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Physiological processes influencing grain amino acid profile and its interactions with environment in stay-green sorghum
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Physiological processes influencing grain amino acid profile and its interactions with environment in stay-green sorghum

  1. Physiological processes influencing grain amino acid profile and its interactions with environment in stay-green sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] Keerthi Chadalavada1 , Vincent Vadez1 , Michael Blümmel2 , KVSV Prasad3 , Srikanth Mallayee1 , Saikat Datta Mazumdar1 , Jana Kholová1 * 1 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, Telangana-502 324, India. 2 International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 3 International Livestock Research Institute, Patancheru, Telangana-502 324, India. * E-mail: Corresponding author: j.kholova@cgiar.org Introduction The sorghum stay-green (stg) phenotype (i.e. retention of greenness) has proved to enhance sorghum adaptation to water-limited cropping systems (Vadez et al. 2011, Kholová et al. 2014, Borrell et al. 2013, 2014a, b). Some of the plant physiological mechanisms underlying stay-green phenotype were shown to improve the stover quality parameters that are important for enhancement of livestock production (Blummel et al. 2015). Therefore this study aims to investigate the effect of these stay-green mechanisms on grain nutrition profile (specifically amino acid profile) and its variation in different environmental conditions. Understanding the link between plant functions and the grain nutrient profile in different environments can accelerate breeding for nutrition improvement. Materials and methods Materials: Sorghum stay-green QTL introgression lines (ILs); R16 senescent parent and R16 originated: K359W (stg B) and K648 (stg 4), S35 senescent parent and S35 originated: 6040 (stg1), 6008 (stg A), 6026 (stg 2) and 7001 (stg B) along with postrainy check (Maldandi – M35-1). Methods: Crop was raised under well-watered (WW) and terminal water stressed (WS) conditions in the field. Plant physiological characteristics [biomass (g/plant), tillering propensity, grain yield (g/plant) and grain size (100 seed weight)] were assessed. Matured grains were oven-dried to 10% moisture and ground to uniform particle size using precision mill (Cemotech; Foss). Flour samples were profiled for near-infrared reflectance (NIR) spectra signature. Amino acid (AA) contents were predicted using World Aquafeed amino acid calibration model baseline. Key results ▪▪ Negative production trade-off was found in several stay-green ILs compared to senescent parents in WW but some of the ILs maintained the yield or out- yielded the parental under WS treatments. ▪▪ Total AA content was on an average 8.97% (w/w) in WW and 8.55% (w/w) under WS. ▪▪ Across treatments – S35 (6040, 6008, 6026 and 7001) introgression lines attained higher total AA content compared to R16 lines (K359W and K648) (average of 9.53% versus 7.75% respectively). ▪▪ Most of the ILs originated from S35 attained higher grain AA content compared to senescent parent S35 across water treatments. ▪▪ Total AA content was significantly influenced by grain size in the case of S35 originated lines, but not in R16 background lines. ▪▪ Tryptophan, a physiological precursor of auxins (essential amino acid; (range: 0.01-2.14%)), was negatively correlated with plant tillering propensity under WS. ▪▪ Strong positive correlation of total AA (specifically proline and histidine) with stem/stover ratio was observed across all the genotypes, indicating that processes influencing this ratio (possibly linked to photosynthetic efficiency) may influence the grain amino acid composition. About ICRISAT: www.icrisat.org ICRISAT’s scientific information: http://EXPLOREit.icrisat.org Mean grain yield [g/plant] of senescent parents (R16 and S35) and R16 originated stay-green QTL introgression lines: K359W (stg B), K648 (stg 4) and S35 originated stay-green QTL introgression lines: 6040 (stg 1), 6008 (stg A), 6026 (stg 2) and 7001 (stg B) along with the postrainy check M35-1 under well-watered (WW) and water stress (WS) conditions. Mean is shown along with the standard error bar. Mean total AA (%; w/w) of senescent parents (R16 and S35) and R16 originated stay-green QTL introgression lines: K359W (stg B), K648 (stg 4) and S35 originated stay-green QTL introgression lines: 6040 (stg 1), 6008 (stg A), 6026 (stg 2) and 7001 (stg B) along with the postrainy check M35-1 under well-watered (WW) and water stress (WS) conditions. Mean is shown along with the standard error bar. Relation between grain size and total AA content in R16: K359W (stg B), K648 (stg 4) and S35: 6040 (stg 1), 6008 (stg A), 6026 (stg 2) and 7001 (stg B) genetic backgrounds across water treatments (well-watered and water stressed). Conclusions ▪▪ Total AA content was genetic background-line-specific and differentially influenced by environmental factors. ▪▪ Most of stay-green ILs of S35 origin had enhanced grain AA content compared to senescent parent S35. ▪▪ Plant biological processes that are likely influencing the amino acid profile of the grain were observed. ▪▪ The results emphasized the need to understand the plant mechanisms underlying the grain nutritional profile and its interaction with environment to accelerate the crop grain nutrition improvement. ▪▪ The possible negative production trade-off associated with stay-green technology in WW might be compensated by enhanced nutritional profile of the grain and stover (Blummel et al. 2015). Acknowledgement The authors are thankful for the funding from Australian Centre for International Agriculture Research (ACIAR) to support the present study. Positive correlation of total AA (41%) and proline content (53%) with stem/stover ratio across genotypes: senescent parents (R-16 and S35) and stay-green QTL introgression lines originated from R16: K359W (stg B), K648 (stg 4) and S35: 6040 (stg1), 6008 (stg A), 6026 (stg 2) and 7001 (stg B) and M35-1 across water treatments. Relationship between tiller count and tryptophan (physiological precursor of auxins) under water stress condition across two genetic backgrounds; (R16: K359W (stg B), K648 (stg 4) and S35: 6040 (stg1), 6008 (stg A), 6026 (stg 2) and 7001(stg B)). Totalaminoacids(%w/w) Genotype WW WS 0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 Grainyield(g/plant) Genotype y = 1.6134x + 4.4771 R² = 0.5819 y = -0.145x + 8.2069 R² = 0.0027 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 S35 background R16 background grain size(g) TotalAAcontent(%w/w) Stem/stoverratio Transformed total AA content (%) Total AA y = 0.1883x + 0.5242 R² = 0.4126 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.80 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 Proline y = 0.2142x + 0.4982 R² = 0.5331 Tryptophan(ug/g) Tiller number Oct 2016 WSWW
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