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Personality
Personality

•   Psychodynamic Perspective (Freud)
    o   Emphasizes sexuality and unconscious motives as root
        of personality

    o   Neurotic symptoms caused by psychological traumas
            •   Emotions resulting from trauma expressed indirectly
                via weak/vague behaviors that are meaningful
Personality

•   Psychodynamic Perspective (Freud)
    o   Free association often impaired by unconscious
        resistance

    o   Repressed thoughts/memories/impulses trigger anxiety
        when brought forth and are therefore continually
        pushed into unconscious
Personality
•   Three basic subsystems of personality – “The psyche”
           -   Id
                •   Most primitive portion of personality; reservoir of
                    sexual and aggressive energy; “pleasure principle”
           -   Superego
                •   Conscious parental voice; represents internalized
                    rules of parents/society (often conflicts with Id)
           -   Ego
                • Attempts to balance Id and Superego via “reality
                  principle”
Modules 30 and 31 PowerPoint Slides
Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development (Freud)
Personality

•   Defense mechanisms (Freud)
       o   Regression
       o   Projection
       o   Displacement
       o   Denial
       o   Sublimation
       o   Passive aggression
Modules 30 and 31 PowerPoint Slides
Personality
•   Jung
    o   Unconscious contains more than repressed thoughts
        and feelings (“collective unconscious”)
    o   Ego - Conscious component at center of individuality
    o   Persona - Social roles that influence behavior
    o   “Shadow” - Parts of self repressed by persona
    o   Anima/animus – Unconscious masculine/feminine traits
Modules 30 and 31 PowerPoint Slides
Personality

•   Humanistic Perspective (Rogers)
    o Central feature of personality is the self-concept
            •   If self-concept is +, we tend to act/perceive world as +
            •   If self-concept is –, we fall short of “ideal” self and feel
                dissatisfied and unhappy

    o   People are basically good and self-actualizing
            •   Criticisms?
Personality

•   Personality traits vs. states
        o   Trait = enduring/stable aspects of personality
        o   States = temporary/situationally induced
Personality

•   Trait Perspectives of Personality
    o   Eysenck’s 3-factor model
            • Extraversion – sociable, assertive, sensation-seeking
            • Neuroticism – tendencies toward anxiety or fear
            • Psychoticism – impulsivity, aggressive, antisocial


•   Personality assessment
         o   Observation (interviews)
         o   Personality inventories/surveys (MMPI)
         o   Projective tests (Rorschach, TAT)
Personality

•   Trait Perspectives of Personality (con’t)
        o   “Big 5 Model” includes Eysenck's traits of
            extroversion and neuroticism
            but expanded psychoticism

    o   O.C.E.A.N.
        o   Open to experiences
        o   Conscientiousness
        o   Extroversion
        o   Agreeableness
        o   Neuroticism
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

                            Clinical Scales of the MMPI
            Scale        Abbreviation        What it purports to measure

       Hypochondriasis       Hs              Concern with bodily functions
         Depression           D                 Pessimism, hopelessness
          Hysteria           Hy               Exaggeration of symptoms
        Psychopathy          Pd              Disregard for social standards
         Masculinity         Mf               Gender role-based interests
          Paranoia           Pa         Suspiciousness, delusions of persecution
        Psychasthenia         Pt            Guilt feelings, tendency to worry
        Schizophrenia         Sc              Bizarre thoughts, withdrawn
         Hypomania           Ma              Overactive, excited, impulsive
         Introversion         Si                   Shyness, inhibition
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

      Term                    Description
I   Introverted   Withdrawn from social interaction
E   Extraverted Seeks social interaction
S     Sensate     Perception-oriented to external cues
N    Intuitive    Perception-oriented to internal cues
T    Thinking     Judge according to logic/reason
F     Feeling     Judge according to emotion
J    Judging      Decisive, rigid
P   Perceptive    Flexible but indecisive
   ENFJ (Extroverted feeling with intuiting): Easy speakers, idealize their friends, make good parents, but have a
    tendency to allow themselves to be used. They make good therapists, teachers, executives, and salespeople.

   ENFP (Extroverted intuiting with feeling): These people love novelty and surprises, are big on emotions and
    expression. They also tend to feel self-conscious. They are good at sales, advertising, politics, and acting.

   ENTJ (Extroverted thinking with intuiting): In charge at home, expect a lot from spouses/kids, like organization and
    structure and tend to make good executives and administrators.

   ENTP (Extroverted intuiting with thinking): Lively, not humdrum. A little dangerous, especially economically.
    Good at analysis and make good entrepreneurs. They do tend to play “one-up-manship”.

   ESFJ (Extroverted feeling with sensing): Like harmony, have strong ‘shoulds’ and ‘should-nots’. May be
    dependent, first on parents and later on spouses, wear their hearts on their sleeves and excel in service occupations
    involving personal contact.

   ESFP (Extroverted sensing with feeling): Very generous and impulsive, have a low tolerance for anxiety. They
    make good performers, like public relations, and they love the phone. Tend to avoid scholarly pursuits, especially
    science.

   ESTJ (Extroverted thinking with sensing): Responsible mates and parents and are loyal to the workplace. They are
    realistic, down-to-earth, orderly, and love tradition.

   ESTP (Extroverted sensing with thinking): Action-oriented, often sophisticated, sometimes ruthless ("James
    Bond“). As mates, they are exciting and charming, but have trouble with commitment. They make good promoters
    and entrepreneurs.
   ISTJ (Introverted sensing with thinking): These are dependable pillars of strength. They often try to reform their
    mates and other people. They make good bank examiners, auditors, accountants, tax examiners, supervisors in
    libraries and hospitals, business, and phys. ed. teachers, etc.

   ISTP (Introverted thinking with sensing): These people are action-oriented and fearless, and crave excitement. They
    are impulsive and dangerous to stop. They often like tools, instruments, and weapons, and often become technical
    experts. They are not interested in communications and are often incorrectly diagnosed as dyslexic or hyperactive.
    They tend to do badly in school.

   INFJ (Introverted intuiting with feeling): Serious students and workers who want to contribute, are private and
    easily hurt. They make good spouses, but tend to be physically reserved. They make good therapists, ministers, and
    practitioners.

   INFP (Introverted feeling with intuiting): Idealistic, self-sacrificing, and somewhat cool or reserved. They are very
    family and home oriented, but don't relax well. Work in psychology, architecture, and religion, but rarely in
    business.

   INTJ (Introverted intuiting with thinking): The most independent of all types, love logic and ideas, and are drawn to
    scientific research.

   INTP (Introverted thinking with intuiting): Faithful, preoccupied, and forgetful, these are the bookworms. They are
    good at logic and math and make good philosophers and theoretical scientists, but not writers or salespeople.

   ISFJ (Introverted sensing with feeling): These people are service and work oriented. They may suffer from fatigue
    and tend to be attracted to troublemakers. They are good nurses, teachers, secretaries, general practitioners,
    librarians, middle managers, and housekeepers.

   ISFP (Introverted feeling with sensing): They are shy and retiring, are not talkative, but like sensuous action. They
    like painting, drawing, sculpting, composing, dancing -- the arts generally -- and they like nature. They are not big
    on commitment.
Personality

o   Social-Cognitive Perspective
    •   Reciprocal determinism (Bandura)
         o   Personality constructed via interactions of:
              1) Socio-environmental factors (modeling/conditioning)
              2) Internal cognitive factors (self-regulation; meta-cognition)
              3) Behavior (nature/frequency/intensity of action)

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Modules 30 and 31 PowerPoint Slides

  • 2. Personality • Psychodynamic Perspective (Freud) o Emphasizes sexuality and unconscious motives as root of personality o Neurotic symptoms caused by psychological traumas • Emotions resulting from trauma expressed indirectly via weak/vague behaviors that are meaningful
  • 3. Personality • Psychodynamic Perspective (Freud) o Free association often impaired by unconscious resistance o Repressed thoughts/memories/impulses trigger anxiety when brought forth and are therefore continually pushed into unconscious
  • 4. Personality • Three basic subsystems of personality – “The psyche” - Id • Most primitive portion of personality; reservoir of sexual and aggressive energy; “pleasure principle” - Superego • Conscious parental voice; represents internalized rules of parents/society (often conflicts with Id) - Ego • Attempts to balance Id and Superego via “reality principle”
  • 6. Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development (Freud)
  • 7. Personality • Defense mechanisms (Freud) o Regression o Projection o Displacement o Denial o Sublimation o Passive aggression
  • 9. Personality • Jung o Unconscious contains more than repressed thoughts and feelings (“collective unconscious”) o Ego - Conscious component at center of individuality o Persona - Social roles that influence behavior o “Shadow” - Parts of self repressed by persona o Anima/animus – Unconscious masculine/feminine traits
  • 11. Personality • Humanistic Perspective (Rogers) o Central feature of personality is the self-concept • If self-concept is +, we tend to act/perceive world as + • If self-concept is –, we fall short of “ideal” self and feel dissatisfied and unhappy o People are basically good and self-actualizing • Criticisms?
  • 12. Personality • Personality traits vs. states o Trait = enduring/stable aspects of personality o States = temporary/situationally induced
  • 13. Personality • Trait Perspectives of Personality o Eysenck’s 3-factor model • Extraversion – sociable, assertive, sensation-seeking • Neuroticism – tendencies toward anxiety or fear • Psychoticism – impulsivity, aggressive, antisocial • Personality assessment o Observation (interviews) o Personality inventories/surveys (MMPI) o Projective tests (Rorschach, TAT)
  • 14. Personality • Trait Perspectives of Personality (con’t) o “Big 5 Model” includes Eysenck's traits of extroversion and neuroticism but expanded psychoticism o O.C.E.A.N. o Open to experiences o Conscientiousness o Extroversion o Agreeableness o Neuroticism
  • 15. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Clinical Scales of the MMPI Scale Abbreviation What it purports to measure Hypochondriasis Hs Concern with bodily functions Depression D Pessimism, hopelessness Hysteria Hy Exaggeration of symptoms Psychopathy Pd Disregard for social standards Masculinity Mf Gender role-based interests Paranoia Pa Suspiciousness, delusions of persecution Psychasthenia Pt Guilt feelings, tendency to worry Schizophrenia Sc Bizarre thoughts, withdrawn Hypomania Ma Overactive, excited, impulsive Introversion Si Shyness, inhibition
  • 16. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) Term Description I Introverted Withdrawn from social interaction E Extraverted Seeks social interaction S Sensate Perception-oriented to external cues N Intuitive Perception-oriented to internal cues T Thinking Judge according to logic/reason F Feeling Judge according to emotion J Judging Decisive, rigid P Perceptive Flexible but indecisive
  • 17. ENFJ (Extroverted feeling with intuiting): Easy speakers, idealize their friends, make good parents, but have a tendency to allow themselves to be used. They make good therapists, teachers, executives, and salespeople.  ENFP (Extroverted intuiting with feeling): These people love novelty and surprises, are big on emotions and expression. They also tend to feel self-conscious. They are good at sales, advertising, politics, and acting.  ENTJ (Extroverted thinking with intuiting): In charge at home, expect a lot from spouses/kids, like organization and structure and tend to make good executives and administrators.  ENTP (Extroverted intuiting with thinking): Lively, not humdrum. A little dangerous, especially economically. Good at analysis and make good entrepreneurs. They do tend to play “one-up-manship”.  ESFJ (Extroverted feeling with sensing): Like harmony, have strong ‘shoulds’ and ‘should-nots’. May be dependent, first on parents and later on spouses, wear their hearts on their sleeves and excel in service occupations involving personal contact.  ESFP (Extroverted sensing with feeling): Very generous and impulsive, have a low tolerance for anxiety. They make good performers, like public relations, and they love the phone. Tend to avoid scholarly pursuits, especially science.  ESTJ (Extroverted thinking with sensing): Responsible mates and parents and are loyal to the workplace. They are realistic, down-to-earth, orderly, and love tradition.  ESTP (Extroverted sensing with thinking): Action-oriented, often sophisticated, sometimes ruthless ("James Bond“). As mates, they are exciting and charming, but have trouble with commitment. They make good promoters and entrepreneurs.
  • 18. ISTJ (Introverted sensing with thinking): These are dependable pillars of strength. They often try to reform their mates and other people. They make good bank examiners, auditors, accountants, tax examiners, supervisors in libraries and hospitals, business, and phys. ed. teachers, etc.  ISTP (Introverted thinking with sensing): These people are action-oriented and fearless, and crave excitement. They are impulsive and dangerous to stop. They often like tools, instruments, and weapons, and often become technical experts. They are not interested in communications and are often incorrectly diagnosed as dyslexic or hyperactive. They tend to do badly in school.  INFJ (Introverted intuiting with feeling): Serious students and workers who want to contribute, are private and easily hurt. They make good spouses, but tend to be physically reserved. They make good therapists, ministers, and practitioners.  INFP (Introverted feeling with intuiting): Idealistic, self-sacrificing, and somewhat cool or reserved. They are very family and home oriented, but don't relax well. Work in psychology, architecture, and religion, but rarely in business.  INTJ (Introverted intuiting with thinking): The most independent of all types, love logic and ideas, and are drawn to scientific research.  INTP (Introverted thinking with intuiting): Faithful, preoccupied, and forgetful, these are the bookworms. They are good at logic and math and make good philosophers and theoretical scientists, but not writers or salespeople.  ISFJ (Introverted sensing with feeling): These people are service and work oriented. They may suffer from fatigue and tend to be attracted to troublemakers. They are good nurses, teachers, secretaries, general practitioners, librarians, middle managers, and housekeepers.  ISFP (Introverted feeling with sensing): They are shy and retiring, are not talkative, but like sensuous action. They like painting, drawing, sculpting, composing, dancing -- the arts generally -- and they like nature. They are not big on commitment.
  • 19. Personality o Social-Cognitive Perspective • Reciprocal determinism (Bandura) o Personality constructed via interactions of: 1) Socio-environmental factors (modeling/conditioning) 2) Internal cognitive factors (self-regulation; meta-cognition) 3) Behavior (nature/frequency/intensity of action)