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Prospects of super-early photo-insensitive pigeonpea
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Prospects of super-early photo-insensitive pigeonpea

  1. About ICRISAT: www.icrisat.org ICRISAT’s scientific information: http://EXPLOREit.icrisat.org Prospects of super-early photo-insensitive pigeonpea Oct 2019 Introduction Pigeonpea is a protein-rich food legume that plays a crucial role in the food and nutritional security of smallholder farmers in the semi-arid regions of Asia and Eastern and Southern Africa. Photoperiod and temperature sensitivity of pigeonpea has restricted its expansion to wider latitudes and altitudes. Due to longer maturity duration the existing varieties are not suitable for diverse cropping systems and agro-ecologies. But this need not be the case anymore. The game changer • New production niches for these super-early varieties that have been identified include pigeonpea- wheat cropping system, rice fallows, sugarcane intercropping, etc., in India. • Additional income can be earned by farmers as the super-early varieties have made it possible to grow pigeonpea in non-traditional areas, marginal lands, and to fit in the narrow window of time between harvest and planting of important cereal crops. • Improved soil health and productivity due to symbiotic nitrogen fixation is one of the benefits of introducing super-early pigeonpea in diverse cropping systems. Due to short maturity duration, these varieties escape damage caused by disease and pest infestation along with drought. • Machine harvesting is facilitated due to synchronized maturity and short stature in determinate lines. Machine harvesting ensures timeliness of operations and reduces drudgery. A. Why super-early pigeonpea? The productivity of pigeonpea has been stagnant at around 750 kg per hectare for more than six decades and further efforts are needed in improving its yield potential. Increasing the area under pigeonpea cultivation could contribute to increased production. As traditional medium-duration Source: AICRP on pigeonpea annual report, 2018-19 Earliness is linked to photo-insensitivity. • Mechanization pro-stature • Escapes diseases, pest attack and drought • Market-preferred seed quality traits ▪▪ Bold seed ▪▪ High dal recovery • Improvement of nutritional security in cereal-based cropping system • Contributes to reducing environmental degradation. D. Recommended sowing window for super-early pigeonpea in India Area, production and productivity of pigeonpea in India. (Source: Wallis et al., 1981) Solution 1. Productivity Cropping system intensificationHybrid Breeding Varietal improvement 2. Production • Early maturing (90-100 days) • Photo and thermo insensitivity will help in horizontal expansion in non-traditional niches • Mechanization pro-stature • Rapid generation turnover Photo & thermo sensitivity restricts the expansion across varying cropping niches Hingane AJ, Kute NS, Singh I, Kumar N, Singh A, Singh IP, Belliappa SH, Kumar CVS and Rathore AR Isolation field of ICPL 11255. Super-early pigeonpea intercrop with sugarcane Super-early variety in Rice fallows Super-early determinate variety ICPL 11255 at flowering stage. Super-early determinate variety ICPL 11255 at podding stage. pigeonpea varieties are sensitive to photoperiod it has restricted its expansion to new niches, these super-early photo-insensitive varieties offer an opportunity to increase production and meet increasing demand by horizontal expansion of pigeonpea cultivation in non-traditional areas. B. Cropping system intensification C. Scope • Ready to harvest in less than 3 months • High per day productivity of 10-15 kg/ha • Expansion to wider latitudes and altitudes • Diversification of cropping systems ▪▪ Wheat ▪▪ Sugarcane • Excellent option to exploit stored soil moisture in rice fallows 15 January 15 February 15 March 15 April 15 May 15 June Post-rainy Rainy 15 July 15 August 15 September 15 October 15 November 15 December Rainy Post-rainy E. Pigeonpea for sustainable livelihoods in rice fallow cropping system • Provides protein-rich food (up to 22%) • Zero tillage • Utilizes available residual soil moisture • Enhances soil nutrients (fixes 40 kg/ha nitrogen and releases soil-bound phosphorus) • No basal dose of fertilizer required • No weeding required • Sowing (October-November) • Harvesting (February-March) • Additional income to farmers • Provides feed/fodder for poultry/livestock • Provides fuelwood. F. On-farm demonstration of super-early varieties in rice fallows • ICPL 11255 determinate (DT) and ICPL 20325 non-determinate (NDT) super-early lines are suitable • Can be grown in residual moisture with one or two irrigations • Tested in Kalahandi, Bolangir, Khurda, Puri, Nayagarh and Cuttack districts of Odisha, average yield recorded up to 650 kg/ha • Zero tillage (utilizing residual moisture soon after the rice harvest) with following management practices: ▪▪ Dibbling method ▪▪ Straight line sowing ▪▪ Seed rate 18-20kg/ha ▪▪ Spacing - 30 X 20 cm ▪▪ Hydroprime for 3 hours before sowing • Spray as foliar diammonium phosphate (DAP) or urea (3X) increasing 2% (@ 30 days after sowing to 6% (every 15-20 days) per hectare during vegetative stages • Plant density:166,667 plants per hectare. G. Super-early pigeonpea for rapid generation turnover Earliness along with photoperiod and temperature insensitivity of these super-early lines can also be explored for accelerating the varietal development process by rapid generation advancement and taking 2-3 generations per year Mapping populations to study the genetics of various biotic and abiotic stresses could be developed faster (~ 2 yr to develop recombinant inbred lines); however, a prerequisite would be to have contrasting parents for the traits of interest in the super-early maturity group.
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