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Evaluating fodder quality in sorghum RIL population under contrasting water regimes
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Evaluating fodder quality in sorghum RIL population under contrasting water regimes

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Evaluating fodder quality in sorghum RIL population under contrasting water regimes Vinutha K Somegowda 1, Prasad KVSV 2, Ravi Devulapalli2, Anilkumar Vemula 1, Abhishek Rathore1, Michael Blümmel2, Santosh P Deshpande1 1 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-arid Tropics (ICRISAT)-HQ, Patancheru-502324, TS, India, 2 International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), ICRISAT Campus, Patancheru-502324, TS, India * Corresponding author- s.deshpande@cgiar.org Figure (a): Field evaluation of RIL population under drought Figure (b), (c) , (d) and (e): Manhattan plot for Fresh, Panicle and Test weight (FW, PW, TW ) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), respectively Traits σ²g (±SE) Mean Min Max FW 172325 ±14** 1124.68 431.24 2179.90 ME 0.0143 ±0.002** 6.96 6.48 7.22 IVOMD 0.446 ± 0.10** 47.79 44.98 49.18 Table 1: ANOVA table for selected traits FW, ME and IVOMD σ²g: genotypic variance, SE: standard error, Min: minimum, Max: maximum, FW :fresh weight, ME: metabolizable energy, IVOMD: in vitro organic matter digestibility, Chr: chromosome, ** significant @ P value 0.01  The drought control and stress plot was sown with a buffer of 8 plots in between two treatments to avoid the irrigation water seepage (Figure a).  The terminal drought was induced at 51 days after sowing (DAS) in vertisols.  The correlation study had shown positive significant relation for flowering with fresh, dry and test weight; but negative relation between flowering and panicle weight.  Panicle weight recorded negative correlation with ME and IVOMD,  Grain weight was negatively related to ME  The BLUP generated in REML model had shown high significance for the selected traits (Table 1)  The unfiltered GBS data had 292960 SNPs for which stringent filters were applied and 4023 high quality markers were obtained  The SNP details including Id , chromosome, position and p value has been given in the Table 2  Manhattan plot of a mixed linear model (MLM) for agronomic traits like fresh weight (FW), panicle weight (PW) and Test weight (TW) (Figure b, c and d respectively), had shown high association in chromosome number 7  The fodder quality traits like metabolizable energy (ME), in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) the ANOVA had shown the significant variation across genotypes  The traits like ME (Figure c) and IVOMD (Figure d) had shown SNP associated on chromosome 1 and 2, additionally, association for IVOMD was found in chromosome 5 and 6  GWAS enables rapid identification of putative genomic regions for a given phenotype, study will also be performed to identify the genomic regions thus elaborating the understanding of the genes responsible for the better fodder quality under drought stress  Upon validation these SNPs will also enable carrying out a large-scale allele mining study for fodder quality associated genomic regions in tropical and sub-tropical germplasm  Further results will be confirmed from second year phenotyping trial data Drought (midseason or terminal) is a regular and recurring event in arid and semi-arid land, affected by approximately 30% of the world total area and are inhabited by 20% of the total world population. The reduction in crop production and yield caused by drought has direct effect on livelihood of farmers (and their families) that in turn affects the yield from livestock (draft capacity/milching). Sorghum is a dual purpose drought resilient crop cultivated in Africa and Asia. The current dry fodder production levels are of 138 million tonnes (against predicted demand of 526 million tonnes by 2020) which needs breeding objectives emphasized on improving fodder yield and quality, including grain. RILs are useful for preliminary mapping of any trait that differs between the parental strains used to generate the population leading to trait dissection, mine allelic variations and identify diverse accessions as donor(s) for crop improvement. The terminal drought stress is known to have reduced the grain yield and no severe effects on biomass yield; nonetheless no data is recorded on quality of the biomass (fodder). A 5% variation in the key fodder quality trait, in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) is associated with 20% of fodder price premium. The demand for forage sorghum is increased as the consequences of efforts towards increasing milk and meat production. This demands for increasing quantities along with quality of green and dry fodder. Under the semi-arid situations, sorghum is the major supplier of fodder, and its role becomes important during the lean period of winter and summer months. Therefore genetic improvement using biotechnological tools is the best approach to improve quantitative trait. Genetic mapping and Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) are powerful complementary tool for identification of genomic regions, but not been utilized for addressing fodder quality traits in sorghum. Sorghum RIL population based on cross ICSV 1 × ICSV 700 (330 entries including checks M 35-1, Parbhani Moti, Phule Vasudha) were evaluated under drought and control conditions (Figure a) adapting alpha lattice design with three replications. The data was recorded for agronomic traits and the fodder quality traits was analyzed using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for the key trait, IVOMD. The best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) is generated with REstricted Maximum Likelihood (REML) in Genstat version 14. The phenotyping data along with the genotyping data (SNP) is analyzed in TASSEL version (15.5.2.33) for few key traits. Results & discussion Abstract Conclusion Traits DFL PH FW PW GW TW DW ME IVOMD DFL 1 PH 0.005 1 FW 0.43** 0.14* 1 PW -0.14** -0.095 -0.011 1 GW -0.061 -0.084 -0.008 0.75** 1 TW 0.37** -0.014 0.17** -0.067 0.034 1 DW 0.30** 0.12* 0.76** -0.005 0.018 0.14* 1 ME 0.046 0.26** 0.14** -0.14* -0.11* 0.22** 0.13* 1 IVOMD -0.029 0.25** 0.090 -0.12* -0.104 0.17** 0.093 0.98** 1 Table 2: Correlation table for agronomic traits and digestibility traits DFL: Days to fifty percent flowering, PH: Plant Height, FW: Fresh weight, PW: Panicle weight, GW Grain weight, TW: Test weight, DW: Dry weight, ME: metabolizable energy, IVOMD: in vitro organic matter digestibility; Significant P @ 0.01=0.14(**) and 0.05=0.11(*) Introduction & Materials and methods
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