoun has 169 farmer groups from 15 cooperatives; • Land size ranges from <5 ha to >100ha per farmer per crop 3. Farmer Seed Researcher Groups (over 700 in Tanzania)
  6. Engaging Private Sector: Seed production and dissemination Operations Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4 Type 5 Variety development Breeding Testing Seed Production Basic Foundation Certified Seed Marketing Packaging Selling Resources Private Staff + Land + Equipment + Varieties Staff + Land + Equipment Staff + Equipment Staff None Public (CGIAR; NARS) Varieties (non exclusive) Varieties Varieties + Land Varieties + Land + Equipment Varieties + Land + Equipment + Staff
  7. Increasing access to high-quality seed : what drives seed purchase? 24 4 64 6 Own seed Friends/neighbours/relati ves Local market Agro-dealer NGO/UN Others 64% of legume farmers are buying ‘seed’ from local markets (McGuire and Sperling, 2016): -Unknown variety and hence performance -Unknown vigor and germination -Unknown seed-borne disease burden -Subpar genetic purity -Farmer needs to further sort • Price premiums for pure grain • Sorting commonly needed and costly • High quality seed of new varieties delivers quality grain and higher yields for farmers • Thus, both traders and farmers highly incentivized to use improved seed!
  8. Lowering costs of seed : Small seed packs Tanzania public and private seed companies moved from 50 kg seed bag to 2 kg selling 542 tons in 2 kg packs
  9. Seed Systems Strategy: seed value chain Affecting farm decisions: • Allocation of resources • Choice of crop • Choice of variety  Varietal turnover • Choice of seed source  Seed replacement rate
  10. Key Achievements of Tropical Legumes Projects 304 Improved varieties 4.4 M ha Area planted 397,050t Certified seeds 4.9 M t Grain Produced 22 M farmers reached U$2.6 B Value of grain
  11. Key Achievements of HOPE Projects (2010 – 2019) 64 Improved varieties 1.8 M ha Area planted 13,669 t Certified/QDS seeds 2.1 M t Grain Produced 1.3 M farmers reached U$639 M Value of grain
  12. Accelerated Varietal Improvement and Seed Delivery of Legumes and Cereals in Africa (AVISA)
  13. Key Pillars of Tropical Legumes Project Development and release of farmer-preferred varieties in the target crop x geography Strengthening of the legume breeding capacity of the partner CGIAR and NARS partners Program Improvement Plan (PIP) based on the results of the Breeding Program Assessment Tool (BPAT) The establishment of sustainable seed delivery systems that service the needs of small-holders
  14. Genesis of Breeding Modernization in TL Project Improved Targeting: Develop formal product profiles for the key varieties needed for each region you are serving Prioritize traits and rationalize resource allocation to priorities Allocate testing to best align with Target Environments and markets Faster Speed: Modify workflows to obtain one or more additional generations per year Implement rapid Single Seed Descent (SSD) workflow with appropriate recycling of elite parents in the pipeline Establish a calendar workflow by month w/ key activities to achieve rapid cycling around the year
  15. Greater Scale and Efficiency (increased throughput for same spend): Make more crosses, handle larger populations, evaluate more plots at more sites. Adopt IT tools like the BMS and molecular marker systems Adopt modern high-throughput phenotyping and genotyping protocols and platforms Improve technique and operational efficiencies in the breeding pipelines and testing methodologies Adopt better designs that optimize plot size, number of locations and reps per location Adopt increased mechanization and automation (plot threshers, seed cleaners, seed counters, bar coding, adopt electronic data capture. Adopt dissemination models that are rapid and that support rapid varietal replacement
  16. Improved Data and Product Quality: Adopt processes that improve precision and accuracy of data and data handling (electronic capture, bar coding) Implement a modern information management systems (IBP-Breeding Management System), Improved designs Adopt genotyping and analytics for quality control of parents and crosses. Adopt better trial site land management and other practices to reduce experimental error/increase heritability (SOPs) Adopt improved experimental and statistical designs and methods (e.g. statistical removal of field trends in trials).
  17. Track Improvements: Track pipeline metrics by test stage-numbers of crosses, lines established per cross, lines in Initial Evaluation Trials, Prelim Trials, Advanced Yield Trials. Track quality metrics of these trials, such as CV%-should be decreasing. Monitor genetic gains.
  18. Rapid-cycle improvement of source population drives the rate of genetic gain (by changing gene frequencies) Extensive multi-location and onfarm testing of candidate cultivars Continuously deliver new varieties (via foundation seed) to companies/GOs/NGOs NARES identify and release superior replacements for current varieties (data!) PO4: Continuous delivery of new varieties to replace the old via the seed systems PO2: Data driven decisions to select the product for dissemination, making the investment case Trait introgressionA/biotic stress trait pipeline Genomic prediction PO1: Breeding Superior lines Public sector Private sector Community seed producers  Farmers Early generation seed Access to elite genetic diversity PO3: Market research, foresight analysis, customer profiling, TPE profiling, leading to product profiling and targeting CGIAR/NARS Agronomic packages  Grain markets USAID - FtF Gov. Turkey EU-DESIRA EiB - CtEH AVISA Modernization of Crop Improvement and Seed Delivery
  19. AVISA Geolocation of Work and Budget Burkina Faso Ghana Nigeria Ethiopia Tanzania Mali Uganda (Supplement:$ 9,659,474 from USAID) (Duration: 24 months) (Budget:$29,933,930 from BMGF) (Duration: 48 months) (Supplement:$ 985,000 from BMGF) (Supplement:$2,656,004 of HOPE-II) Grand total supplement: $3,641,004 (Duration: 24 months) Supplement: Euros 5 Million (under negotiation with the Government of Turkey) Supplement: Euros 5 Million (implemented in Mali in collaboration with EU-DESIRA project)
  20. Consolidate breeding activities and complimentary disciplines Matopos, Zimbabwe Regional Crop Improvement Hubs Concept Kawanda, Uganda Samanko, Mali Kano, Nigeria
  21. SEEDx and ClimMob Apps for granular, accurate and real- time data from wide on-farm trials 1 4 5 117 8 9 10 Ownership 126 Trait Development Decline Linefixed Population improvement Introduction Growth Maturity Phaseout Outof assortment Pre commercial Testing& registration R&D Crop Marketing 3 EarlyTesting Latetesting PLC Stages • Large N on-farm trials • Three entries, randomized • Pre-release (Stage 5-6)
  22. SEED CATALOGUE (SEARCH) GPS Coordinates of the Plot Image of the plot Performance Info DIGITAL SEED ROADMAP TOOL Variety | Geo | Target | Allocation | Track Field Staff Uses the M&E mobile application to enter the variety trial output data (YIELD info) M&E TOOL (MEASURE) M&E (MEASURE) Dashboard (TRIAL DATA) Seeds Spl Uses the Seed Roadmap to generate, allocate, track seed production details CLOUD SERVER Digital seed roadmap: seed production planning
  23. YSG quality Center Government for policy and regulation (RAS – 10% Revenue on youth/ women/ disabled); Ownership in the development docket Seed digital road map Aggregator demands on amount and quality Sustainable finance access mechanism (we still need to figure this out) Small/ Medium scale farmer Operational Model for Seed Revolving Fund-Youth Engagement & Gender Inclusion (SRF- YEGI) NARS (EGS); 5- Seed companies mapped to the corridors; 700 QDS producers (from TLIII) -Info/B.C.C - Inputs - Outputs
  24. Challenges Limited hands, high demand for delivery Value chain pathways in terms of income enhancement (Small-scale producers rather than smallholder farmers) Insufficient product targeting , market segmentation and value proposition definition Varieties released without robust data to support investment in commercialization Seed enterprises operating at sub-optimal marginal returns on their investments Limited interest of formal seed sector to include ICRISAT mandate crops in their portfolio Limited awareness of the merits of new varieties Limited use of quality inputs (seed and fertilizer) leading to poor quality of outputs with low demand by off-takers Timely access to quality seed limited by inadequate policies Multiple uncoordinated stakeholder efforts along the seed value chain;
  25. Opportunities Deputy Chair of the Steering Group of the African Seed and Biotechnology Platform Chair the Working Group on Seed Quality Assurance and Certification Systems of the Platform Institutionalize and capacitate definition and regular review market-responsive product profiles Establish portfolio process to manage the pipeline of varieties based on extensive on-farm testing Facilitate strategic demand-led public-private partnerships to strengthen EGS and cert seed production Strengthen the technical and business capacity of the seed enterprises for profitable targeting of seed production and supply Develop and demonstrate cost effective seed + input bundles, with quality standards Policy solutions, including flexible registration and licensing to facilitate varietal handover for commercialization Foresight analysis to estimate the magnitude and geographical dist. of future demand
  26. “Don't judge a day by the harvest you reap but by the seeds you plant.” Robert Louis Stevenson Thank you !
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