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Digital Agriculture – A key enabler for nutritional security and SDGs by Dr David J Bergvinson, Director General, ICRISAT

  1. Digital Agriculture – A key enabler for nutritional security and SDGs David J Bergvinson, DG ICRISAT
  2. 17 Sustainable Development Goals with emphasis on sustainable and equitable food systems
  3. ICRISAT’s holistic approach to the agricultural R4D value chain Cross-cutting issues Mainstreaming nutrition Empowering women – women are consulted, involved and supported to lead Attracting youth to agriculture Approach for Adoption Participatory approach and partnering – working side by side Building capacity – at a national and local level Integrating communications - to build awareness and share knowledge Monitoring and evaluation – for feedback and adjustment Policy support – work closely with government to encourage the needed policies Developing on-farm practices and technologies Analyzing key problems and opportunities Managing soil and water Crop Improvement & seed Access Diversifying Farms Introducing processing Facilitating market access Driving market development
  4. Pyramid of Economic Opportunity Majority of smallholder farmers with limited access to relevant information and market knowledge to increase profitability >500 million International processors and markets National processors National warehouses National aggregators Regional aggregators Local aggregators 100s Local value addition $$$$ Local storage $$ Mobile offers a platform for information symmetry and connecting farmers to higher value markets and unit prices
  5. Indian Agriculture – a quick reality check • India is characterized by small farm holdings. ‒ 80% land holdings less than 2 ha(5 acres) ‒ 55% of India’s population engaged in Agriculture ‒ Farming non-remunerative: > 50% farmers in India in debt. ‒ Farmers capital constrained for investing in Mechanization. ‒ Children of farmers opt out of farming : Average age of farmers globally is 60 years. • Farming is more riskier ‒ Volatility in prices (Markets) ‒ Unpredictable Monsoon (Monsoons) ‒ Many new risks emerging • Policy focussed mainly on Productivity
  6. Agriculture is a High Risk Activity Agriculture Risk Production Risk Weather labour knowledge Quality Inputs Access to Credit Post Harvest Risks Storage Market Risk Market Information Access to Market Price Volatility Ecological Risk Limited Land Limited Water • Climate Change will cause more uncertainty • Mechanization mitigates labour shortage but funding is constrained. • Traditional Agriculture extension systems are inadequate and lack depth to help farmers deal with exigencies like pests, disease etc • Timely access to quality seeds and fertilizers is still unreliable • Most farmers lack access to structured credit markets making them a prey for the money lenders • India loses about one third farm produce for want of quality storage • High levels of Information asymmetry due to variety of reasons • Access to markets is still a challenge due to high transportation costs • Price Volatility tends to benefit only speculators • Rapidly degrading land and soil health pose a challenge to ecology and future productivity. • Declining Ground water table and erratic rainfall poses a serious challenge to reliable source of water for irrigation
  7. Risk Mitigation • Mechanization can address just one of the many risks that have been listed. • To mitigate most of the risks faced by agriculture today, technology adoption is imperative. • Some technologies that could be disruptive in the sphere of agriculture are • Remote Sensing • Drones/Unmanned Aerial Vehicles • Big Data and Analytics • Mobile Soil Testing Laboratories • Soil Health Cards • Digital Soil Maps • Mobile Money/digital wallets • National Identity Databases ( Aadhaar) • Mobile Phones • E-Commerce • Plant Sensors • Digital Technologies have the potential to create equitable opportunities for Small Holder Farmers to realize their full potential by leveraging technologies along the Agriculture Value Chain • These technologies address populations that were bypassed in the analogue era - especially Women and Youth • Digitization along the agricultural value chain maximizes benefits to the two ends of the value chain - Farmers and the Consumers
  8. What is Digital Agriculture? • Digital Agriculture - ICT and data ecosystems to support the development and delivery of timely, targeted information and services to make farming profitable and sustainable while delivering safe nutritious and affordable food for ALL. • Technical Definition: Leveraging digital technologies (cloud, mobile, remote sensing, sensors, bioinformatics and systems biology – and others) to support demand- driven innovation of sustainable and equitable interventions for ecological intensification of modern food systems.
  9. Ref: Accenture Precision Agriculture Services
  10. The Vision Enhancing agriculture productivity to meet the nutritional needs in an environmentally sustainable way while enhancing the capacity of smallholder farmers to manage risk
  11. Strategy 1: Self-sufficiency in pulse production • Short term (3-5 years) – expand the area under pulses (rice fallows and increasing cropping intensity through intercropping) • Medium term (5-7 years) – intensification through increasing productivity by using high-yielding cultivars developed using molecular breeding, mechanization to increase local processing and storage, and further increases in water and nutrient use efficiency. • Long-term (>7 years) – research in high-end areas such as gene editing (eg CRISPR Cas9), expanded use of systems biology to improve nutritional quality and climate resilience of pulses. Digital Agriculture: geospatial mapping and targeting of pulse varieties based on soil, cropping system, markets, labor/mechanization/storage logistics, spot and e-markets, knowledge exchange
  12. Multi-year, cycle, location testing Integrated database, analysis, and advancement tools Integrate pedigree database Germplasm management inventory Multi-year trial analysis Inbred characterization (phenotypes and genotypes) Early recycling and early discarding Fix & Produce Select Parents Select Individuals Characterize Diverse Genetic Resources Identify & recombine superior genotypes Multi-year test, select, and advance the best lines Parental Selection Tool: Pedigree Inventory and Verification system QC, Genetic Similarity Germplasm Classification, Characterization META Inbreds BLUP, GBLUP MAS/GS Tool MABC, MARS Forward Breeding Haplotypes QTL Mapping & GWAS Genome wide Prediction and Selection Integration of Genomic Information Scale, Capability, Decision Support, Operation, Management Newly improved lines 1. Quality, cost effective data collection (Collaboration) 2. Effective data management and curation (Phase1) 3. Efficient workflows and accurate analysis pipelines (Phase 2) 4. User friendly and comprehensive decision support tools (Phase 3)
  13. Strategy 2: Enhancing water use efficiency on farms • Zonal crop planning based on rainfall and hydrology • Hydrology studies and aquifer mapping ensure recharging through strategic placement of rainwater harvesting structures. • Enhancing water use efficiency through conjunctive use of green and blue water efficiently. • Accelerated irrigation benefits can be achieved by reducing transmission losses and by adopting the goal of “zero flood irrigation by 2020” Drip irrigation of pigeonpea Digital Agriculture: remote sensing to generate hydrological maps, provide down-scaled weather data, optimize retension and irrigation schemes. Mobile-enabled water meters to manage and value water. Sensor networks to optimize drip irrigation.
  14. Strategy 3: Soil health mapping • Farm profitability can be increased up to 120% using soil test-based fertilizer recommendations. • Generation of digital soil maps for the country. • Develop and adopt new fertilizer recommendation strategy based on soil health mapping for different crops and cropping seasons. Digital Agriculture: Digital soil maps to support site-specific recommendations, mobile-enabled delivery of fertilizer subsidy to farmers to improve soil health and economics of production.
  15. Strategy 4: Transforming agriculture markets • Develop a ICT-based national agriculture market • Digitalize and network all markets using ICT. Improved e- trading, computerized billing end to end process. • Establishment of improved testing and grading systems • Developing forward and backward linkages of markets through Farmer Producer organizations. Digital Agriculture: value chain logistics to compress transaction costs, spot and e-markets to push value to farmers and consumers, traceability for food safety, knowledge exchange to improve nutrition.
  16. Strategy 5: Weather-based crop insurance • Establishing pilots with quality automatic weather stations representing several farmers’ fields in one village or a cluster of villages is the key for weather index based insurance • The Farm Livelihood Obligation Fund (FLO-F) would envisage creating an initial pool for public sector insurance companies to enable premium payments. • Weather-based crop insurance to be integrated with the electronic platform facilitating transactions in National Agricultural Market. Digital Agriculture: down-scaled weather supported by remote sensing (radar) and sensor networks to trigger crop surveys; terrestrial validation using mobile and advanced image analytics; payment to DBT and mobile money accounts tracked by Aadhaar to ensure those cultivating the land can manage production risks as weather variability increases – pockets of drought, flooding and hail.
  17. Strategy 6: Digital agriculture • Spatial (and Temporal) Data Infrastructure (SDI) = Smart Development Infrastructure and low- cost smart phones and tablets to support the bi-directional flow of data and information to rural consumers. • Increase value chain efficiency for upstream access to appropriate inputs and credit; targeted recommendations to improve productivity through to market integration based on agreed grades, standards and prices. • ICT can help target and validate subsidies to increase farm profitability and manage production and market risks that in turn give famers confidence to invest in their farms to further increase productivity. Digital Agriculture: India is uniquely positioned with Aadhaar infrastructure to offer personalized interventions to farmer families by leveraging mobile, and SDI to increase farm profitability, sustainability and equity to support a modern and nutritious food system.
  18. Fertilizer Usage Data Down streamed Weather Data Market Information (mandi prices) Water Availability Soil Health Data High resolution map to anchor the data based on Lat and Long Artificial Intelligence Engine International Commodity Markets Agriculture Input markets Crop recommendations Fertilizer recommendations Policy recommendations Monitoring and Evaluation Engine Aadhar database Planning and Budgeting State Finance Dept. The layers that underlie the farm field represent the notion that visual mapping would allow the farmer, and the farmer's advisors, to see meaningful correlations to inform future decisions What do we want to achieve
  19. Bio-informatics/Systems Biology Co- ordination/ Collaborati on MOOCs & Advisory E- Commerce Financial Services Ecosystem of Integrated services offered through public- and private-sector providers, civil society and farmers organizationsDemand-driven innovation supported by rapid feedback loops Crop improvement Inputs and farmer services Post-harvest handling and access to marketsResearch and development Discovery Agronomic research Fertilizer/irrigation/ Other input systems Farm management Seed systems Knowledge exchange Aggregation, quality and storage End-user demand Processing Cloud-enabled Geospatial/Temporal Data Infrastructure Digital agriculture to support equitable value chains Global Unique Identifier Database (e.g. Aadhaar, Service Providers) Leverage location and time to drive market insight R&D for accelerated genetic gains and improved nutrition Mobile Enabling policy environment (e.g. Big Data Governance to protect Personal Information)
  20. ICRISAT is a member of the CGIAR Consortium Please join us in improving the lives of smallholder farmers through demand-driven innovation supported by Digital Agriculture d.bergvinson@cgiar.org
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