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Assessing options for crop-livestock intensification in semi-arid Southern Zimbabwe: household typologies and community visions

  1. Assessing options for crop-livestock intensification in semi-arid Southern Zimbabwe: household typologies and community visions Sabine Homann-Kee Tui, Patricia Masikati, Andre van Rooyen, Daniel Rodriguez, Peter de Voil, Godfrey Manyawu 4th International Symposium for Farming Systems Design, Lanzhou, China, 19-22 Aug 2013
  2. Declining per capita food production in Southern Africa 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Index Production trends in Southern Africa (PIN, 2004-06 base) Net Production Index Number Per capita Production Index Number Key challenges • Resource constraints: > 80% of rural population below poverty line • Limited biomass: one growing season, semi- arid rainfed, poor inherent soil fertility • Extraction of land and soils (degradation) • Poor market linkages and support services (enabling structures)
  3. Stepping stones towards increasing agricultural production and improving food security (1) Hanging in Stepping up Stepping out Resources Profit/resilience After Dorward et al., (2010) Identifying household typologies Working Hypothesis 1: Farmers have different opportunities to adopt technologies and intensify production systems. Better understanding farmers resource endowments and livelihood strategies may help targeting development interventions.
  4. Stepping stones towards increasing agricultural production and improving food security (2)LowHigh Low High Production technology development, dissemination and use Marketdevelopment,efficiency andparticipation Fully integrated market oriented system Source: Adapted from Dorward et al., 2002 Working hypothesis 2: Pathways for sustainable intensification are context specific. Intervention options need to integrate market development AND production enhancing technologies. Participatory approaches can help identifying preferable intervention options. Identifying pathways for sustainable intensification
  5. The case: mixed smallholder farming systems in semi-arid Zimbabwe Farming system characteristics Nkayi Gwanda Agro-ecology • Rain (mm, (CV)) • Main soils 656 (33) Kalahari 434 (23) Sands Densities • Human (n km2) • Cattle (TLU km2) • Goats (TLU km2) 19 12 1 10 8 1 Main crops Maize, small grains, legumes Main livestock Cattle, goats Market access + ++ Extension + +
  6. Male Tree Diagram for 228 Cases Ward`s method Euclidean distances 524.000000 473.000000 587.000000 694.000000 467.000000 370.000000 507.000000 497.000000 617.000000 365.000000 660.000000 679.000000 358.000000 551.000000 420.000000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 LinkageDistance Age Distance to the market Land Maize production #Shoats PCA to identify redundant variables Clustering of households Description of functional typologies Data clean up and selection of variables Desktop Expert knowledge Multivariate statistics Expert knowledge Participatory Defining challenges and opportunities Iterative process of solutions & adjustments Participatory Household survey Visualizing current and desirable states of agricultural systems Targeting and testing preferable options Methodology
  7. Results Principal components Important factors Nkayi (n=160) Gwanda (n=90) Livestock (cattle) ✔ ✔ Education ✔ ✔ Years in village ✔ Distance to markets ✔ Off farm income ✔ Family size / labor ✔ ✔ Cultivated land ✔ ✔ Use of fertilizer ✔ Use of manure ✔ Household assets ✔ Age ✔ ✔ Livestock (goats) ✔ ✔ 16% 6% each 27% 14% each
  8. Nkayi: Household typologies (1) Important factors Structural household typologies: resource endowment (median) Household types Share population (%) C1 Young family 22 C2 Stepping up 30 C3 Grey heads 34 C4 Champions 14 Cattle (TLU) Goats (TLU) Cultivated land (ha) 0 0 1 2.1 0.3 1.6 2.1 0.2 1.7 6.7 0.5 1.7 Age of HHH (yrs) Education (yrs) Local knowledge (yrs) Off-farm income (%) Family size (AAME) Assets (index) 38 8 22 40 4.2 2 47 8 37 50 4.4 7 64 3 47 60 4.9 3 54 7 41 35 4.3 8 Fertilizer use (kg/ha) Manure use (kg/ha) Use of hybrids 0 0 No 0 0 Yes 0 0 No 10.7 1364 Yes Diversified production Food secure (months) Cash income (U$S/yr) No 2-8 327 No 3-11 445 No 3-10 485 Yes 3-12 569
  9. Nkayi: Household typologies (2) Assets and reinvestments
  10. C4 C3 C1 C2 Age of household head / me Householdassets C4 C3 C1 C2 Household establishment Household maturity Household dissolu on Nkayi: Household typologies (3) Predispositions to invest
  11. Cluster 4: Champions Cluster 1: Young family Cluster 2: Stepping up Hanging in Stepping up Stepping out Resources Profit/resilience Stepping up Cluster 3: Grey heads Stepping out Nkayi: Household typologies (4) Predispositions to invest 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 1 2 3 4 Averagemonthsoffoodsecurity Area planted to maize 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 2 4 6 Averagemonthsfoodsecurity Area planted to maize 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 1 2 3 4 5 Averagemonthsfoodsecurity Area planted to maize 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Avergemonthsfoodsecurity Area planted to maize Hanging in
  12. Nkayi: community visioning Entry points for sustainable intensification Boosting agricultural production through better crop livestock integration 1. Intensify and diversify crop production • Increase legume and vegetable production • Improve manure management 2. Improve cattle production, offtake and quality • Increase crop residue and fodder production and feeding • Mechanize crop production to release cattle for the market 3. Improve market infrastructure and organization (“also for goats”)
  13. Important factors Structural household typologies: resource endowment (median) Household types Share population (%) C1 Subsistence Old and female 32 C2 Subsistence Young and female 22 C3 Grey heads Richest males 23 C4 Younger male Goats specialized 14 Cattle (TLU) Goats (TLU) Cultivated land (ha) 1.4 1.5 1.4 0 (1.4) 1.2 (5.0) 1.7 (2.1) 14.7 5.0 3.1 0 4.0 1.0 Age of HHH (yrs) Education (yrs) Family size (AAME) 60 3 3.8 41 (36) 7 (11) 3.0 (3.8) 59 5 4.5 47 9 7.2 Off-take goats (%) Maize yield (kg/ha) Sorghum yield (kg/ha) 9 0 40 8.5 (0) 0 (180) 0 (190) 15 0 55 10.2 20 50 Food secure (months) 4 5 (7) 6 7 Gwanda: Household typologies (1) Important factors
  14. Household maturity Household establishment Household dissolu on Age of household head / me Householdassets C1C2 C2-defacto C3C4 C2 C1 C3 C4 Gwanda: Household typologies (2) Family phases
  15. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 Averagemonthsoffoodsecurity Area planted to maize 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 Averagemonthsoffoodsecurity Area planted to maize 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 Averagemonthsoffoodsecurity Area planted to maize Cluster 2-defacto Cluster 2: Hanging in Cluster 1: Hanging in 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 Averagemonthsoffoodsecurity Area planted to maize 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 Averagemonthsoffoodsecurity Area planted to maize Cluster 4: Young males Hanging in Stepping up Stepping out Resources Profit/resilience Stepping up Cluster 3: Grey heads Stepping out Gwanda: Household typologies (3) Predispositions to invest
  16. Gwanda: community visioning Entry points for sustainable intensification Promoting livestock markets to provide incentives for farmers 1. Strengthen market development • Improve sale pen management, auctioning, grading • Improve access to inputs and market information • Enhance fodder production and pen feeding for market oriented production 2. Increase crop production • Improve soil fertility through better manure management • Water harvesting technologies • Pests and disease control • Identify opportunities for sorghum
  17. Conclusions •More market oriented crop livestock production is smart for sustainable intensification processes •Strong growth potential + diversity of farming systems  multiple pathways and transitions towards improved systems •Farmers have different predisposition to invest household typologies can be useful to define context specific interventions in an iterative process • Involving communities and stakeholders to define such transitions is critical to enhance the local capacity to adjust
  18. Acknowledgements This work is financed by ACIAR. It is implemented in a partnership with ILRI, CIMMYT, ICRISAT, CSIRO and QAAFI. It contributes to the CGIAR Research Program on Dryland Systems. Data were used from previous CGIAR-SLP.
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