Options for enhancing grain iron and zinc concentrations in sorghum
Picture here
Options for Enhancing Grain
Iron and Zinc Concentrations in
Sorghum
A Ashok Kumar
Research Program on Dryland Cereals
2 May 2013
Inclusive Market-Oriented Development (IMOD)
• Why sorghum biofortification?
• What are the target levels for Fe and Zn?
• Variability for grain Fe/Zn
• Strategic research
• Where we stand on enhancing Fe and Zn
• The way forward
Contents
Inclusive Market-Oriented Development (IMOD)
Copenhagen Consensus 2012
Inclusive Market-Oriented Development (IMOD)
• Given the budgetary constraints 16 areas
worthy of investment
1. Micronutrient interventions to fight
hunger and improve education
2. Malaria combination treatment
3. Childhood immunization coverage
4. Deworming of school children
5. Tuberculosis treatment
6. R & D to increase yield, decrease
hunger, fight biodiversity destruction,
and lessen the effects of climate change
http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/sites/default/files/Outcome_Document_Updat
ed_1105.pdf
Dietary diversification
Fortification
Supplementation
Biofortification – genetic enhancement of
grain/plant part micronutrient concentration
To mitigate malnutrition focused efforts
needed on
• awareness generation on diversifying food
basket
• increasing access to diverse foods, and
• strong policy support
Stein 2010
How to address Malnutrition?
4. Potatoes
5. Cassava
6. Soybeans
7. Sweet potatoes
9. Yams
10.Plantains
Top 10 crops that feed the world
1. Corn
2. Wheat
3. Rice
Inclusive Market-Oriented Development (IMOD)
8. Sorghum
Sorghum is the dietary staple of more than 500 million
people over 30 countries in Africa and Asia
Per capita consumption is 75 kg/y in major sorghum areas
in India
• One of the cheapest sources of energy, protein, Fe and
Zn
• Contribute to >50% of the Fe and Zn requirements in
low income group populations
• Sorghum harvested from PR season preferred for food
Belum Reddy et al 2005; Parthasarathy Rao et al 2006
Why sorghum biofortification?
Structure of sorghum grain
Inclusive Market-Oriented Development (IMOD)
Aleurone layer
• Ninety nine % of white sorghums do not contain
tannins
• Condensed tannins present in brown sorghums; can
be used in developing functional foods
• Bioavailability of Fe in sorghum is 5% and Zn 25%
like in most legume and cereal based diets
• Compounds like Ascorbic acid, Beta carotene and
inulin enhance the absorption of minerals
• Sorghum is gluten free and safe food to people
allergic to wheat (and those with Celiac disease)
Pfeiffer and McClafferty 2007; Nidhi Rawat et al 2013;
US Grains Council Sorghum Hand Book
Nutritional facts about sorghum
Fe/Zn in popular cultivars
Cultivar name Fe (PPM) Zn (PPM)
Phule Chitra 32.2 22.0
Phule Anuradha 31.1 19.9
Parbhani Jyoti 30.9 25.3
Giddi Maldandi 30.8 21.5
NTJ 2 30.7 22.0
M 35-1 30.4 21.0
Dagdi Solapur 29.8 20.6
Parbhani Moti (SPV 1411) 28.5 22.3
Barsizoot 28.0 20.6
Phule Vasudha 27.6 19.5
Control
PVK 801 44 24
Inclusive Market-Oriented Development (IMOD)
Selfed seed, no metallic/dust contamination; AAS/ICP method
Does Fertifortification possible?
Micronutrient (MN) fertilizers increased
grain Zn in wheat and maize
Combinations of MN fertilizers, soil types
and cultivars under on-station and on-
farm conditions tested
No significant differences observed for
grain Fe/Zn
Fertifortification is yet to be realized in
sorghum
Reddy et al 2007
Inclusive Market-Oriented Development (IMOD)
Variability for Fe and Zn in
commercial cultivars
Inclusive Market-Oriented Development (IMOD)
• Evaluated 66 commercial sorghum cultivars at ICRISAT,
Patancheru during the 2008, 2009 and 2010 postrainy seasons
Fe and Zn concentration in sorghum commercial cultivars
Fe
Zn
Target
Ashok Kumar et al 2011 and 2013
Inclusive Market-Oriented Development (IMOD)
Genetic variability for grain Fe and Zn in selected
sorghum hybrid parents
B/R-line Pedigree
Iron
(ppm)
Zinc
(ppm)
B-lines (523)
ICSB 387 (ICSB 37 x IS 21599)4-1-1-1 48 25
ICSB 58 (2219B x 148)-8-1-1-1-2 47 28
ICSB 263 [(ICSB 11 x TRL 74/C 57)xICSB 6]6-4-2-2 47 25
ICSB 399 [(ICSB 37 x IS 2501)x ICSB 11]1-1-2 47 27
ICSB 354 (ICSB 11 x IS 2815)4-1-3-2 45 27
ICSB 50 (FLR 274 x CSV 4)-6-1-3-1 45 26
ICSB 362 (ICSB 11 x IS 2815)25-1-2-1 43 27
R-lines (100)
PVK 801 [(IS 23528 x SPV 475) x(PS 29154)]-4-2-2-4 45 23
ICSR 72 [(SC 108-3 x Swarna) x E 35-1]-6-2-2 44 26
ICSR 28 (EC 64735 x CSV 4)-21-2 43 25
ICSR 40 (UChV2 x E 35-1)-11-3-4 41 29
ICSR 89035 [C 58 x (SC 108-3 x CSV 4)-3-1]-5-2 39 26
ICSR 113 {[Safra x (SC 108-3 x E 35-1)-5-1] x CSV 4}-3-4-2 38 28
Ashok Kumar et al 2012
Genetic variation for Fe/Zn in
seed parents (523)
Fe: 43
Zn: 27
Inclusive Market-Oriented Development (IMOD)
Genetic variation for Fe/Zn in
pollen parents (100)
Fe: 39
Zn: 26
Inclusive Market-Oriented Development (IMOD)
Fe: 38
Zn: 28
Inclusive Market-Oriented Development (IMOD)
Genetic variability for grain Fe and Zn in selected
sorghum white grain landraces (2262)
IS No. Race Origin
Iron
(ppm)
Zinc
(ppm)
IS 23680 Caudatum Mozambique 71 44
IS 5308 Guinea India 63 45
IS 5427 Durra India 60 57
IS 3790 Kafir-bicolor Taiwan 58 54
IS 3696
Guinea-
bicolor Taiwan 57 40
IS 5514
Guinea-
bicolor India 56 45
IS 5299 Guinea India 55 40
IS 26962 Caudatum India 51 46
Target Fe: 60 ppm; Zn: 40 ppm; Ashok Kumar et al 2009 and 2012
http://hdl.handle.net/11038/10081
Genetic variability for grain Fe and Zn in
selected sorghum colored grain landraces
IS No. Race Origin
Iron
(ppm)
Zinc
(ppm)
IS 27054 Durra-caudatum Zimbabwe 73 29
IS 34 Bicolor USA 69 27
IS 20962 Caudatum Kenya 62 24
IS 12750 Caudatum China 58 46
IS 1563 Bicolor India 57 39
IS 25546 Caudatum Rwanda 57 30
IS 18133 Bicolor Lebanon 56 27
IS 1222 Kafir-bicolor China 55 41
IS 17307 Bicolor Ethiopia 54 38
IS 55 Durra USA 54 38
IS 3106 Bicolor Kenya 54 34
IS 3760 Caudatum-bicolor USA 53 37
IS 17580 Caudatum Nigeria 51 35
IS 25699 Guinea Mali 51 33
IS 3283 Bicolor USA 50 42
IS 32 Bicolor USA 50 32
IS 10174 Caudatum Burkina Faso 48 28
IS 26012 Caudatum-bicolor South Africa 47 36
IS 30310 Caudatum-bicolor China 47 42
IS 12849 Bicolor Turkey 46 30
IS 14108 Bicolor USA 46 30
IS 31680 Bicolor Algeria 45 30
Trait associationships
Can grain Fe and Zn be simultaneously improved?
Trait Iron Zinc
Days to
50%
flowering
Plant
height
Grain
yield
Zinc 0.853** 1.000
Days to 50%
flowering 0.087 0.158 1.000
Plant height -0.039 0.224 -0.017 1.000
Grain yield 0.020 -0.045 -0.223 0.023 1.000
Grain size 0.279 0.221 -0.464 -0.133 0.456*
df (n-2)=20 ; *significant at 5% and ** significant at 1%
Ashok Kumar et al 2010; Reddy et al 2010
Inclusive Market-Oriented Development (IMOD)
Gene action and heterosis
for grain Fe and Zn
• Quantitatively inherited traits
• Significant GCA and SCA effects
• Predominant additive gene action conditioning grain
Zn and both non-additive and additive gene action
conditioning grain Fe
• Some opportunity for exploitation of heterosis for
increasing grain Fe but little opportunity for Zn
• Need to improve both parents for grain Zn
Ashok Kumar et al 2013
Inclusive Market-Oriented Development (IMOD)
Biofortification Material in pipeline 2013
S No Material
Total
Number
Trials - Multilocational
1 H+ MLT-1 (26 x 3-locations - IC, MAU, MPKV) 26
2 H+ MLT-2 (27 x 3-locations - IC, MAU, MPKV) 27
3 H+ MLT-3-AHT- (26 x 3-locations - IC, MAU, MPKV) 30
Trials at ICRISAT
1 H+ AHT (43) 43
2 H+ PHT (93) 93
3 H+ Hybrids-Nursery 223
4 New Hybrids in 2012 100
5 H+ RIL- (296 B x PVK 801) 320
Conversion program
1 H+ BC3s - A1 10
Generations
1 H+ F1s - (B/R/LR) 68
2 H+ F2s - Rabi B lines x High Fe lines 135
3 H+ F3s -Rabi based B-lines and SF B-lines x high FeZn 1806
4 H+ F4s - High Fe and Zn parents 112
So far made
F1s 1209
Hybrids 673
Genomic resources in sorghum
• Well developed genomic resources including published
aligned genome sequences (Paterson et al. 2009)
• Large numbers of SSRs (Ramu et al. 2010) and SNPs
through Genotype By Sequencing (GBS) available
• Validated QTLs associated with agronomic traits
including for biotic and abiotic stresses being applied in
marker-assisted breeding (Mace and Jordan 2011)
• Parents with large variation in grain Fe and Zn identified
• RILs derived from 296B × PVK 801 being phenotyped
for mapping QTLs associated with grain Fe and Zn
Inclusive Market-Oriented Development (IMOD)
Inclusive Market-Oriented Development (IMOD)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Target Base
level
GK
4045
NSH
703
ICSB 10 ICSB
263
PVK
801
IS
23680
Where have we reached for Fe?
Inclusive Market-Oriented Development (IMOD)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Target Base
level
GK 4035 ICSB 484 Pacha
Jonna
PVK 801 IS 5427
Where have we reached for Zn?
The way forward
• Transfer the available high Fe and Zn lines to farmers
• Top up targeted deficit through Fertifortification
using promising minerals dense cultivars
• Continue making incremental increase in seed
minerals density through crossing and selection
• Nutrient bioavailability study with select materials to
identify those with high & more bioavailable
nutrients
• Identification of QTLs for grain Fe/Zn and deploying
in breeding programs
• Develop stakeholders capacities in applied breeding
towards developing mineral-dense cultivars
Inclusive Market-Oriented Development (IMOD)
Enhancing the outreach
• A strong delivery pipeline established under HOPE
• The ICRISAT-MAU partnership variety PVK 801 (with
high Fe and Zn) is currently grown on 100,000 ha
• Working closely with NARS and development
partners to strengthen the delivery channel
• Govt. of India allocated Rs 200 crores (USD 36 m) to
promote biofortified cultivars outreach
http://www.cgiar.org/consortium-news/hope-leads-to-increased-
sorghum-yields/6
ICRISAT
– Belum VS Reddy
– Fred Rattunde
– C Tom Hash
– Santosh P Deshpande
– B Ramaiah
– Kotla Anuradha
MAU
– Shivaji P Mehtre
HarvestPlus
- Wolfgang Pfeiffer
- Parminder Virk
DSR
- Hari Prasanna
- JV Patil
DBT
- Onkar Tiwari
Inclusive Market-Oriented Development (IMOD)
ICRISAT is a member of the CGIAR Consortium
Thank you!