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Carbon counting & regulation - buildings related legislation Westminster Carbon Counting Conference Ted King Sustainable Buildings Division Communities and Local Government 24 January 2008

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Aims of this presentation <ul><li>Identify the relevant legislation </li></ul><ul><li>Identify key stages in the carbon counting process </li></ul><ul><li>Show how key stages are handled in the various regulations </li></ul><ul><li>Show how regulations impact on carbon reduction </li></ul>

3.
Regulatory mechanisms <ul><li>Building regulations </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Related initiative - Code for sustainable homes </li></ul></ul><ul><li>Stamp duty land tax exemption regulations </li></ul><ul><li>Energy Performance Certificates </li></ul><ul><ul><li>On construction sale or rent </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>For display in public buildings </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Consultation on obliging private institutions to display. </li></ul></ul>

4.
Key stages in carbon counting in buildings related regulations <ul><li>Defining the system boundary </li></ul><ul><li>Which energy flows should be included? </li></ul><ul><li>Determining the magnitude of the energy flows </li></ul><ul><li>Converting energy to CO 2 emissions </li></ul><ul><li>Setting minimum standards. </li></ul>

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The system boundary <ul><li>Legislation relates to “buildings” </li></ul><ul><li>“ Building” is in scope if it: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>is a roofed construction having walls </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>uses energy to condition the indoor climate </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>is not in list of exempt classes </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>(varies for different regulatory applications) </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><li>“ Building” may refer to the building as a whole or parts thereof that have been designed or altered to be used separately </li></ul>

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Energy flows: Building Regulations <ul><li>Fabric losses and gains </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Does not use energy per se (embodied energy not considered) </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>but impacts on energy demands for HVAC </li></ul></ul><ul><li>Fixed building services </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Lighting (excluding emergency & process) </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Heating and hot water </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Air conditioning and Mechanical ventilation </li></ul></ul><ul><li>Some services not (yet) included </li></ul><ul><ul><li>e.g. Vertical transportation </li></ul></ul><ul><li>“ Plug loads” (currently) outside regulatory scope </li></ul><ul><ul><li>.. but impact on heating / cooling demands </li></ul></ul><ul><li>Comparator of performance – target setter. </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Notional building of same size, shape, usage & servicing </li></ul></ul>

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Energy Flows: EPCs <ul><li>Available on construction, sale or rent </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Inform potential purchaser/tenant about intrinsic energy efficiency </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Separate out user effects, so base on standard occupancy / weather </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Only variables are envelope and HVAC </li></ul></ul><ul><li>Rating based on same concepts as Part L compliance </li></ul><ul><ul><li>The Asset Rating </li></ul></ul><ul><li>Comparator of performance </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Building of same size, shape, usage but fixed level of servicing </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Compares naturally ventilated and air conditioned bldgs of the same type (e.g. offices) on the same scale . </li></ul></ul>

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Example interpretations Retail Residential Office Office Office 1 EPC for each separate dwelling 1 EPC covering all the office areas, even if actually let floor by floor – unless floor by floor servicing 1 per unit if independent shells opening onto street OR 1 for whole retail area if shop units share services with mall

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Energy flows: DECs <ul><li>Rates operating performance </li></ul><ul><li>Reflects use of building </li></ul><ul><li>Measures all energy demands (including e.g. “plug loads” and lifts) </li></ul><ul><li>Adjustments for weather, hours/day </li></ul><ul><li>The Operational Rating </li></ul><ul><li>Comparator of performance </li></ul><ul><ul><li>CO 2 emissions that are typical for all buildings of the generic type </li></ul></ul>

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Special case for DECs & campuses <ul><li>Campuses such as hospitals, universities and schools often meter mainly at site level </li></ul><ul><li>Derive DECs for each building on site by disaggregating energy by area weighting. </li></ul><ul><li>Unless a building on site has metering of all fuels & an appropriate benchmark </li></ul><ul><ul><li>In these cases a specific building DEC can be prepared’ and </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>The site data adjusted to produce DECs for remaining buildings. </li></ul></ul>

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Determining energy demands (1) <ul><li>Building Regs & EPCs </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Assess asset based on standard usage </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Assessment must be based on calculation </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Delivers the Asset Rating </li></ul></ul><ul><li>Calculation tools – the NCM </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Dwellings </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>SAP and RdSAP </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Non dwellings </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>SBEM </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Approved dynamic simulation models </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><li>Assessments made by:- </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Anyone for BRs; but … </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>persons accredited by approved Accreditation Bodies for EPCs and DECs. </li></ul></ul>Output screen from SBEM Bldg Regs check

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Determining energy demands (2) <ul><li>Display energy certificates </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Required for “public buildings” </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Voluntary for other sectors </li></ul></ul><ul><li>Assessment based on actual usage </li></ul><ul><ul><li>“ Building” must be occupied </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Could be part of larger physical building </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Delivers the Operational Rating </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Energy demands must be based on meter readings </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Includes all end uses (inc. “plug loads”) </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Landlord’s energy statement for tenant apportionment </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Can be adjusted for: </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><ul><li>“ Special” uses to facilitate comparison (if sub-metered) </li></ul></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Intervals between readings </li></ul></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Weather. </li></ul></ul></ul></ul>

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Choice of CO 2 emission factors <ul><li>Based on upstream and downstream emissions for each fuel </li></ul><ul><li>CO 2 impact only – not (yet) GWP of other greenhouse gases. </li></ul><ul><li>Part L and EPCs </li></ul><ul><ul><li>To reflect likely emissions over future life of building </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Electricity based on 5 year forward projection </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>“ Frozen” for life of AD (at minimum) </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>On site energy generation credited at marginal intensity (under review for 2010) </li></ul></ul><ul><li>DECs </li></ul><ul><ul><li>To reflect actual emissions in past year </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Electricity taken as last year’s grid average figure </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>On site generation taken on same basis. </li></ul></ul>

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Current emission factors

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Stimulating improvement through carbon counting <ul><li>New buildings </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Part L regulatory standard </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Compulsory for all new buildings </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Code for Sustainable Homes </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Level 3 compulsory for all publicly funded developments </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Optional for all others </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Stamp duty land tax exemption </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Incentive for highest standard </li></ul></ul></ul>

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Part L standard (Contraction and convergence)

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Stimulating improvement in existing buildings <ul><li>Part L sets elemental standards for work in existing buildings </li></ul><ul><li>Carbon not counted at building level </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Impact assessed at aggregated national level </li></ul></ul><ul><li>RIAs show significant aggregate carbon reduction as progressively more work is captured </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Replacement windows </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Replacement boilers </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Renovating thermal elements </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Changes of use/energy status </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Consequential improvements </li></ul></ul>Source www.bsria.co.uk/press/?press=314

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Stimulating improvement through EPCs & DECs <ul><li>Requirement to: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Assess performance, i.e. to count the carbon </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Compare with benchmarks </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Produce recommendations for improvement </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Make information available – the national register </li></ul></ul><ul><li>No requirement to make improvement </li></ul><ul><li>Approach relies on: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Market forces </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Peer and public pressure </li></ul></ul><ul><li>But what of EPBD 2 ? </li></ul>

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www.communities.gov.uk/epbd www.communities.gov.uk/thecode