IT and Business Process Modelling course at IT University of Copenhagen (Lecture 1+2)

1. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling Business Process Modelling & Analysis Thomas Hildebrandt IT University of Copenhagen www.itu.dk/people/hilde hilde@itu.dk ! ! First lecture of IT and Business Process Modelling (BIMF, GBI) & Business Process Modelling and Analysis (DBMA, DIM & SDT-SE) ! January 26th, 2015 Partly based on lecture slides (ch 2) by M. Reichert and B.Weber, available at www.ﬂexible-processes.com

2. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 Road Map • 10-10.15: Learning Outcomes, Group project & Exam • 10.15-10.45:What is a (Business) Process ? • 11.00-11.45: Process-Aware Information Systems • 12.30-14.00:Theory review-exercises in groups 2

3. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 Learning Outcomes (BSc) 3

4. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 Learning Outcomes (MSc) 4

5. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 DescripFon at learnit 5

6. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 Rough outline of course • Week 1-5: Business Process constraint mapping  (ch 1-3+12 + research papers) • Week 6-10: Pre-speciﬁed processes,   ﬂexibility by design and compliance (Ch 4-6+10) • Week 11-15: Ad-hoc changes, mining & evolution (Ch 7-9+12 +18 + research papers) • MSc must pick advanced topic: Ad-hoc changes (7), Monitoring & Mining (8), Evolution (9), Compliance (10) 6

7. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 Group Project & Exam • During the course you will in groups (5 students) • present a process constraint model (Feb 23rd) • hand-in of your report (April 9) • give feedback to software dev. group • upload a ﬁnal report (May 19th in LearnIT) • give a 8 min joint presentation of report at exam followed by 8 min individual oral examination 7 learnit.itu.dk/course/view.php?id=1970132

8. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 What is a Process ? 8 “A process is a speciﬁc ordering of work acFviFes across Fme and place, with a beginning, an end, and clearly deﬁned inputs and outputs: a structure for acFon” [Davenport 1993, p. 5]. A process is a collection of activities/events, ordered across time & space, carried out by actors, and depending on & producing data/resources. Some activities/events start the process (the beginning) Others are goals (the end) A business process creates value for customers (& the business)

9. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 Process examples • Booking a travel • Delivering beer to customers • Getting pain relief at the hospital • Getting a new loan or credit card in the bank • Helping an unemployed at the job-center to get a job 9 Who are the actors ? What are the activities/events ? What are the goals, ending and starting events ? How would you order the activities/events ? What data/resources produced & used by activities ?

10. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 Hospital process example 10

11. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 Hospital process example 11 Actors ?

12. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 Hospital process example 12 Actions & Events ? Start ? Goal ? Data ?

13. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 Group Exercise (10-‐15 min) • Discuss processes you know • Describe (with post-it notes on A3 paper): • Actors ? • Activities/Events ? • Starting (triggering) and Ending (goals) events ? • Data & Resources used/produced ? • Ordering of Activities/Events ? • Put A3 paper on the black-board (with group name) 13

14. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 Summary & Discussion 14 • Easy to identify activities/events ? • What is the right level of detail ? • Is there a relation between data dependencies and ordering of events ? • Can (some of) the activities/events be repeated/ skipped ? • How do we represent the dependencies ?

15. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 Time for a break! 15

16. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN Process-aware Information Systems (PAIS) What ? Why ? How ?

17. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 What are PAIS & why bother? 17 • Process-Aware Information Systems (PAIS) = Information systems that are aware of the (business/ workﬂow) processes they support • The motivations & goals are typically to improve efﬁciency, quality, agility and document compliance

18. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 Process characterisFcs 18 • Long-running (from seconds to years) • Persisted state • Sleeps most of the time • Orchestrates system and/or human actors • Understood (and managed) by business analysts • Adaptable • Reusable a domain speciﬁc architecture and languages for business processes execution (and management) ?

19. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 How to make a PAIS ? 19 • PAIS introduce an extra architectural layer, separating the process logic from the application code • Typical examples include Business Process,Workﬂow and Case Management Systems (BPMS,WfMS & CMS) • Often used with a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA)

20. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 Process & Service Oriented Architecture 20 offer workenactment service management tools design tools run-time data process data organizational data perform work worker management designerhistorical data case dataapplications Figure 9: The architecture of a PAIS. ng a simple workflow process. Work is offered through so-called work queues. One worker can have multiple work queues and one work queue can be shared among multiple workers. The window in the middle shows the set of available work queues (left) and the content of one of these work queues (right). The bottom window shows an audit trail of a case. The three windows show only some of the capabilities offered by contemporary workflow management systems. It is fairly Process-Aware Information Systems: Design, Enactment, and Analysis Wil M.P. van der Aalst Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Eindhoven University of Tech- nology, P.O. Box 513, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tue.nl Abstract. Process-aware information systems support operational business processes by combining advances in information technology with recent insights from management science. Workflow management systems are typical examples of such systems. However, many other types of information systems are also “process aware” even if their processes are hard-coded or only used implicitly (e.g., ERP systems). The shift from data orientation to process orientation has in- creased the importance process-aware information systems. Moreover, advanced analysis techniques ranging from simulation and verification to process mining and activity monitoring allow for systems that support process improvement in various ways. This article provides an overview of process-aware information systems and also relates these to business process management, workflow management, process analysis techniques, and process flexibility. Keywords: Process-Aware Information Systems, Workflow Management, Busi- ness Process Management, Petri Nets, Process Mining, Process Verification, Sim- ulation 1 Introduction Information technology has changed business processes within and between enter- prises. More and more work processes are being conducted under the supervision of information systems that are driven by process models. Examples are workflow management systems such as FileNet P8, Staffware, WebSphere, FLOWer and YAWL and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems such as SAP and Oracle. Moreover, many domain specific systems have components driven by (process) models. It is hard to imagine enterprise information systems that are unaware of the processes taking place. Although the topic of business process management using information technology has been addressed by consultants 1 Web-services internal services (e.g. database) e.g. electronic forms or case management tool processes are (re)designed. In the configuration phase, designs are by configuring a PAIS (e.g., a WFMS). After configuration, the ena starts where the operational business processes are executed using th figured. In the diagnosis phase, the operational processes are analyz problems and to find things that can be improved. The focus of tra flow management (systems) is on the lower half of the life-cycle. A is little support for the diagnosis phase. Moreover, support in the d limited to providing an editor while analysis and real design suppor Figure 13: PAIS life-cycle. In this article, we showed that PAISs support operational busin by combining advances in information technology with recent insig agement science. We started by reviewing the history of such sys focused on process design. From the many diagramming techniques chose one particular technique (Petri nets) to show the basics. We als the relevance of process analysis, e.g., by pointing out that 20 perce than 600 process models in the SAP reference model are flawed [ 26

21. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 Example: Financial BPM on top of SOA 21 • Customer packet: Business process for creating ﬁnancial products (credit cards, internet bank access,etc) • 10 different systems, 30 sub processes, 200 service calls/human tasks. • From 200 packets a day to 1800 a day • 80% automation Steen Brahe, Industrial PhD, Danske Bank & IT University of Copenhagen Best Industry Paper “BPM on Top of SOA: Experiences from the Financial Industry”, BPM 2007

22. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 Three trends... • From Programming to Orchestration • From Data orientation to Process orientation • From Design to Re-design and dynamic growth 22

23. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 Not an enFrely new idea Early research in Office Automation Describing office work as flow-graphs (Petri Net) 23 zc := Computer Science and Office Information Systems By Clarence A. Ellis and Gary J. Nutt • Zisman & Hammer 1977 • IBM Business Definition Language (BDL) • Information Control Net [Ellis 1979 Xerox]

24. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 InformaFon Control Net 24 ORDERPROCESSING LogRequest TypeOrder SendOrder ReceiveOrder BrocessII J I I • :1.1 Customer Request Arrival lL -""/ I I r •r J/.I I A/I " Order Form '"I +0I,Custamer JjFile I IIBillingFile I I I J I J I I I I I I I / I, lOut" 1:;;1tJ.lOut.I tForm'--------/--"" ',----..._------_.._-..,.-' F.igure2 [C. Ellis, 1979] used by SCOOP are document generators; electronic mail senders and receivers; file services, and media schedulers. Although the complexity and number of the special purpose systems may grow large as the office automation area grows, the monitor (or office operating system supervisor) can remain relatively constant. Zisman provides guidelines and frameworks for a high level non-procedural specifications language, and that contains a document definition section for declaring all documents needed, an activity initiation section for describing when each activity can be performed and an activity detail section. The activity detail section describes the detail tasks to be done when the activity is initiated by a few basic operations, wen-known to an office analyst. Procedure descriptions in this language could then be translated into an augmented Petri net and run using the execution monitor, SCOOP. By considering the specification language, the internal representation, and the design of a prototype system using one unified model, Zisman has been able to study the office as a system rather than simply as a collection of isolated tasks and pieces of equipment. Although Zisman suggests the language and the model need refinement, his basic notions will probably have great impact on the office of the future.

25. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 Business Process Model and NotaFon (BPMN) 2.0 25 Figure from the BPMN 2.0 Final Speciﬁcation, 2011

26. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 30 years: What happened? • Optimism in late 70ties and early 80ties • Not any real success... lack of standards and too rigid • 90ties to now: • Graphical User Interfaces • Internet, Service and Process standards 26 (but still too rigid...)

27. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 Workﬂow Management CoaliFon (WfMC) 1993 27 Workflow Engine(s) Process Definition Tools Other Workflow Engines Workflow Client Applications Invoked Applications (e.g. Webservices) Administration and Analysis Tools WfMC Workﬂow Reference Model 1995 (IBM, HP, Fujitsu, .. Graphical process notations/ languages (BPMN, EPCs, UML Activity Diagrams, Petri Net, ...) Export language (BPMN-XML,XPDL,WSFL,WS-BPEL,..) Service access, addressing and description languages (WSDL, abstract WS-BPEL, ..) Human Task languages (BPEL4PEOPLE, BPMN2.0) DB Instance run-time & persistence format Query languages

28. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 Many modelling standards -‐ converging to BPMN 28 R. Shapiro,WfMC, 2010 IBM WSFL 1.0 MS XLANG 1.0 BPEL4WS 1.0 BPEL4WS 1.1 WS-BPEL 2.0 OASIS CMMN 1.0 (BETA) 2013

29. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 An example BPMN process 29 A pre-speciﬁed process for planning a surgery: (Example 2.3, Fig 2.2, page 13-14)

30. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 Zooming in on OutpaFent Dept 30

31. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 Diﬀerent perspecFves 31 Business Function 1 ... Business Function 2 Business Function 3 Business Function 4 Business Function n .. . ! business functions Function Perspective EXECUTABLE PROCESS MODEL control flow: order & execution constraints Behavior Perspective data objects & data flow Information Perspective time constraints (e.g., activity deadlines) Time Perspective organizational model (actors, roles, organizational units) Organization Perspective activity implementations & application services Operational Perspective

32. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 FuncFon PerspecFve 32 atomic complex

33. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 Behavior PerspecFve 33 Alternative /choice Sequence Parallel

34. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 Behavior as constraints 34 A constraint based (declarative) model describes what & why rather than how (Declare)

35. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 Behavior as constraints 35 A constraint based (declarative) model describes what & why rather than how (Declare)

36. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 Constraints as DCR Graphs 36

37. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 Data-‐centric/OO behavior 37 In a data-driven/centric process the behavior is described by state of data attributes (belonging to objects/business entities)

38. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 InformaFon/InteracFon 38

39. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 OrganizaFonal 39

40. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 OperaFonal PerspecFve 40 COBOL PL1 .NET SAP Java service Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) service service Risk Department Credit Department Customer Department Task Sub Process Sub Process Data interoperability standards, e.g. HL7 for healthcare data and XBRL for business/ﬁnance (Time perspective)

41. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN Components of a PAIS offer workenactment service management tools design tools run-time data process data organizational data perform work worker management designerhistorical data case dataapplications Figure 9: The architecture of a PAIS. ing a simple workﬂow process. Work is offered through so-called work queues.

42. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN Components of a PAIS

43. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 Build vs. Run-‐Fme 43 (may be combined if we allow adaptation)

44. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 Build-‐Fme veriﬁcaFon • Functional: Refer to taxonomies (naming) & attributes • Behavior: Deadlocks? Livelocks? Soundness ? • Information: Missing, wrong or unnecessary data ? • Organisation: Missing actors or authorizations ? • Operation:Assigned application services to all atomic activities ? 44 Veriﬁcation concerns all process perspectives:

45. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 Run-‐Fme Environment • Process instance life-cycles • Activity instance life-cycles • Work-item life-cycles 45

46. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 Process-‐instance life cycle 46 (may be extended to allow adaptation)

47. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 Process-‐instance state 47 When an instance is running it is in a particular state

48. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 Process-‐instance state 48 DCR Graphs can also represent instance state

52. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 AcFvity-‐instance life-‐cycle 52 Each individual activity has a life-cycle too

53. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 Human acFviFes 53 Enabled, human activities create work items to work lists Depends on actor assignment and organizational model

54. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 Work-‐item life-‐cycle 54

55. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 Summary • Process-aware Information Systems • Know the logic of the supported processes • Ensure ordering constraints are satisfied • Controls flow of data • Knows application services and work-items assigned to automated and human activities • Enables end-users to monitor and trace executions • Future:Allow run-time, verified adaptation 55

56. IT UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN IT and Business Process Modelling & Analysis (BIMF & DBMA) Thomas Hildebrandt, hilde@itu.dk BIMF/DBMA Lecture 1, January 26th, 2015 Exercises • Do exercise 2.1-2.4 in your groups and write down your answers. Use your own process examples or the one below 56