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Pattern of agricultural transformations in VDSA villages of Karnataka
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Pattern of agricultural transformations in VDSA villages of Karnataka

  1. March2015 Sciencewithahumanface About ICRISAT: www.icrisat.org ICRISAT’s scientific information: http://EXPLOREit.icrisat.org Pattern of agricultural transformations in VDSA villages of Karnataka N Nagaraj, GD Nageswara Rao, Cynthia Bantilan, Uttam Deb, R Anusha and SR Namrata International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, India Introduction • Karnataka has largest proportion (79%) of drought prone area in India • Over 56% of population depends on agriculture for its livelihood • Reduction in per capita land availability from 1.95 to 1.74 ha during 1976-77 to 2005-06 • Largest producer of coarse cereals (15.35%) • Shift towards horticultural crops • With commercialization of agriculture, scarcity of groundwater is rising • Policy induced agricultural transformation is evident. Objectives • To track changes in cropping pattern, labor use pattern and income from farm and non-farm activities • To identify the development pathways and drivers of change. Data and methodology • Study Villages – Belladamadugu, Tharati of Tumkur district; Markabbinahalli, Kapanimbargi of Bijapur district • Survey year – 2009 to 2013 • Sampling – Stratified random method to represent 40 households - 10 from each category viz., labor, small, medium and large farmers from each village • Methods – Ratios, percentage, tabular and graphical analysis. Major Changes • Cropping pattern has been shifting from food crops to high value non-food crops • Increase in mechanization especially use of tractors • Shift from draught to milch animals and substantial increase in small ruminants. Cropping Pattern 1 – Belladamadugu; 2 – Tharati; 3 – Kapanimbargi; 4 – Markabinahalli. Area coverage under Food and Non-food crops (ha) Category 2000 2013 % change Belladamadugu Food 45 41 -10 Non-Food 23 43 85 Tharati Food 14 11 -24 Non-Food 10 16 59 Kapanimbargi Food 48 41 -16 Non-Food 46 62 35 Markabinahalli Food 50 23 -54 Non-Food 45 74 65 Trends in Labor Use 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 2000 2005 2010 2013 AreainHa Belladamadugu Finger millet Paddy Groundnut HorƟcultural crops 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 2000 2005 2010 2013 AreainHa TharaƟ Finger Millet Paddy Groundnut Acorus calamus Floriculture 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 2000 2005 2010 2013 AreainHa Kapanimbargi Rabi Sorghum Wheat Ground nut Pigeonpea Grapes Other HorƟcultural crops 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 2000 2005 2010 2013 AreainHa Markabbinahalli Rabi Sorghum Pigeonpea Chickpea CoƩ on Onion 61 74 44 53 59 50 75 65 73 40 63 63 56 64 49 65 41 55 50 63 Percent female parƟcipaƟon 1 Agriculture 1 HorƟculture 2 Agriculture 2 HorƟculture 3 Agriculture 3 HorƟculture 4 Agriculture 2009 2013 2011 • Belladamadugu: groundnut area is increasing, as it has comparative advantage • Tharati: The water intensive sweet flag (Acorus calamus) was replaced by flower crops • Kapanimbargi: Area under Horticultural crops (Grapes) increased substantially • Markabbinahalli: Shift in the cropping pattern towards Bt cotton and chickpea • Horticultural crops generated higher employment (60 – 90%) and income (80 – 90%) compared to agricultural crops (Kapanimbargi and Tharati) • Proportion of male labor use in agriculture is steeply falling, while female share is swelling • Substantial increase in non-farm income (40% to 60%) from 2009 to 2013. Income Dynamics Agriculture HorƟculture Agriculture HorƟculture Agriculture HorƟculture Agriculture 1234 Per Ha labour days 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Man days per ha2009 2011 2013 Development Pathways and Drivers of Change • Belladamadugu: Groundnut based farming system with dairy → Groundwater led productivity growth; Assured market for milk • Tharati: Water market led floriculture → Ground water irrigation; Informal water markets • Kapanimbargi: Horticulture led development pathway → Market access; Ground water irrigation; Migration • Markabbinahalli: Productivity led agriculture growth → Combination of food and commercial crops • Non farm income led growth → Non farm activities across 4 villages. Conclusions • Sharp rise in non-farm income and fall in agricultural income • Shift in labor force, especially male from agriculture to non-agriculture • Policy induced changes towards high value crops. 23 1 13 30 21 33 66 50 28 44 27 23 15 22 25 10 15 14 11 10 16 10 20 12 62 77 62 60 64 53 23 40 56 46 53 65 2009 2011 2013 2009 2011 2013 2009 2011 2013 2009 2011 2013 Belladamadugu TharaƟ Kapanimbargi Markabbinahalli Tumkur district Bijapur district Share of income from different enterprises during 2009-13 Crops Livestock Non-farm 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 VILLAGE DYNAMICS IN SOUTH ASIA Funding support: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
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