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Agri-food systems, diets and nutrition: micro-level evidences with a gender perspective from selected locations in India

  1. Agri-food systems, diets and nutrition: micro-level evidences with a gender perspective from selected locations in India R Padmaja, K Kavitha, P Soumitra, and others ICRISAT Presented at the special session on “Climate Smart Agriculture and SDGs” during the 26th Annual Conference of Agriculture Economics Research Association (India) on, “Agriculture and Sustainable Development Goals” at ICAR – National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 15 November 2018.
  2.  Nutrition – one of the most important outcome  Diets  Systems perspective  Findings from the ICRISAT VDSA and The Nutri-Food Basket project  Discussion pointers Outline
  3. Diets and its importance in the context of SGDs 11 of the 17 SDGs are impacted by DIET Quality
  4.  A growing nutritional crisis  Diet related malnutrition  Diet quality depends on a number of factors  Adolescents – a category that is totally ignored from a nutrition point should be given equal importance  Need for adopting a multi-sector, holistic, system perspective Sneak preview of the results
  5. VDSA data: Women are more MALNOURISHED compared to men
  6. Telangana is showing greater tendencies of MALNUTRITION 42.71 24.30 27.00 24.47 21.28 26.04 4.17 19.79 12.15 10.00 18.09 8.51 14.58 37.50 62.62 62.00 56.38 68.09 55.21 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Percentageofhouseholds Household level Nutritional Status in Telangana Combination- normal, overweight and underweight All members Underweight All members Overweight All members Normal 30.93 32.10 27.09 24.40 26.61 23.35 2.12 2.47 2.79 3.60 3.63 3.11 10.59 6.58 8.37 7.60 7.26 8.56 56.36 58.85 61.75 64.40 62.50 64.98 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Percentageofhouseholds Household level nutritional status in Maharshtra Combination- normal, overweight and underweight All members Underweight All members Overweight All members Normal
  7. Nutritional Status of adolescent girls in terms of anthropometric indicators Indicator Early Adolescent (11 to 14 years) Late Adolescent (15 to 18 years) Overall Height (cm) 142.35 (7.99) 151.36* (4.80) 146.99 (7.76) Weight (kg) 33.57 (6.58) 42.48* (5.23) 38.16 (7.06) BMI (Kg/M2) 16.38 (2.27) 18.54* (3.81) 17.49 (2.35) BMI Status Under weight 81.97 54.32 67.74 Normal 17.46 42.90 30.55 Over weight 0.56 2.79 1.71 Note: i) Values in the parenthesis represent standard deviation (SD); ii) * indicate the values of late adolescent groups are significantly different from early adolescent group of respondent; Source: Baseline survey, Nutri-food Basket project, ICRISAT, 2017 Z score for BMI Stunting + Thinness 12.25 4.78 8.41 Only Stunting 20.14 26.96 23.65 Only Thinness 12.96 13.81 13.40 Normal/stable 54.65 54.45 54.55
  8. Dietary composition
  9. Household wise Distribution of food and non-food expenditure (in percentage) Year Andhra Pradesh Telangana Maharashtra Food Non-food expenditure Food Non-food expenditure Food Non-food expenditure EducationHealth All others Education Health All others EducationHealth All others 2009 57.67 11.49 9.51 79.00 44.84 11.68 15.09 73.23 54.70 8.93 10.93 80.14 2010 53.22 11.91 9.46 78.63 45.69 10.10 16.18 73.73 51.32 8.69 9.95 81.35 2011 45.60 11.32 15.39 73.29 45.44 10.94 15.16 73.90 53.74 6.06 8.57 85.37 2012 48.76 10.58 15.12 74.30 43.18 10.58 21.36 68.07 54.13 6.63 9.81 83.56 2013 51.12 10.67 14.44 74.89 40.20 10.21 20.74 69.05 55.66 7.28 11.60 81.12 2014 48.71 8.18 20.27 71.55 40.34 10.31 18.51 71.17 58.13 7.18 10.57 82.25 CGR (%) -2.53 -3.60 9.84 -1.78 -2.71 -1.09 3.95 -1.20 1.60 -2.61 0.82 0.29 Source: ICRISAT VDSA dataset
  10. Share of different food items in total food expenditure (%) Food items 2009 to 2014 Andhra Pradesh Telangana Maharashtra Average expenditure Growth rate (%) Average expenditure Growth rate (%) Average expenditure Growth rate (%) Cereals 34.23 8.32 30.69 -1.37 22.79 -4.16 Pulses 7.50 -8.86 5.72 2.16 10.17 -5.81 Eggs 1.26 1.22 1.13 14.42 1.16 5.40 Milk and milk products 19.95 -2.49 11.11 14.59 15.40 4.73 Oil 5.82 -0.99 7.93 6.32 12.05 -0.41 Vegetables 10.55 -3.85 14.46 -6.38 14.12 2.94 Fruits 4.14 3.78 2.16 13.14 4.53 4.38 Fish and meat 7.76 -2.68 13.09 2.46 7.86 10.66 Spices and condiments 7.04 -9.60 10.98 -10.68 4.21 3.57 Sugar and gur 1.75 -12.18 2.73 -9.49 7.71 -8.46 Simpson diversity index 0.81 -1.57 0.83 0.37 0.86 0.22 Source: ICRISAT VDSA dataset
  11. Dietary Diversity Women Dietary Diversity Scores (WDDS): Percentage of individuals Mandal Name Members Status Dietary diversity (Normal day) Low Medium High (Upto 3 food groups) (4 to 5 food groups) (More than 5 food groups) Kasipet Adolescent girls (N=586) 35.96 63.36 0.68 Pregnant and lactating women (N=526) 40.15 58.69 1.16 Tiryani Adolescent girls (N=441) 46.8 52.28 0.91 Pregnant and lactating women (N=420) 51.21 48.06 0.73 Utnoor Adolescent girls (N=428) 39.57 59.24 1.18 Pregnant and lactating women (N=774) 33.77 63.34 2.89
  12. Dietary Diversity Women Dietary Diversity Scores (WDDS): Percentage of individuals Mandal Name Members Status Dietary diversity (Normal day) Low Medium High (Upto 3 food groups) (4 to 5 food groups) (More than 5 food groups) Dietary diversity (Market day) Kasipet Adolescent girls (N=586) 31.4 66.72 1.88 Pregnant and lactating women (N=526) 32.89 65.02 2.09 Tiryani Adolescent girls (N=441) 39.46 56.92 3.63 Pregnant and lactating women (N=420) 43.57 54.52 1.9 Utnoor Adolescent girls (N=428) 27.8 64.49 7.71 Pregnant and lactating women (N=774) 27 66.02 6.98
  13. Nutrient Adequacy Ratio, at household level Nutrient 1977/781 1992/932 2013/143 Energy 71.5 77 128 Protein 81.5 89.5 114 Fat 81 99.5 258 Calcium 50.5 57 93 Iron 81 47 89 Thiamine 91.5 97.5 80 Riboflavin 37.5 43.5 64 1=VLS Survey, ICRISAT; 2= Alternative indicators of food security survey, ICRISAT; 3= CRP PIM and VDSA survey, ICRISAT
  14. Nutrient Intake of Adolescents: percent deviation from RDA Joint work with Tci students
  15. Nutritional Status – Household Vs. Adolescents Observed nutrient levels compared to RDAs Joint work with Tci students
  16. Diets are… Shaped by food environments and food environments are shaped by food systems Healthy diets are not the default
  17. Triple Burden of MALNUTRITION: the Indian experience  India – booming economic growth  Food systems changing dynamically post green revolution  Malnutrition still represents a challenge – triple burden  undernourishment,  micronutrient deficiencies, and  over-nutrition manifesting in overweight and obesity. Changes in food systems and the triple burden of malnutrition challenge food systems-based strategies to reduce malnutrition
  18.  More integrative : nutrition, food, health, community economic development and agriculture  Operates within and is influenced by social, political, economic and environmental contexts  It also has a focus on human resources that provide labor, research and education  Governance and economics of food production,  Sustainability  Food waste  How food production affects the natural environment. How food affects health and well-being, including nutrition, obesity and food safety Therefore Agri-food systems perspective is necessary
  19. Source: Zang etal. 2018 Systems diagram of Agri-food systems Gender and diversity cross-cutting
  20. Discussion pointers A coordinated goal oriented approach to be adopted including stakeholders from different sectors to bring about nutrition literacy and enhance the nutritional status of women, children and the communities as a whole. Reshape food systems ….. Refocus agricultural research Generational effect Lack of basic awareness about food, nutrition, health and overall wellbeing. Rigid social and cultural norms – difficult to be challenged, especially by women Promote nutrition literacy and behavior change campaigns targeted for women, young children and adolescents in the rural and tribal regions. Adolescent girls and boys should be given special emphasis and receive targeted interventions including new knowledge.
  21. Thank You Leave No One Behind
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