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Integrated cultural management practices of groundnut
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Integrated cultural management practices of groundnut

  1. January 2018 Integrated cultural management practices of groundnut About ICRISAT: www.icrisat.org ICRISAT’s scientific information: http://EXPLOREit.icrisat.org Groundnut is one of the important oilseed crops of Odisha. High yielding varieties of groundnut have remarkably increased production of this crop in different growing regions. Knowledge of integrated cultural management practices along with good quality seeds can help to boost the productivity levels of groundnut and improve the economic condition of the farmers. Selection of field and land preparation • Ideal soil: well drained, light colored, either sand, loamy sand or sandy loam texture with a pH ranging between 6.0 and 6.3 • Ploughing to a depth of 15-20 cm and 3-4 passes of the harrow • Groundnut can be sown on flat beds or ridges (60 cm row to row; 10 cm plant to plant distance) separated by furrows or raised beds (0.4-0.8% slope) with 1.2 m width and distance of 30 cm between rows Selection of variety and seed quality • High yielding location specific recommended varieties along with resistance/ tolerance to diseases and insect pests should be selected • Certified seeds from a reliable source or self stored seeds should be used for sowing Manure and nutrient management Groundnut responds to residual soil fertility better than the direct application of fertilizers • FYM or Compost: 10-12 t/ha, 25-30 days before sowing • Macronutrients: N, P and K: 8-20 N, 16-80 P2 O5 , 25-75 K2 O kg/ha as basal application Optimum plant population: 330,000 plants/ha for Spanish/Valencia cultivars and 148,000 plants/ha for Virginia cultivars. Seed rate: Seed rate is always depends on seed size Large seeded varieties: 120 to 140 kg/ha Small seeded varieties: 80 to 100 kg/ha Inter-cultivation and Weed management: • Apply pre-emergence herbicide Pendimethalin @ 1.0 -1.5 kg a.i./ha as spray or Fluchloralin @ 1.0 -1.5 kg a.i./ha before sowing • One inter-culture operation followed by manual weeding at flowering stage Water management: Irrigation immediately after sowing followed by water at critical stages such as flowering, pegging and, pod and seed development is essential to get a good crop Plant protection: In case of disease appearance the following protection measures must be taken- Groundnut crop on raised beds Gypsum application in groundnut field • Provide calcium (Ca) to pegging zone: The application of gypsum at 200-400 kg/ha at the peak flowering stage as side placement • Micronutrients: If soil test shows deficiency of micronutrients like Boron, Zinc and Iron then Boron (@3-4 kg/ha), Zinc (@3-5 kg/ha) and Iron (@10 kg/ha) can be applied before sowing • Application of Sulphur is important in oilseed crops. The recommended dose of Sulphur in groundnut is 10-15 kg/ha Seed treatments • For soil borne fungal diseases: Captan (1.5 g) + thiram (1.5 g), carbendazim (2.0 g) or mancozeb (3.0 g) per kg of seed; Trichoderma viride or T. harzianum @ 4-5 g/kg of seed • For insect pests: Imidacloprid 2 ml/kg of seed and Chlorpyriphos 20 EC 12.5 ml/kg seed • Rhizobium inoculation: Rhizobium inoculation is beneficial in newly cleared fields, rice fallows, fields with eroded soils and low fertility (@2.5 g/kg seed) • For breaking seed dormancy: Seeds of Virginia varieties should be treated with ether (@5 ml/Lt of water) to break the postharvest seed dormancy Plant density, sowing depth and sowing methods: Row to row distance is 30–45 cm and plant to plant is 10–15 cm or as recommended for the location; one seed/hill with a sowing depth of 5 cm. S. No. Diseases Controlling measure 1. Rust Calixin 80 EC @ 250 ml a.i./ha 2. Early and late leaf spots Carbendazim 50 WP @ 250 g a.i./ha or Mancozeb 50 WP @ 500 g a.i./ha 3. Rust and leaf spots Chlorothalonil 75 WP @ 750 g a.i./ha 4. Collar rot/stem rot Soil application of T. viride or T. harzianum @ 2.5 kg/ha 5. Aflatoxin T. viride @ 1 kg/ha (mixed with 50 kg FYM) Harvest at maturity The plants are ready for harvest when the inner side of the pod shell turns black or when the leaves start turning yellow Insect pests: S. No. Pests Controlling measure 1. Tobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera), Gram pod borer (Helicoverpa) and Red hairy caterpillar (Amsacta) Application of Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV) @ 250 LE/ha; Fenvalerate @ 100 mL a.i./ha or Indoxacarb @ 70 mL a.i./ha or Spinosad @ 45 ml a.i./ha (if defoliation exceeds 25%) 2. Groundnut leaf miner Apply Dimethoate @ 200-250 ml a.i./ha or Imidacloprid @ 25 ml a.i./ha 3. Aphids, Thrips and Jassids Imidacloprid @ 25 ml a.i./ha or Dimethoate @ 200-250 ml a.i./ha 4. White grub and termite Carbofuran (3G) granules @1 Kg/ha Preventive measure- 100% decomposed FYM should be applied in order to prevent crop from these pests Pod features at proper maturity stage Drying and curing PICS bag for storage of groundnut seeds The seeds in well-dried pods should have about 5-8% moisture content Acknowledgement: We are thankful to Government of Odisha and RKVY cell for providing funding for the project Storage Purudue Improved Cowpea Storage (PICS) bags are useful for storing groundnut for long duration
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