A presentation by ICRISAT scholar on pigeonpea breeding

1. Genotype x Environment (GxE)
interaction studies in hybrids
and elite cultivars of pigeonpea
Uttam Chand
Research Scholar (M.Sc.)
Pigeonpea Breeding
ICRISAT, Patancheru

2. Contents…….
I. Introduction
II. Materials and methods
III. Results and discussion
IV. Conclusions

3. INTRODUCTION
Origin : India (van der
Maesen 1980, 1991)
Hybrids available at
commercial level like
ICPH 2671, ICPH 2740 etc.
Protein content :
18-24 %
Often cross pollinated
crop (25-70%)
Genome size
: 858 Mbp
Chromosome
no. : 2n=22

4. Mostly use as
“Dal”
Second most
important pulse
crop of India
Area = 4.04 Million hectare
Production = 2.65 Million tonnes
(IIPR, 2013)
Productivity
Global - 813 kg/ha
India - 657 kg/ha

5. Area, production and
productivity (India)
Source: IIPR, 2013
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Area (m ha) Production (m t) Productivity(t/ha)

6. Importance of GxE interaction
Wide adaption and consistent performance
of released varieties/hybrids
To identify the stable genotype in diverse
environments
Yield stability of performance across varied
environments
The phenotypic response to change in
environment is not the same for all the
genotypes leading to GxE interaction

7. Objectives
To determine the environmental influence on yield and
yield characters of pigeonpea hybrids
To determine the flexibility in genotypes to the
environment for stability of yield characters
To identify the hybrids and cultivars for stability of
desirable yield and yield contributing characters
To identify the stable pigeonpea hybrid which can be
used for cultivation over a wide range of environments

8. Experimental materials
Source : ICRISAT, Patancheru
CMS line
(A4 cytoplasm)
ICPA 2043, ICPA 2047,
ICPA 2048, ICPA 2078
and ICPA 2092
Fertility
restorer line
ICPL 87119, ICPL 20093,
ICPL 20096, ICPL 20098,
ICPL 20108 and ICPL
20126

9. Experimental materials
Genotypes Pedigree Standard
Maturity days
ICPH 3933 ICPA 2078 × ICPL 87119 180-190
ICPH 2671 ICPA 2043 × ICPL 87119 165-175
ICPH 2740 ICPA 2047 × ICPL 87119 180-185
ICPH 3477 ICPA 2047 × ICPL 20098 175-185
ICPH 4490 ICPA 2047 × ICPL 20126 165-175
ICPH 3494 ICPA 2048 × ICPL 20093 170-180
ICPH 2751 ICPA 2048 × ICPL 87119 165-180
ICPH 3491 ICPA 2048 × ICPL 20096 175-190
ICPH 3762 ICPA 2092 × ICPL 20108 171-184
ICPH 3461 ICPA 2092 × ICPL 87119 165-180
Maruti (check) Selection from ICP 7626 165-175
Asha (check) ICP 1-6W3×W1×x C11 175-180
Source : ICRISAT, Patancheru

10. Details of Three Environments
Particulars Environments
Location
ICRISAT,
Patancheru B.A.U., Ranchi R.A.K. ,Sehore
Latitude 17o 53'N 23o17'N 23°12’ N
Longitude 78o 27'E 85o 19'E 77° 05’ E
Altitude 545.0 m 625.0 m 498.77m
Soil type Medium black Sandy soil Vertisol
Climatic zone
Moderate
rainfall zone sub-tropical sub-tropical
Date of sowing 29/06/2012 11/07/2012 16/08/2012
Date of
harvesting 4/01/2013 12/02/2013 4/02/2013

11. Observations recorded
Days to 50% flowering
Days to 75% maturity
Plant height (cm)
Number of primary branches/plant
Number of secondary branches/plant
Number of pods/plant
Number of seeds/pod
Grain yield/plant (g)
100 seeds weight (g)
Grain yield/plot (g)
Grain yield (kg/ha)

12. Experimental details
Genotypes : 12
Locations : 03
Design : RCBD
Replication : 02
Row length (m) : 04
Row to row spacing (cm) : 75
Plant to plant spacing (cm): 50
No. of rows per plot : 06

13. Genotypes were grown in RCBD with two
replications at three different locations.
Data were collected from five randomly
selected plants for different characters.
Data collection
Data obtained from the multi-location trials
were analyzed using GenStat software.
Data analysis

14. Stability analysis
Regression method
(Eberhart and Russell, 1966)
GGE Biplot method
(Yan et al., 2000)

15. Eberhart and Russel Model
 The total variance is first divided into two components-
genotypes and E+GxE.
 The second component (E+GxE) is further sub-divided
into three components viz. a) environments linear, b) g
x e (linear) and c) pooled deviations .
 The SS due to pooled deviation are further divided in
to SS due to individual genotypes.
 The Model consist of three parameters mean yield over
locations or seasons, b) regression coefficient and c)
deviation from regression.

16.  Mean = high
 Regression coefficient of unity (b=1),
 Minimum deviation from the
regression line (S2d=0).
Parameters for stable genotype

17. GGE biplot method
 The GGE-biplot methodology consists of two
concepts: biplot and GGE
 It is the graphical representation of the both
genotypes mean as well as environments performance
 More efficient stability method compare to regression
method
 It is latest and very effective tool for the stability
analysis

18. Steps in GGE biplot analysis
I. Centering the data
II. Partitioning the singular value into genotype and
environment scores for each of the principal
components (PC1 and PC2).
III.Plotting the PC1 scores against the PC2 scores to
generate a biplot
IV.Large PC1 score represents high yielding ability and
small PC2 score represents high stability

19. Results
and
Discussion

20. Pooled analysis of variance (ANOVA)
Source of
variation
df Days to
50%
flowering
Days
to 75%
maturity
Plant
height
(cm)
Primary
branches
/plant
Secondary
branches
/plant
Genotype 11 8.62** 3.39** 480.71** 13.69** 12.46**
Environment 2 1.41* 18144.3* 2201.8** 30.80** 493.79**
G × E 22 1.75* 2.28* 322.74** 3.53* 7.14*
Error 33 1.21 1.00 83.24 2.56 2.61
Cont..
*, ** Significant at P≤ 0.05 and P≤0.01, respectively

21. Source of
variation
df Pods
/plant
Seeds/
pod
Grain
yield /
plant (g)
100
seed
weight
(g)
Grain yield
(kg/ha)
Genotype 11 15.05** 0.11** 774.82** 8.62** 327560.0**
Environment 2 353.09** 0.41** 384.54** 5.58** 763360.0**
G × E 22 5.09** 0.09** 45.34** 1.62 86227.0**
Error 33 1.00 0.02 9.21 0.15 23928.0
*, ** Significant at P≤ 0.05 and P≤0.01, respectively

22. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) by regression method
Source of
variation
df Days to
50%
flowering
Days to
75%
maturity
Plant
height
(cm)
Primary
branches
/plant
Secondary
branches
/plant
Genotype 11 37.86** 1.69 425.36** 31.23** 27.35**
Environ.+
(G× E)
24 6.8 757.05 239.66 15.05 23.84
Environment
(linear)
1 14.22 18144.3** 2201.8** 176.45** 493.79**
G×E (linear) 11 25.58* 1.10 412.53** 28.36** 34.36**
Pooled
deviation
12 5.41* 1.10 99.44** 6.69* 4.46*
Pooled error 33 2.34 0.5 4.61 2.16 1.30
Cont.…
*, ** Significant at P≤ 0.05 and P≤0.01, respectively

23. Source of
variation
df Pods /
plant
Seeds
/pod
Grain
yield
/plant (g)
100 seed
weight
(g)
Grain
yield
(kg/ha)
Genotype 11 17.69** 0.15* 387.41** 1.51** 163779.7**
Environ.+
(G × E)
24 7.57 0.06 36.80 0.34 71327.4
Environment
(linear)
1 353.0** 0.48** 384.53** 0.01 76335.1
G×E(linear) 11 15.36** 0.20* 175.20* 0.26 97589.0*
Pooled
deviation
12 3.23** 0.04* 26.70* 0.28 26251.5*
Pooled error 33 0.50 0.01 11.37 0.15 11963.9
*, ** Significant at P≤ 0.05 and P≤0.01, respectively

24. Stability parameters
Genotypes
Days to 50% flowering Days to 75% maturity Plant Height (cm)
Mean Bi S2di mean bi S2di mean Bi S2di
ICPH 3933 117 0.88 -0.23 181.66 1.00 0.12 192.61 1.55 -0.55
ICPH 2671 120 0.98 0.03 185.50 0.97 -0.42 190.80 1.41 2.38
ICPH 2740 122 0.75 4.73 183.83 1.03 -0.49 193.18 1.31 -1.26
ICPH 3477 118 5.21* 2.23 187.33 1.00 -0.35 211.06 0.98 -1.29
ICPH 4490 123 -1.50 4.73 189.66 0.97 2.53* 206.26 1.51 -1.30
ICPH 3494 122 0.87 0.07 192.83 0.96 4.76** 200.70 -0.65 -0.99
ICPH 2751 120 0.37 2.23 187.16 1.02 -0.49 192.73 -0.45 -0.04
ICPH 3491 119 1.87 -6.23 186.33 1.01 -0.48 201.28 1.55 0.68
ICPH 3762 117 1.62 3.47 184.66 1.04 -0.28 197.65 1.17 -1.29
ICPH 3461 124 -1.87* 5.77 188.66 1.01 1.91 202.10 -0.31 26.69*
Maruti 117 1.52 -2.35 180.16 0.96 -0.33 186.36 2.54* 3.65
Asha 121 0.37 0.25 185.66 0.96 -0.43 178.41 1.33 10.39*
Mean 120 1.00 - 186.12 0.99 - 196.09 1.00 -
S.E.(m) ± 2.13 0.19 - 4.95 0.12 - 7.05 0.73 -
*, ** Significant at P≤ 0.05 and P≤0.01, respectively

25. Stability parameters
Genotypes
Primary branches
/plant
Secondary branches/
plant Pods per plant
mean bi S2di mean bi S2di mean Bi S2di
ICPH 3933 21.40 1.85* -4.62 90.53 0.88 -0.55 255.38 0.90 -0.18
ICPH 2671 28.79 1.02 0.75 130.20 1.43 2.31 404.86 1.33 1.89
ICPH 2740 25.30 1.64 -8.62 106.56 1.01 -1.26 303.80 0.70 12.53**
ICPH 3477 24.00 1.36 3.88 95.66 0.93 -1.29 258.26 1.31 4.92**
ICPH 4490 22.80 0.97 1.10 97.21 0.93 -1.30 264.71 0.99 2.49
ICPH 3494 25.23 0.33 2.15 96.66 0.88 -0.09 223.61 0.95 -0.48
ICPH 2751 22.70 0.37 1.96 92.43 0.70 -0.04 281.28 1.22 -0.50
ICPH 3491 21.16 0.63 6.60 96.56 1.02 0.68 224.16 0.95 -0.21
ICPH 3762 24.28 1.30 2.60 90.28 0.80 -1.29 300.61 1.12 -0.05
ICPH 3461 25.81 0.32 -16.03* 112.56 1.48 26.69** 299.40 1.09 0.63
Maruti 18.04 0.96 7.92 91.90 0.85 3.65 230.80 0.62 -0.47
Asha 20.57 2.57 0.53 101.10 1.05 10.39** 224.43 0.77 0.10
Mean 23.34 0.99 - 100.14 1.00 - 272.61 0.99 -
S.E.(m) ± 1.35 0.28 - 5.26 0.32 - 17.15 0.35 -

26. Stability parameters
Genotypes
Seeds/pod Grain yield/plant(g) Grain yield (kg/ha)
mean bi S2di mean bi S2di mean bi S2di
ICPH 3933 3.50 -0.43 -0.01 62.78 1.52 -3.62 1561.16 1.46 113660.1**
ICPH 2671 3.62 0.99 0.00 72.80 0.97 -10.44 1634.90 0.95 -9242.7
ICPH 2740 3.63 1.12 0.04 64.30 1.30 34.94 1674.08 1.22 -2249.0
ICPH 3477 3.55 0.33 0.14* 60.00 1.25 -2.31 1396.93 -0.25 -10256.6
ICPH 4490 3.54 0.60 -0.00 65.48 2.27* 68.89* 1629.46 0.91 6453.2
ICPH 3494 3.83 0.98 0.08* 49.29 0.86 0.90 1215.61 0.81 63648.0*
ICPH 2751 3.53 0.98 -0.00 63.77 0.01 0.45 1289.53 -0.08* -5078.3
ICPH 3491 3.93 0.99 -0.01 47.69 0.53 17.11 1328.55 1.36 -11955.9
ICPH 3762 3.50 0.93 -0.00 62.58 0.61 -70.52 1509.90 1.54 25249.1
ICPH 3461 3.58 1.57* 0.00 65.39 0.53 114.0* 1486.20 0.03 -11208.8
Maruti 3.66 3.57 0.01 37.17 0.72 -8.79 953.75 1.03 11372.2
Asha 3.47 -0.20 0.07* 39.11 0.57 -8.85 1050.66 0.08 1059.7
Mean 3.64 0.95 - 57.53 0.92 - 1394.23 1.00 -
S.E.(m) ± 0.40 0.14 - 5.65 0.91 - 114.56 0.64 -
*, ** Significant at P≤ 0.05 and P≤0.01, respectively

27. GGE biplot figures
Days to 50% flowering Days to maturity

28. GGE biplot figures
Plant height Primary branches/plant

29. GGE biplot figures
Secondary branches/plant Pods/plant

30. GGE biplot figures
Seeds/pod Grain yield/plant (g)

31. 0
500
1000
1500
2000
Patancheru
Grainyield(kg/ha)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500 Ranchi
Grainyield(kg/ha)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Sehore
0.0
500.0
1000.0
1500.0
2000.0
Grainyield(kg/ha)
Pooled
Grainyield(kg/ha)
Standard heterosis over the checks

32. 0.0
200.0
400.0
600.0
800.0
1000.0
1200.0
1400.0
1600.0
1800.0
Grainyield(kg/ha)
Standard heterosis over the checks
Genotypes

33. Stable Hybrids
Traits Stable genotypes
Grain yield (kg/ha) ICPH 2671, ICPH 2740, ICPH 3762, ICPH 4490,
ICPH 3491
Days to 50% flowering ICPH 2671, ICPH 3933, ICPH 3494,
Days to maturity ICPH 2671, ICPH 3933, ICPH 3762, ICPH 2740,
ICPH 3477, ICPH 2751, ICPH 3491, ICPH 3461,
Maruti and Asha
Plant height (cm) ICPH 2671, ICPH 3933, ICPH 2740, ICPH 3762
ICPH 3477, ICPH 4490, ICPH 3491,
Primary branches/plant ICPH 2671, ICPH 4490
Secondary
branches /plant
ICPH 2740, ICPH 3477, ICPH 4490, ICPH 3494,
ICPH 3491
Pods/plant ICPH 2671, ICPH 3933, ICPH 3762, ICPH 2751,
ICPH 3461
Seeds/pod ICPH 2671, ICPH 2751, ICPH 3491, ICPH 3762
Grain yield /plant (g) ICPH 2671, ICPH 3933, ICPH 3762, ICPH 2740,
ICPH 3477

34. Conclusions
In Ranchi, most of the hybrids showed high
yield compared to other two locations
Patancheru location was suitable for
early maturity than the other locations
Cont.…

35. Stable hybrids Yield traits
ICPH 2671 (8) grain yield (kg/ha), days to
50% flowering, days to 75%
maturity, plant height,
primary branches,
pods/plant, seeds / pod,
grain yield/plant
ICPH 2740, ICPH
3933 and ICPH
3762 (5)
grain yield (kg/ha), days to
75% maturity, plant height,
pods/plant, grain
yield/plant

36. Acknowledgements
Dr. K.B. Saxena & team, Pigeonpea Breeding,
ICRISAT, Patancheru.
Dr. A. N. Tikle, R.A.K. College of Agriculture,
Sehore, R.V.S.K.V.V., Gwalior, (Madhya Pradesh).
Dr. Abhishek Rathore & team, Biometrics,
department, ICRISAT, Patancheru.
Dr. Rosana Mula & team, LSU, ICRISAT, Patancheru.
Housing & Food serving Committee, ICRISAT,
Patancheru.

37. ICRISAT is a member of the CGIAR Consortium
Everything else
can wait but not
agriculture
Thank you !