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ICRISAT Global Planning Meeting 2019: Gender integration into the GL and DC value chains by Esther Njuguna and team

  1. Gender integration into the GL and DC value chains Esther Njuguna-Mungai (ESA), Jummai Yila (WCA) Ravula Padmaja (SA), Edward Bikketi (Post-Doc) Lilian Nkengla (ex-visiting scientist) 7 February 2019
  2. Acknowledgements… • ICRISAT • CRP GL and DC, and now GLDC • The GENDER Action Plan (postdoc fellowships, GRIT training). • PIM/GENDER Platform – competitive calls • Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation – TLIII, HOPE2, GENNOVATE
  3. Gender and Breeding Initiative (http://www.rtb.cgiar.org/gender-breeding-initiative/news-and-opinions/tools- enabling-breeding-programs-gender-responsive/) • Engaged with the CRP Wide discussions on gender and breeding initiative • Selected representatives from various CRPs; 2 Conference workshops brought together the Breeders/Genomics/Gender scientists to discuss areas of convergence • In three years; a book was written of case studies (we contributed a chapter on seed systems), a practical decision checklist on entry points on breeding cycle • Tools for customer profiling and product profiling • Moving forward: engaging with module 1 in the EIB/GREAT project and GBI to agree on areas of overlap, interest, methods, tools and case studies for CGIAR wide engagement
  4. Postdoctoral fellowship: gender and breeding - Challenging to have a person hold and complete position, 1st PDF got a job in the USA; Visiting scientist stayed for less than 1 year, got another job - But…. Phase 1: Extensive literature review • Building on a CGIAR publication written in 2003, “Participatory Plant Breeding and Gender Analysis,” we assess how inclusion of gender voice has progressed in practice, over the past two decades • The literature is being assessed using grounded theory to determine if and how the functional, strategic, and conceptual barriers to gender analysis in PPB have changed original research articles, chapters, reviews since 2000 review/book • Coding structure: degree of participation, inclusion of gender, gender analysis, functional barriers, strategic barriers, conceptual barriers, crops, region, new knowledge generated from inclusion of marginalized groups Phase 2: Extensive review of ICRISAT breeding programs in WCA (n=29, 4 researchers) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Stage 8- Seed multiplication/dissemination Stage 7- Testing done on farms fields (PVS) Stage 6- Establishing testing Procedure Stage 5- Screening of advanced lines Stage 4- Selection of early generation Stage 3- Selection of parents Stage 2- Testing done on farms fields (PVS) Stage 1- Setting breeding objectives Gender consideration along breeding cycle No Yes
  5. Enhancing capacities for gender responsive breeding among ICRISAT and NARS teams GREAT delivers training to agricultural researchers from SSA in the theory and practice of gender-responsive research, seeking to increase opportunities for equitable participation and the sharing of benefits from agricultural research and improve the outcomes for smallholder wo men farmers, entrepreneurs, and farmer organizations across sub-Saharan Africa • Two cohorts of TLIII Affiliated NARS partners – breeders and social scientists from 7 countries in SSA trained in collaboration with GREAT (Cornell University and Makerere University) Participants engage in role play to illustrate barriers to women's active participation in agricultural activities
  6. Enhancing capacities for gender responsive breeding among ICRISAT • Partnership with Pennsylvania State University for ‘Gender research integration training’ for postdocs over 2 years: 2016-2018 • Postdocs - 2 year fellowship between the CRP and the CGIAR gender network office • Interns [short term specific assignments] and Msc students hosted in projects
  7. Mixed methods dataset: 1st available in the gender team for North and East Uganda • 514 households surveyed in Northern and East Uganda (54% are women respondents) • 4 Districts (Dokolo, Nwoya, Kumi and Serere) surveyed • 48 focus group discussions among youth, mature and senior men and women implemented • Initial results shared in a synthesis meeting: specific focus on traits that influence choice of varieties for groundnuts • One key lessons: earliness as a trait is a really important trait for marriage and seed gifting; brewing traits are key for building relationships/strategy for mitigating GBV • Way forward: Detailed analysis
  8. 1. Rural women in smallholder agriculture are the ‘key decision makers’ on use of non-hybrid seeds 2. Rural women in smallholder agriculture are not reached by information about improved seeds 3. Rural women in smallholder have developed and sustained an efficient systems of seed management and distribution for non-hybrid seeds 4. Rural women in smallholder agriculture are rational, with demonstrated genetic gains, they can use improved non-hybrid seeds Gender Dynamics in Seed Systems: Uganda Photo credit: Ruth.Wanjiku_GSEED
  9. • Main source of seed for rural women is own sources, other neighbours and then the cereal stockiest. • Cereal stockiest accounts for 50- 84% of ‘seed’ (grain) bought (money transaction) Is the cereal stockist an enemy or an significant actor we need to start having a conversation with? • Way forward: Social behavior change communication with the farmer?, the cereal stockist? • Partnership with CBCC in Nairobi Where do rural women smallholders (In Uganda) get GLDC seeds from?
  10. Why analyse gender gaps in a cropping system? Status of the food report of 2011: • if female farmers have the same level of access as male farmers to agricultural inputs and services, they could increase farm yields by 20-30% and the spillover to food security, nutrition security and income generation would be significant • levelling the field of access to agricultural inputs for women farmers to the level of men farmers would be a significant pathway for enhancing agricultural production and empowering communities • Are input access a pathway for gender empowerment? Does the context matter?
  11. Postdoctoral Fellowship: Uganda (sorghums) and Malawi (groundnuts) Gender gap in groundnut production Household composition, headship Layered rights, access to resources Decision making, agency Participation interests Kinship structures, institutions Variety, seed replacement Social Structure and Cultural Norms Household Headship and Composition Layered Rights to Productive Resources Gender Gap in Sorghum Productivity Kinship structures and institutions Household headship and composition Layered rights to access and use of resources Kinship Yield Gap & Gender Yiled Gaps in Groundut Productivity
  12. Book Chapters: 1. Bikketi, E., Njuguna-Mungai, E., Johnny E. and Jensen, L. 2019. Kinship Structure, Gender and Groundnut Productivity in Malawi. Book Chapter submitted to Routledge Book Series on Gender and Agricultural Research. 2. Bikketi E., and Njuguna-Mungai, E.2019. Cultural Institutions, Gender and Social Norms in Matrilineal and Patrilineal Contexts of Malawi. Forthcoming to be submitted to the Regional Strategic Analysis Support and Knowledge Systems Annual Trends and Outlook Report. Journal Articles: 1. Bikketi, E, Njuguna-Mungai, E., Muricho, G., Thuranira, E., Ojiewo C. and Okori P.2019. Decomposing the Groundnut Gender Yield Gaps from a Kinship Structure Perspective; Evidence from Smallholders in Malawi. Journal of Gender Place and Culture. 2. Bikketi, E., Njuguna-Mungai, Johnny, E., Muricho, G., Ojiewo., and Ugen, M. 2019. Estimating and Decomposing the Gender Yield Gap in Sorghum Productivity; Evidence from Smallholders in Eastern and Northern Uganda. Journal of Development Studies Policy Briefs: 1. Bikketi, E., Njuguna-Mungai, E., Ojiewo, C. and Muricho. G. 2019. Policy and Development Inferences from Plot-Level Gender Yield Gaps in Groundnut Productivity in Malawi. Policy Brief, Grain Legumes Dryland Cereals CRP. ICRISAT-ESA Publications in the pipeline from the postdoctoral fellow
  13. How do we close the Gender gaps in the GL and DC systems?: Empowerment innovation strategy Improving access to credit for crop production and expanding off-farm related businesses- VSLA (Ghana)
  14. GLDC YOUTH STRATEGY 1. PhD Student, I Msc level intern 2. A comprehensive literature review 3. Strategic partnership with GREAT/MAKERERE for qualitative training 4. Partnerships with country teams drawn from Tanzania (SUA), Ethiopia (Haramaya) and Uganda (Makerere) 5. Way forward – training and field data collection starting 11th February 2018
  15. Social norms and gender relations in watershed interventions – Bundelkana Region, India - Hydrology was very successful (ground water recharge, 2 crops instead of one, forages) too - +mpacts on nutrition, income - But: - Women involvement in committees was written on paper - The labour burden, time use was increased - Team re-enforced traditional inequality through use of a norm on brother taking care of sis replaced by teak saplings - GTA?
  16. Women empowerment? Access women Benefit women Empowering women – transforming their agency and decision making http://www.ifpri.org/blog/reach-benefit-or-empower-clarifying- gender-strategies-development-projects
  17. Thank you
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