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Master\'s project presentation
- 1. The Impact of Appliance Efficiency on Building Energy Performance -Case Study for China-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city Hua Fan Environmental Economics and PolicyApril 8, 2010
- 2. Research Question Will improved appliance efficiency reduce energy use and cost? www.ir55.com www.voxhub.com
- 3. 350,000 residents Source: www.tianjinecocity.gov.sg
- 4. Source: Building and Environment Vol. 32 No. 4, 1997 Source: DOE
- 5. A complicated value chain… Source: WBCSD …with many stakeholders
- 6. eQUEST-theQUick Energy Simulation Tool Peak demand Utility bills Energy use Adapted from eQuest Introductory Tutorial
- 7. Mid-rise prototype High-rise prototype
- 10. Mid-rise prototype High-rise prototype Space Heating Annual steam use (MBTU) Space Cooling Annual electricity use (kWh)
- 11. Percentage Changes in Energy Consumption
- 12. Annual Energy Savings (MBTU) (MBTU)
- 13. Mid-rise prototype High-rise prototype Annual saving ($)
- 15. use less electricity for space cooling
- 18. Questions?
Editor's Notes
- Good morning, my name is Hua Fan, and welcome to my presentation. If you are interested energy efficient appliances and energy efficient buildings; or if you are interested in international projects in Asia, especially in the development of China, then you’ve come to the right place.
- My research question is: will improved appliance efficiency reduce energy use and cost? Well, that may seem pretty obvious. But what I’m interested in is the overall effect of energy efficient appliances. For my master’s project, I not only looked at the energy savings by reduced wattage of these efficient appliances, but also looked at their impact on space heating and space cooling. Now that may be a little confusing. But I’ll explain. (Click) (Click) Appliances generate waste heat when they are in use, which changes the microclimate in a building. The picture on the right is an infrared photo of a regular laptop, and you can actually see the heat giving off. More energy efficient appliances are supposed to generate less heat, and can increase energy demand for space heating in winter. But on the other hand, less waste heat can help reduce energy use for space cooling in summer. So there’s a tradeoff between energy use for heating and energy use for cooling, and my project is to evaluate the overall impact of appliance efficiency on building energy performance. Last summer, I did an internship with Rocky Mountain Institute Built Environment Team, which was working on a Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city project. And I was responsible for energy modeling of residential buildings.
- This Sino-Singapore Tianjin eco-city project is a demonstration of a partnership between China and Singapore to deal with global climate change, to conserve energy and natural resources, and to protect the eco-system. Tianjin is one of the biggest industrial cities on the east coast of China. (Click) The eco-city project site is located 25 miles away from downtown Tianjin. The first 500 apartments will be ready for people to move in by the end of this year. And in the next 15 to 20 years, (Click) 350 thousand people will move into this eco-city. My project focused on the appliances choices of the 350 thousand future residents, and looked at their potential impact on the residential building performance.
- Buildings use about 40% of total energy use in the world. And more than 80% of the energy use occurs in the daily use. Building energy use varies from sector to sector, region to region and climate to climate. The pie chart on the bottom right is the annual energy cost breakdown for the climate zone in Tianjin. We can see that most of the energy use goes to appliances, space heating and space cooling.
- (Click, click) There are many stakeholders in a building value chain, and the building users are at the end of the chain, but they may not be aware of the fact that their appliance choices can actually influence the energy performance of their apartments. If they choose to buy less efficient appliances, it may decrease the potential benefits of an energy efficient building. Now let’s take a look at my methodology.
- Because a building is a complicated system, I used a computer-based simulation program called eQUEST--“the Quick energy Simulation Tool”. It is capable of calculating the annual building energy use hour by hour based on observed annual weather data. eQUEST is one of the most commonly used energy analysis software in the building energy field. This graph gives you a sense of the inputs and outputs of my building models. The inputs include Building Site information and Weather Data; Building Shell, Structure, Materials, and Shades; Internal Loads is the focus of my MP, and it includes lighting, appliances and occupants usage schedule; Heating, ventilation and air conditioning system; and Utility Rates (for example, the electricity is 7 cents per kWh in Tianjin).The outputs of the simulation program include peak demand, monthly utility bills, and energy use breakdown, to name just a few. Next, I’ll quickly walk you through my modeling process.
- Firstly, I imported the architectural drawings into eQUEST. eQUEST allows modelers to import computer aided design (such as AutoCAD files) into the program to define building footprints. These are the outputs of the 3-D building footprints of my models. Then I imported weather data of Tianjin. I also had to tell eQUEST about the values of other variables, including building materials, HVAC types, appliance power density and an occupant usage schedule.
- I used the ASHRAE building codes. ASHRAE is the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers. This method is widely recognized in the international building energy efficiency field. Then I studied the Chinese energy efficiency standards for refrigerators, washing machines, television, computers and rice cookers. From the picture on the left, you can see that in China, Grade 1 means the most efficient appliances and Grade 5 means the least efficient ones. And then I picked the most common types and sizes for appliances, and calculated the appliance power density in watt per square foot, which are the eQUEST inputs.
- I also developed an occupant energy use schedule. People use home appliances differently on weekdays and on weekends. You can see there is a peak when people go home after work and turn on all the TVs and rice cookers. And there is another peak when people are watching TVs and surfing online at night. Then based on all the inputs I had prepared,
- I assumed five scenarios and ran five energy models. The first scenario was that people chose to use all Grade 1 appliances, the most efficient ones; and similarly, the other scenarios were people chose to use all Grade 2 appliances, Grade 3 appliances, and so on. The modeling results showed that if occupants chose to use more efficient appliances, people would need more steam for space heating in winter but less electricity for space cooling in summer. That’s because more efficient appliances generate less waste heat, which changes the microclimate in the buildings.
- To compare the percentage changes of energy use, I set the least efficient level--Grade 5, as a baseline. These graphs showed the percentage changes in energy consumption of space heating and space cooling. In the mid-rise building prototype, using Grade 1 appliances generated about 2% difference for both cooling and heating, compared to using Grade 5 appliances. In the high-rise building prototype, the energy saving for cooling was even greater, about 3%.
- Then I looked at the overall annual energy savings, and found that the reduced wattages by using more efficient appliances were still the major source of energy savings, which is the green space as you can see from these graphs.
- And how much money could people save each year? A mid-rise building could save about $430 every year, and a high-rise building can save about $1700 a year. And the whole eco-city can save about $1.2 million by improved appliance efficiency. The peak load would also be reduced due to the improved energy efficiency. That can also be beneficial to a power plant nearby the eco-city.