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ICRISAT Global Planning Meeting 2019: Developing Resilient Dryland systems in ESA through Integrated Watershed Management by Tilahun and team

  1. Tilahun, Gebeyaw, Murali, Mezgebu, Gizachew, Moses, Anthony and team Developing Resilient Dryland systems in ESA through Integrated Watershed Management
  2. Concomitant effects of Drought and Flood in SSA (2.3 million per year) ICIWARM, 2018
  3. Drought and Flood-prone systems of Ethiopia
  4. Livelihoods in Afar; livestock-based, seasonal migration
  5. Comparison of rainfall patterns in Upstream highlands and downstream Chifra lowlands
  6. Rehabilitation of degraded landscapes using water spreading weirs in AFAR, Ethiopia Source: GIZ
  7. Upstream extreme events; downstream runoff
  8. 2015, first year, with no experience of these systems
  9. Meher 2016, Expanded Maize crop on 15 ha of land : • Early maturing, • Higher population • Onset planting
  10. Meher 2016 Very good yield of legumes (mung beans, lablab) and Teff Fertilizer?? None!
  11. Meher 2017 Fitting varieties, change crop types, adjusting management
  12. Table 1. Crop type, biomass and grain yield of crops produced with WSW-based interventions. 2017 2016 Crop type Air dried biomass Grain yield Area (ha) Biomass Grain yield Management Zone Area covered (ha) (t ha-1) (t ha-1) (t ha-1) (t ha-1) Maize 2 26.6 16.1 5.5 19.2 10.4 5.1 Sorghum 2 1.2 3.4 0.6 1.7 2.1 0.0 Cowpea 3 8.1 3.5 1.3 1.7 1.0 0.7 Mung bean 2 & 3 3.4 2.2 1.9 0.6 0.4 0.3 Teff 3 1.7 2.6 0.3 0.8 0.8 0.8 Elephant grass 3 0.3 12.0 - Pigeon pea 0.8 14.0 - Lablab 4.3 8.0 -
  13. Understanding the variability: Changing land use due to interventions Farming zone (FZ) FZ codes Description Farming Zone 1 A Down side of the relatively new water spreading weir (WSW) upstream (west) of the project area constructed at the end of 2016. Representative soil samples were analyzed. Farming Zone 2 B Upper side of the second (from west) WSW. Not cultivated but soil was analyzed from this zone Farming Zone 3 C Located in the down side of the second WSW that was constructed first. Representative soil samples were analyses. Farming Zone 4 D Farm fields located approximately midway between the second and the third (eastern) WSW in the project site. Soil samples were analyzed. Farming Zone 5 E Fields in the upper side of the third WSW. Soil samples were analyzed. Farming Zone 6 F Fields located close to the down side of the third WSW Farming Zone 7 G Fields in the eastern far end of the site
  14. Water Spreading Wiers: variable Soil moisture regimes across farms
  15. Change not only moisture but also the nutrient load Farming Zone 1 Farming Zone 2 Farming Zone 3 Farming Zone 4 Farming Zone 5 mean (s.e) mean (s.e) mean (s.e) mean (s.e) mean (s.e) EC 0.2(0) 0.1(0) 0.1(0) 0.1(0) 0.2(0) Mg 614.9(52.2) 653.8(51.4) 611.6(14.2) 503.9(13.7) 710.1(8.5) K 387.3(20.7) 281(30.3) 311.4(25.2) 443.5(52.5) 474.8(33.5) P 22.5(1.2) 17.1(0.4) 20(1.4) 27.4(4.2) 22.9(1.1) S 38.8(1.1) 35.1(2.2) 33.8(0.7) 32.8(1) 36.9(0.6) Zn 1(0.1) 1(0.1) 0.9(0.1) 1(0.1) 1.2(0) B 1.4(0.1) 0.9(0.1) 1(0.1) 1.3(0.1) 1.4(0) Mo 0.1(0) 0.2(0) 0.2(0) 0.2(0) 0.2(0) SI 730.8(17.2) 575.1(28) 630.6(21.1) 684.1(20.8) 696.9(5) Al 617.4(17) 454.3(29) 502.3(27.5) 578.2(35.9) 571.4(8) TN 0.1(0) 0(0) 0.1(0) 0.1(0) 0.1(0) OC 0.9(0) 0.5(0.1) 0.6(0.1) 0.7(0.1) 0.9(0) OM 1.6(0) 0.9(0.2) 1(0.1) 1.2(0.2) 1.6(0.1) C.N 11.9(0.5) 12.1(0.3) 10.4(0.7) 10.9(0.4) 10.7(0.2) No3.N 2.5(0.4) 2.1(0.5) 2.1(0.3) 1.6(0.2) 3.6(0.7) NH4.H 21(2) 22.8(1.2) 20.2(1.8) 20.7(0.6) 21.8(2.1)
  16. Farm map in Chifra
  17. Where else could we apply this intervention in Afar ?
  18. Flood frequency in each month of the Belg and Meher seasons : 2015 - 2018 Flood frequency % flooded area Feb-15 Mar-15 Apr-15 May-15 Jun-15 Jul-15 Aug-15 Sep-15 1 year 6.1 6.1 7.1 5.8 6.2 6.7 7.6 11.0 2 years 3.7 3.6 4.3 3.5 2.5 3.9 4.9 4.8 3 years 2.5 2.6 3.2 2.2 2.3 2.9 4.9 2.6 4 years 1.1 1.6 2.1 1.1 1.8 1.8 7.0 1.3
  19. Temporal changes in flood: Afar region
  20. Flood analysis using Sentinel-1: Sept 2018
  21. Flood analysis using Sentinel-1: Min., of July-August (2015-18) Slope-Flood analysis 01. Flood & <2% slope 02. Flood & 2 - 3% slope 03. Flood & >3% slope 04. Other 05. Waterbodies Districts Afar roads ! !! ! ! !!! ! ! !!! ! !!! !! ! ! !! !! ! !!! !! !! ! !!! !! ! !! ! !!! ! ! !!! !! !! ! !! !!! ! !!!! ! !!! !! !!! !!! ! !!!! ! !! !!!! !!! !!! !!! ! !!! !! ! !! !!! ! !! ! !!! !!! ! !! !! !! ! ! !! !!!! !! !!! ! ! ! !!!! !!! ! ! !! !!! !!! !! ! !! !!!! !!! ! ! !! !!! !! !!!! !! !! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!! !! !! ! ! ! !! !!! ! !! !!! ! !! ! ! !! !! !!! ! ! !!! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! !! !! !! !! ! ! !!! !!! !! !! !! !! !! ! ! !!!! !!! !! ! !!!! !! !! !! !!! !! !! !! !! !!!! ! !! !!! !! !!! !!! ! !! !! ! ! ! !!!!! !! !!!! !! !!! ! !! ! !! !! !!!!! !! !! ! !! ! !!! ! !!! !! ! ! !! !! !!!! ! !! !! !!! !!!!! ! !! ! !! ! !!! !! !!!! !! !!! ! !! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1 6 3 11 22 9 2 4 20 8 26 18 12 7 16 10 21 19 5 13 24 28 25 15 17 29 23 27 14 01. Flood & <2% slope 02. Flood & 2 - 3% slope 03. Flood & >3% slope 04. Other 05. Waterbodi es 1 ELIDAR 103028 2647 3061 1274908 0 2 DALLOL 35867 57 828 298816 0 3 BERAHLE 52936 99 421 677828 3106 4 EREBTI 11908 145 249 233374 0 5 KONEBA 30 7 45 67458 0 6 AFDERA 199242 3650 1467 1122358 10325 7 ABALA 1916 58 255 125809 0 8 MEGALE 7342 282 202 188953 0 9 TERU 44045 529 198 320967 0 10 YALO 8355 153 572 172904 0 11 DUBTI 166118 2590 1238 697050 2231 12 HABRU 65802 693 374 234596 0 13 GULINA 18866 358 117 113211 0 14 ARTUMA 1080 9 3 36322 0 15 EWA 36049 155 4 84285 0 16 AFAMBO 25336 196 73 178674 20156 17 DEWE 6137 11 7 99812 0 18 CHIFRA 32184 167 27 296729 0 19 AYSAITA 8119 39 126 128821 2964 20 MILLE 52697 246 86 423614 4165 21 TELALAK 6384 41 5 132670 0 22 GEWANE 76624 514 168 787447 436 23 BURE_MUDAY 14220 88 0 96063 7407 24 FURSI 13170 76 8 115100 0 25 SIMUROBI_G 1043 37 26 123632 0 26 AMIBARA 63081 417 195 327872 1440 27 ARGOBA_SPE 254 42 56 46743 0 28 DULECHA 7824 394 35 117764 653 29 AWASH_FENT 5176 97 30 96746 0 Total area 1064834 13798 9877 8620524 52883 Unique ID District Area (ha)
  22. ! !! ! ! !!! ! ! !!! ! !!! !! ! ! !! !! ! !!! !! !! ! !!! !! ! !! ! !!! ! ! !!! !! !! ! !! !!! ! !!!! ! !!! !! !!! !!! ! !!!! ! !! !!!! !!! !!! !!! ! !!! !! ! !! !!! ! !! ! !!! !!! ! !! !! !! ! ! !! !!!! !! !!! ! ! ! !!!! !!! ! ! !! !!! !!! !! ! !! !!!! !!! ! ! !! !!! !! !!!! !! !! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!! !! !! ! ! ! !! !!! ! !! !!! ! !! ! ! !! !! !!! ! ! !!! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! !! !! !! !! ! ! !! !!! !! !! !! !! !! ! ! !!!! !!! !! ! !!!! !! !! !! !!! !! !! !! !! !!!! ! !! !!! !! !!! !!! ! !! !! ! ! ! !!!!! !! !!!! !! !!! ! !! ! !! !! !!!!! !! !! ! !! ! !!! ! !!! !! ! ! !! !! !!!! ! !! !! !!! !!!!! ! !! ! !! !!! !! !!!! !! !!! ! !! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1 6 3 11 22 9 2 4 20 8 26 18 12 7 16 10 21 19 5 13 24 28 25 15 17 29 23 27 14 Flood analysis using Sentinel-1: Min., of Mar-Apr (2015-18) Slope-Flood analysis 01. Flood & <2% slope 02. Flood & 2 - 3% slope 03. Flood & >3% slope 04. Other 05. Waterbodies Districts Afar roads 01. Flood & <2% slope 02. Flood & 2 - 3% slope 03. Flood & >3% slope 04. Other 05. Waterbodi es 1 ELIDAR 54507 1223 1253 1326650 0 2 DALLOL 22565 19 21 312962 0 3 BERAHLE 31147 10 76 700051 3106 4 EREBTI 5453 54 50 240118 0 5 KONEBA 1 0 2 67537 0 6 AFDERA 118546 1691 393 1206087 10325 7 ABALA 606 16 57 127358 0 8 MEGALE 3744 138 34 192863 0 9 TERU 27667 270 44 337758 0 10 YALO 4223 35 92 177635 0 11 DUBTI 109308 1005 380 756303 2231 12 HABRU 29213 191 94 271968 0 13 GULINA 7098 82 15 125357 0 14 ARTUMA 726 7 0 36681 0 15 EWA 18023 104 1 102366 0 16 AFAMBO 8833 133 60 195253 20156 17 DEWE 2811 2 0 103153 0 18 CHIFRA 11449 53 19 317587 0 19 AYSAITA 3429 10 38 133628 2964 20 MILLE 23196 100 78 453270 4165 21 TELALAK 2665 9 1 136425 0 22 GEWANE 39985 120 95 824554 436 23 BURE_MUDAY 5793 46 0 104532 7407 24 FURSI 6973 48 1 121333 0 25 SIMUROBI_G 976 35 5 123722 0 26 AMIBARA 25525 130 50 365860 1440 27 ARGOBA_SPE 163 22 13 46898 0 28 DULECHA 6330 226 13 119448 653 29 AWASH_FENT 748 7 2 101291 0 Total area 571705 5784 2888 9128645 52883 Unique ID District Area (ha)
  23. Participatory planning and implementation • Community consultations and prioritization of landscape issues; Baseline + • PADO encouraged farmers to organize groups; experimenting on technologies and practices; Site- specific • Researchers continuously consulted and introduced new interventions, help agro-pastoralist to tryout and innovate; • Establishing strong links between communities and the local administration, PADO; Cross-LS interaction • Generating evidence and sharing it widely through field visits, farmer conference; Knowledge-sharing forums
  24. Community Contributing labour, growing crops, in onfarm research, collective action APARI, Woldya/ Wollo University, PADO. Support local action, community facilitation; designing bylaws ICRISAT Agricultural intensification, creating local partnership, introducing best practices; creating local capacity and leading the science GIZ Identifying key project components, developing implementation startegies and creating partnership ICRISAT-GIZ SDR partnership in AFAR, Ethiopia.
  25.  Strong partnership created with Wollo and Woldya Universities, APARI and Sirinka RC, Local government  Common understanding on the scale of the challenge and trust (respect our agreements; If I invest, will I benefit?)  Building trust overtime through: a) clear understanding of roles and responsibilities (informal norms or policies) b) Started with few actors, grown over time c) Sharing of recognition but also cost  Influential clan leaders taking the lead in mobilization  Local government introduce managed Sanctions (appropriate to the offense)  Free riders were regulated through local byelaws  PADO taking most of the credit in political forums; including reward Creating Strong Local level Collective Action
  26. Potential target countries for scaling these innovations
  27. Lessons learned ..  National movement created ….  Huge, untapped opportunity to rehabilitate systems through flood management  Moving from ‘reducing vulnerability’ and Rangeland management as a goal to sustainably improving productivity and livelihoods  Integration of WSW-based landscape components and social processes;  Provide menu of options, beyond pastoralism and let agro-pastoralists “mix and match” & adapt according to their needs  Link Rainwater management with community needs  Thinking about taking to scale? Next steps.. 27
  28. Thank You! http://www.icrisat.org/
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