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1. CS: China’s one child Policy María Alejandra Piazzolla Ramírez
 China’s population was growing at an alarming rate of 55 million every3 years
 In 1979 the policy was stablished
 It restricted the nº of children allowed per couple to 1.0
 Raised marriage age (Men 22 Women 20)
- CONFORMED WITH
POLICY
- WHO DIDNT
Free Education Deprived from this benefits
Priority Housing Huge fines
Family benefits
 Many women who became pregnant a second time:
- forced to have an abortion
- “offered” sterilisation
- EXCEPTIONS:
- Parents with handicapped children were allowed to have a second one
- Rural áreas allowed a second child to help at the farm
 CONSEQUENCES:
- Birth rate fell from 31 to 12
- Too Little population to support them in the future
- Femeale infanticide
- Prevented 230 millionpeople being born

2. CS: Mexico to USA María Alejandra Piazzolla Ramírez
 A border of 3000kmdivides these 2 nations
 Every year1 millionMexicans try to cross the border
 Usually go to California from Tijuana
- PUSH FACTORS - PULL FACTORS
-Poverty (40% population is poor) - USA is rich (GNP over $40,000 per
capita)
-Unemplyment (28% unemployed) - less poverty (12% population)
-Low salary - More Jobs (unemployment rate 5%)
-Poor health care system (1 doctor per
1800 people)
-Better Salary (earn 10 times more)
-Poor education (8 million illeterate) -Good education (99% literate)
-Good health care system (1 doctor per
400 people)
IMPACTS:
MEXICO USA
Benefits: Benefits:
- Worker send $20 billion a year back to
Mexico
- benefit the US economy by working
for low wages
-support a better standard of living for
those in Mexico
-Migrants are willing to do the low
quality jobs Americans don’t want
to
- Less competition for jobs (less
unemployment) & housing in Mexico
- USA becomes multicultural
Disadvantages: Disadvantages:
-Depopulation in some towns
(Tendeparacuawas 6,000 now only 600)
-Unskilled American workers find it
harder to get jobs
- Break up of families - Cultural and racial tension
- Ageing population - Illegal migration is seen as a drain in
the american economy

3. CS: Rio de Janeiro María Alejandra Piazzolla Ramírez
 Most inhabitants are rural to urban migrants
 There are 600 favelas, more tan 1 million people live here.
 People don’t have Access to basic services (clean wáter, proper sewers or
electricity)
 Often built in unwanted land prone to floods and landslides with scrap material
(storms caused 200 deaths in 1988)
 There is lots of crime and 500 000 street dwellers, violence and drug
trafficking.
SOLUTIONS: Favela Bairro Project in 1995 -$300 million funding
Social improvements
- Daycare centers and after school schemes
- Adult education clases
- Services to help people affected by drug/alcohol/domestic violence
Economic improvements
- Residents now legally own their house
- Training schemes to learn new skills to find better Jobs and earn more
money
Environmental improvements
- Replace wooden buildings with brick
- Remove homes in dangerous sites
- Widening and paving of streets
- Provision of basic services
Community development
- residents choose which improvements to make
- Neighborhood associations
- New services staffed by residents
IMPROVEMENTS:
- Property values increased by 80-120%
- Helath care improved
- It improved the lives of 253 000 people

5. CS: Mt St Helens María Alejandra Piazzolla Ramírez
 Washington, USA (Cascade mountain range)
 Destructive Plate boundary:
Oceanic plate (Juan de Fuca) goes
under the continental plate (North
American) because it is more
dense.
The oceanic plate moves down the
mantle where it melts, forming a
pool of magma.
The magma rises through cracks in
the crust, vents
 During 3 months of seismic activity magma rose. However, there was a blockage
in the main vent so a large bulge grew in the north flank of the volcano.
 On May 18th 1980an earthquake of 5.1 in the Richter scalecaused a landslide in
the north flank, resulting in a huge release of pressure.
 Effects:
-57 people died: psychological trauma
-Lava flows and ash filling in Spirit Lake
-Log jams and ash blocking the channel of the Toutle River
-This resulted in flooding
-Flooding washed away road and rail bridges: emergency vehicles can’t get through
-Large number of wildlife killed
-Crops ruined: will lead to food shortages
-Mudflows/ Fires / Poisonous gases: acid rain/ Pyroclastic flows670 mph
-200 homes destroyed: People homeless
 Why do people live there?
- The soil around volcanoes is fertile because of minerals from volcanic ash
and lava. This attracts farmers
- Volcanoes are tourist attractions- lots of people live around volcanoes to
work in the tourist indutry
- Volcanoes are a source of geothermal energy- people live around volcanoes
to work at power stations and have a cheaper supply of energy
- Land is often cheaper around volcanoes
- People think that an eruption wont happen

6. - Many minerals such as gold silver or tin can be found in volcanic rock-
so people live there to work in the mine industry
- There are people who can’t afford moving away difficult to find a new
job
- They have all their family, friends and relatives there and practically all
their life Jobs/businness/home
- confident of support from the government
- Have always lived there

7. Kobe Earthquake- Japan María Alejandra Piazzolla Ramírez
 Kobe region of south central Japan(Second most populated & industrialised
area after Tokyo)
 January 17th 1995
 Magnitude 7.2 in the Richter scale, lasted for 20secs
 Destructive plate boundary:
The denser Philippines Plate (oceanic plate) is being subducted under the
Eurasian Plate (continental plate). Tension builds up when one plate gets stuck,
the sudden release of this pressure resultsin an earthquake.
 Impacts
- 5000 people dead: psychological traumas
- Buildings collapsed: 300,000 people homeless
- 200,000 buildings collapsed
- Roads destroyed: emergency services cant get through
- Electricity, gas and water supplies distrupted
- Fires caused by broken gas pipes
- Industries ie. Mitsubishi & Panasonic were forced to close
- Shortage of food and wáter supplies
- People were forced to live in unsanitary, overcrowded conditions
- 120 quays destroyed
- 130km ofthe ‘bullet train’ had to be closed
 How did the government cope with the situation?
- Schools and factories have regular earthquake drills
- Authorities were criticised for being slow to rescue people and for
refusinf offers of help from other countries
- Water, electricity, gas and telephone services were fully working by July
1995
- The railways were back in service in 1995
- A year later, 80% of the port was working
- 134,000 housing units had been constructed
- New laws were passed to make buildings and transport structures even
more earthquake proof
- More instruments were installed in the area to monitor earthquake
movements

8.  Why do people live here?
- Have always lived there
- Cant afford cost of moving away
- Employed in the area.
- Confident of support from the government
- People believe severe earthquakes wont happen again
- Kobe is an important centre for commerce, tourism, shipbuilding, and for
manufacturing steel, rubber, and textiles- so there are many jobs
- Kobe is a rich place

9. Hurricane Katrina María Alejandra Piazzolla Ramírez
 29th August 2005
 South East USA
 Category 4
 Impacts
- 1800 people killed: psychological traumas
- 300,000 houses destroyed; people homeless
- 3 million people without electricity
- I-10 bridge collapsed. Many roads destroyed: emergency aid cant reach
- Business damaged and destroyed: 230,000 jobs were lost
- 30 offshore oil platforms sunk: increased the Price of fuel
- Shops in New Orleans were looted
- 8.5 metre storm surge/ levees didnt withstand the power of the water/
heavy rainfall 1inch per hour: 80% of city under water (flooding) city
under 6m of water.
- Wind speeds 140mph
- Crops damaged: food shortages
- Water supplies polluted
 How did the authorities respond?
- $800 million spent on rebuilding flood defences
- $34 billion spent on rebuilding infrastructure
 Why do people live here?
- Cant afford the cost of moving away
- Have always lived there
- Dont want to leave family and friends
- Are employed in the area
- Confident of government support
- Confident of prediction systems
- Believe a severe hurricane wont occurr again

10. Tropical Rainforest- Amazon BasinMaría Alejandra Piazzolla Ramírez
 Reasons:
- Growing population: land needed for housing
- Farming:
- Resources: timber, minerals & hydroelectric energy
- Transport: (transportresources) Trans-Amazonia highway 5300km
 Threat:
- 3 million hectares cleared annually
- 60-70% of deforestation from comercial cattle ranching
- Every day 134 plants, animal and insects die
- Amerindian populations fallen 9,800,000
- Pollution of rivers
- Global Warming
- Half of medicines come from there
- Changes in the composition of the atmosphere
- The soil becomes unfertile

11. East Anglia María Alejandra Piazzolla Ramírez
 South East England
 Intensive, Extensive Arable farming: potatoes, sugar beet and vegetables
INPUTS
Physical Human
- Very flat only 100m above sea level:
easy to build
- Soil is very fertile due to Boulder
clay laid in the ice age
- Rainfall 500-700mm per year
- Long warm sunny summers, avg 17ºC
- 200 hectares of land
- Cereal Crop sedes
- Good transport system has
developed so its easy to Access A1,
M11
- Close to large nearby markets,
London: saves time and cost, easier
to transport bulky, perishable godos.
- Money form EU common agricultural
sustems (CAP)
- Fertilisers and pesticides
- Small labour force
- Machines
OUTPUT
- Wheat, barley, sugar beet,
potatoes, peas and beans
- Huge amounts of money
PROCESSES
- Ploughing
- Harrowing
- Weeding
- Applying fertiliser and
pesticides
- Harvesting

12. Ganges Valley María Alejandra Piazzolla Ramírez
INPUTS
Physical Human
-Rich fertile from silt which is
deposited annually by the Ganges
-Wet padi
-Temperatures over 21ºC
-Continuous growing season
-Monsoon rains
-Rice, vegetable or cereal seed
-Small farm 1hectare
-Lots of labour force
-Embarkments
-Irrigation cannals
-hand labour
-Water buffalo used
-manure as fertiliser
PROCESSES
- Planting rice in nursery
- Ploughing and transplating rice into padi fields
- Harvesting rice
- Planting Winter wheat
- Harvesting wheat
- Growing vegetables
OUTPUTS
- rice
- some wheat, vegetables & chicken

13. Bangladesh María Alejandra Piazzolla Ramírez
 July-September 1998
 Rivers Brahmaputra and Ganges overflow their Banks due to the anual
monsoons
 153 million people live on the floodplains of these rivers
CAUSES
Physical Human
Low lying country (80% flood
plain)
Increaing population- pressure in the foothils of the
Himalaya due to DEFORESTATION
Receives large amounts of
water (2 major rivers:
Brahmaputra & Ganges)
Bangladesh is an LEDC and doesnt have enough
money to spend on flood protection
Monsoon climate (annual
torrential rains)
More silt is deposited in the river reducing the river
cannel capacity and therefore incresin risk of
flooding.
Melting snow from Himalayas
IMPACTS
- 60% of country flooded / Dhaka 2m underwater
- Destroy of rice crops apprx. 700,000ha > food shortages
- Destroy basic infrastructure: 30 million homeless
- 1000 deaths: psychological traumas
- Contamination of wáter by waste/dead bodies/animals > spread of disease
(cholera)
- Lack of Access to medical care > more deaths
- Export industries decrease in 20% of production
- Communcication was difficult > rescue operations difficult > aid
WHY DO PEOPLE LIVE THERE?
- Provides wáter for crops
- Deposition of silt which makes soil fertile
- Deposition creates land upon which people can live (ie. Ganges valley delta)
- Dont have money to move away
- Have always lived there
- Are used to it
- All their family and relatives are ther
MANAGEMENT
- Creation of artificial leves which increase cannel capacty
- Constructing flood protection shelters
- Emergency flood warning systems and plans

14. - Emergency medical stores in villages
- Building flood proof storage sheds
- Dam construction upstream

15. Aswan Dam- Egypt María Alejandra Piazzolla Ramírez
 Egypt is an LEDC
 River Nile (probably largest river in the world)
 Took 10 years to build (opened in 1970)
 $1 billion dollars spent
BENEFITS PROBLEMS
More employment opportunities in Farming
(provide
irrigation)/Tourism(wátersports)/industrry(fishing)
Farmland less fertile as silt isnt
deposited Fertiliser needs to be
added > pollutes rivers & cost
money (1 million tonnes pa.)
Create cheap HEP (2’100 megawatts) Nile Delta getting smaller
Encourage foreign investment (soviet unión) Lake Nassar filling up with silt >
evetually not HEP
Keep river navigable all year Water born diseases > Bilharzia
Fishing & Farming > improve peoples diet Huge shoals have now vanished
Prevented flooding Irrigation wáter evaporates >
salts are left
Lake Nassar constructed > Water supply allr year Jobs lost in fishing around Nile
Delta
Improve people’s quality of life Archaelogical sites flooded from
Nubian civilisation
Reduced Rural to Urban migration

16. Swaziland María Alejandra Piazzolla Ramírez
 60% of people with HIV are in Sub-saharian Africa
 Since the beginnig of the epidemic 15 million Africans have died
 Life expectancy fell from 51 to 31
 100’000 orphaned children
 HIV prevalence rate 26,1%
ECONOMIC SOCIAL
Lots of money has to be spent in health
care
Grand Parents have to take care of
orphaned children > they cant cope.
Less money spent in other services ie.
Education
Psychological taumas
Less Economically Active population Child labour > children dont go to school
GNP decreases Families cant afford doctors and
appropiate health care attention

17. Costa del Sol- Spain María Alejandra Piazzolla Ramírez
 South of Spain, Malaga
Why do so many people go there?
Climate:
- summers are hot (23ºC)
- lots of hours of sunshine (8hr)
- It rarely rains (7mm)
Landscape:
- Mediterranean Sea
- Sierra Nevada mountains
- Shingle or Sandy beaches
Accomodation:
- Fuengirola & Torremolinos: cheap
- Marbella: luxurious
- Numerous campsites alogn the N340 road
Nightlife and shopping:
- Numerous restaurants with typical spanish food (ie. 7 de Julio)
- Bars & cafes
- British food
- Shopping áreas in Torremolinos (ie. Malaga central Market)
- Chic boutiques with designers cloter in Marbella (El corte Ingles)
Things to do:
- Water sports and Aquapark in Torremolinos
- Yatching marinas and harbours at Puerto Banus
- Golf courses (ie. Costa del Golf)
- Visit village of Mijas
- Picasso Museum
- Alcazaba (arabic fortress)

18. Kenya María Alejandra Piazzolla Ramírez
Why do so many people come here?(7000000 visitors per year)
 Climate
- Warm (25ºC)
- Sunshine all year round
 Nature/ Physical Attractions / Landscape + Wildlife
- Mountains (Mt. Kenya 5200m) (Aberdare Mountains)
- Sandy beaches (Indian Ocean)
- Lakes (Lake Victoria)
- Desert (Chalbi desert)
- Waterfalls (Thomson’s Falls)
- Great Rift Valley
- Wildlife: flamingos, Rhinos, Lions, Giraffes, Elephants, Crocodiles, Zebras….
- over 50 National Parks (ie. Masai Mara)
 Human Attractions
- Treetops Hotel
- Mombasa Beach hotel
- Balloon Safari
- Safaris
- Tribal Culture (Samburu)
Advantages Disadvantages
Encourages building of new roads +
better communications  more jobs
Safari minibuses/ballons disturb animals
& increase rate of erosion
Jobs created  develope people
business skills
Tribes have lost their land because of
national parks
Local infrastructure improved
Facilities can be used by local people
Coastal environments damaged (Tourist
step on corals)
Foreign currency  helps to improve
services
Drugs & crime/ conjestion/ polluton
increased. AIDS is a major problem
Local people have more money & better
quality of life
Profits go to foreign companies. They
bring foreign workers too.
Encourage people to protect the
environment  Nat. Parks created
Important projects focused on tourists
House prices rise
Multicultural Seasonal Unemployment

20. The M4 Corridor María Alejandra Piazzolla Ramírez
 Proximity to the M4 and mainline railways allows Access to all parts of UK
 Presence of Heathrow, Gatwick, Luton airports to export products
 Concentration of other industries ideas and knowledge can be shared &
transport costs may be reduced between agglomerated industries
 Large skilled labour forcé from (Oxford, Cambridge, Bristol & Reading)
 Easy Access to the Channel Tunnel International export
 Very attractive natural environment to attract workers Costwold and Mendip
Hills
 Close proximity/good Access to London major government functions &
Financial trading occur

21. Sahel María Alejandra Piazzolla Ramírez
 Temperature +/- 47ºC
 Rainfall just 1 or 2 months of the year
 Impacts
- 100 000 people dead  starvation & thirst
- 12 million cattle died  famine
- 750 000 dependant of food aid
- 50 million people affected
- spread of diseases more deaths
- People are forced to migrate  puts pressure on the resources of the
receiving country
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