1. Temperature and Pressure Transmitters 2. Level Measurements 3. Flow Measurements

1. Temperature
Measurement
Programmable Logic
Control
Pressure
Measurement
SCADA
Tank gauging
Measurement
Profi – Bus
DCS
ASI Protocol Flow
Measurement

3. Pressure
Te m p e r a t u r e
Ta n k G a u g i n g
Measurement
Flow
Metering Systems

4. Pressure

5. Pressure - Definition
Pressure is the FORCE per Unit AREA
F
P    gh
A
Pressure is Directly proportional to the Material (Liquid – Gas)
Density & Height in the Storage Container

6. Pressure - Definition
Pressure Measurement
WHY ?? HOW
Pressure
Pressure is measured for Measuring Device
the following:
Level Pressure Pressure
Transducer Transmitter
Flow Element that Element that
converts the converts the
pressure into
Checks Mechanical
value to
4-20mA
Electric Signal
Value

7. Pressure - Definition
Pressure
REFRENCEs
Absolute Gage Differential

8. Pressure - Indicators
Pressure
Indicators
Bourdon Diaphragm
Tube Gage
Pigtail
Siphon

9. Pressure - Indicators
Bourdon
Tu b e
Consist of a Bent Oval Tube
• One End connected to the PROCESS PRESSURE
• The other End to the Mechanism
operating the POINTER
As the pressure
increase the Tube tend
to become CIRCULAR
from OVAL
This movement is
detected by the
POINTER MECHANISM

10. Pressure - Indicators
NO PRESSURE
Diaphragm
G a g e
The Diaphragm is EXPOSED to the DIAPHRAGM NO PRESSURE
PROCES RESSURE
This will make the Diaphragm to 15 psig
BEND Over
This bending is detected by the pointer DIAPHRAGM 15 psig
mechanism which detects the pressure PROCESS
PRESSURE
Diaphragm
PRESSURE

11. Pressure - Indicators
P i g - Ta i l
Siphon
This INDICATOR usually used in measuring the STEAM Pressure
The Oval Path is for:
• Condensing the vapor
to insure that the steam
wont reach the measuring
Element.
• Isolating the HOT VAPORS
from the measuring
elements

12. Pressure - Switch
Pressure
Switch
Monitoring Take Action due to the
Pressure Measured Pressure

13. Pressure - Switch
Pressure Pressure Measuring Device Element
Consist of
Switch Electrical System or Contact
WHEN
The Pressure reaches a certain Limit  the Switch sends an Electrical Signal
indicating that the Pressure reached a certain Limit.
WHY ??
This Electrical Signal is sent to a RELAY or PLC input to START/STOP an operating
Equipment ( PUMP – ALARM – VALVE – PROCESS )
PRESSURE RELAY ELECTRIC
SWITCH SOURCES
ELECTRIC
EQUIPMENT
PROCESS
I.O. PUMP
PRESSURE
ANNUNCIATOR

14. P r e s s u r e - Tr a n s m i t t e r
Pressure
Transmitter
Capacitance Piezoelectric
Differential

15. P r e s s u r e - Tr a n s m i t t e r
Capacitance
P r e s s u r e Tr a n s m i t t e r
oA
C 
d
The process pressure actives 2 Diaphragms &
these 2 diaphragms acts as 2 Plate Capacitors
When the pressure occur  the diaphragm d
will bend over causing that the space (d) to
increase .
The thing will affect the capacitance
The capacitance value is measured by
electronic circuits to represent the pressure

16. P r e s s u r e - Tr a n s m i t t e r
Piezoelectric
P r e s s u r e Tr a n s m i t t e r
Is a material that :
• Generates Voltage when exposed to Pressure
• Generates Pressure (Vibration) when exposed to
Voltage
The Piezoelectric Pressure Indicator
When applied to process pressure  this affect a diaphragm that apply a FORCE to
a Piezoelectric Material.
The Piezoelectric material produces a voltage corresponding to the applied force

17. P r e s s u r e - Tr a n s m i t t e r
Differential
P r e s s u r e Tr a n s m i t t e r
Is a device that compares
between 2 input pressures
and sends the NET pressure
 P  P1  P2

18. Pressure
Te m p e r a t u r e
Ta n k G a u g i n g
Measurement
Flow
Metering Systems

19. Te m p e r a t u r e

20. Te m p e r a t u r e - D e f i n i t i o n
Units of Measurements
• Fahrenheit scale
• Celsius scale
• Kelvin (used mainly for scientific work)
Conversions
9
F  (C * )  32
5
C  K  273 . 15
Temperature Elements usually saved in a THERMOWELL
To protect the element – since its FRAGILE
The THERMOWELL is not required in some applications
• Internal of some EQUIPMENTS
• Bearings

21. Te m p e r a t u r e - D e f i n i t i o n
Temperature
WHY Measurement HOW
??
Temperature is measured
Te m p e r a t u r e
at the following: Measuring Device
Boilers
Temperature
Transducer Temperature
Tanks Transmitter
Element that
converts the Element that
Pumps Bearings temperature converts the
into value to
Mechanical 4-20mA
… etc or Electric Signal
Value

22. Te m p e r a t u r e - I n d i c a t o r s
Te m p e r a t u r e
Indicators
Resistance
Thermocouple Temperature
Detector

23. Te m p e r a t u r e - I n d i c a t o r s
Thermocouple
2 Metals 2 Junctions
Immersed in a Liquid and
1 Reference Junction
Immersed in ICE or left in AIR
N
T  
n
a nV
n0
Advantages Disadvantages
Self Powered Non-Linear output
Shock Resistance Low Voltage
Inexpensive Require a Reference Junction
They Provide fast Response (in Seconds) LOW Sensitivity & Accuracy

24. Te m p e r a t u r e - I n d i c a t o r s
Resistance
Temperature Detector
Pure Metals will produce an
Increase in Resistance
Increase in Temperature

 To 
 
 T 
R (T )  R o T
q
exp
T  Temperature Most Known Example is
PT100
Ro - To  Material Parameters ((Constants))
Material got an Electrical
ρ  = 0.5 ((Coefficient for fine tuning & calibration)) Resistance Coefficient = 100Ω
at ZERO Celsius

25. Te m p e r a t u r e - I n d i c a t o r s
Resistance
Temperature Detector
How
it WORKs
2-Wire Connection 3-Wire Connection
4-Wire Connection

26. Te m p e r a t u r e - I n d i c a t o r s
Resistance
Temperature Detector
Advantages Disadvantages
Most Stable
Expensive
Most Accurate
Require Current source
Sensitive
Have Limited Temperature Range
Linear
Accuracy Varies with Temperature
Require no REFERENCE
When to use ??
According to some Factors such as:
Temperature Time Accuracy Size
Very Fast Response
Ranges of: (RTD)  Frictions of Tolerance of:
Tight Places  RTD
Sec. 2 Celsius Or greater 
-200 – 500 Celsius (RTD) Thermocouple
Larger Range
Large Places 
Larger Range (Thermocouple)  Less than 2 Celsius 
Thermocouples
(Thermocouple) Sec. RTD

27. Pressure
Te m p e r a t u r e
Ta n k G a u g i n g
Measurement
Flow
Metering Systems

28. Ta n k G a u g i n g
Measurement

29. Ta n k M e a s u r e m e n t - D e f i n i t i o n
Ta n k M e a s u r e m e n t s
We deal with …
Level Measurements Temperature Measurements
Sopot
Automatic Tank Gauging
MRT
Radar Tank Gauging
MTT

30. Ta n k M e a s u r e m e n t - AT G
Automatic TERMINAL COMP.
Ta n k G a u g i n g
DRUM
Electronics HOUSING
ELECTRONIC
Drum COMPARTMENT
Housing
XPU Consist of:
SPU
Option 1. Floating Displacer
F Power 2. Drum + Stepper Motor
B 3. Force Transducer
4. Electronics
W

31. Ta n k M e a s u r e m e n t - AT G
Floating
Displacer

32. Ta n k M e a s u r e m e n t - AT G
Theory
of Operation
The displacer is placed into the Container on the Liquid surface
The cable holding the displacer got a specific Tension detected & measured by the
Force Transducers
DRUM MOTOR
If the Liquid level go UP & DOWN
This tension differs than Specific Value
WEIGHT MOTOR
Here the Micro-Processor takes the FORCE MEAS CONTROL
TRANSD
decision to start Rotating the Stepper UCER
Motor Connecting to the DRUM to move CONTROL ELECT.
the displacer upward or downward till the
force transducer measures the specific
value APPARENT WEIGHT
Numbers of Revolutions done by the
stepper motor is equivalent to the level

33. Ta n k M e a s u r e m e n t - R T G
R A D A R
Ta n k G a u g i n g
Radar is an excellent technology to locate 'invisible' objects
distance of object is located using radio waves
Level measurement is distance
measurement radar technology is
adapted for accurate level measurement
inside storage tanks

34. Ta n k M e a s u r e m e n t - R T G
Principles
of pulse Radar
Elapsed time Dt is measured
 a m p l.
Time Dt = 2d / C
Example
Dt = 50 ms
d = ½ · 50·10-6 · 3·108 = 7500 m
 t
Conclusion t
pulse radar is not suitable for high accuracy on short
distances
antenna
 f
object
oscillator detector
 t
t
t distance d

35. Ta n k M e a s u r e m e n t - R T G
Introduction
Saab TankRadar is a powerful radar level gauge suitable for non-contact level
measurements in process tanks, storage tanks and other types of tanks.
The modular hardware and software design makes it possible to specify a
TankRadar Pro gauge that will meet your requirements.
It can be used as a stand-alone unit, or it can be connected to various control
systems.
You can integrate TankRadar Pro in your own Local Area Network (LAN).
By using the Saab TRL/2 Bus interface you can easily connect Pro gauges to a
Saab TankRadar L/2 supervisory system.

36. Ta n k M e a s u r e m e n t - R T G

37. Ta n k M e a s u r e m e n t - R T G
Integrated
Tank Gauging System

38. Ta n k M e a s u r e m e n t - Te m p e r a t u r e
Ta n k
Te m p e r a t u r e Temperature Measurement
Elements
Spot MRT MTT
Un
Rt Tn
R0......R11 Rt
+ low cost + aver. prod. temp. + aver. prod. temp.
+ simple & + vapour temp. + vapour temp.
reliable ++ sturdy & reliable
++ temp. profile

39. Ta n k M e a s u r e m e n t - Te m p e r a t u r e
MTT
Construction

40. Ta n k M e a s u r e m e n t - Te m p e r a t u r e
MT T V. S MRT
MRT MTT
0.5 C 0.1 C
i
level
area not measured by MRT
0.2 C 0.1 C

41. Pressure
Te m p e r a t u r e
Ta n k G a u g i n g
Measurement
Flow
Metering Systems

42. Flow
Metering Systems

43. Turbine
Meters

44. Tu r b i n e M e t e r s - C o n s t r u c t i o n
Meter
C o n st r u c t i o n
A Rotor attached to:
Bearing
&
Shaft

45. Tu r b i n e M e t e r s - C o n s t r u c t i o n
Rotor
Consist of a group of Blades fixed at a
specific angle causing rotation when the
fluid stream
For
Less than 6” Larger Meters
Meter Types Types
Rimmed Rotors
Open Bladed
WHY?
made of
To increase the
PULSE resolution
Stainless Steel
by adding more
Or
detection points
Ferro Magnetic
per rotor
Material
revolution

46. Tu r b i n e M e t e r s - C o n s t r u c t i o n
Bearing
is a Hard Surface Journal
Good Bearing is IMPORTANT
Why ??
Long Service Life
Good Repeatability
Good Accuracy

47. Tu r b i n e M e t e r s – P u l s e C o u n t e r
Counting Pulses
Coil
Many thousands turns of fine wire
wrapped around a ferromagnetic material
The rotor rotates due to flow & the Coil + Magnet
counts the magnetic buttons & send these pluses to
the AMPLIFIER to amplify the signal…

48. Tu r b i n e M e t e r s
M ete r
Performance Curve

49. Tu r b i n e M e t e r s
Factors
Affecting Meter Accuracy
Cavitations  
Velocity Profile
  &
Swirl

50. Tu r b i n e M e t e r s
Flow
Conditioning

51. Tu r b i n e M e t e r s
Ty p i c a l
Metering Line
Pressure
Relief
Control
Valve
Turbine Valve
Inlet Outlet
Meter
Valve P T Valve
Strainer & Air
Separator
Prover
Valve

52. PD
Meters

53. PD Meters
Vo l u m e
Measurement Principles
PD Meters Directly Measure Volume by
Counting Rotor Revolutions
F u n c t i o n
Of Measuring Element
• Measure Liquid Volume
• Produce Torque to Drive Meter
Accessories

54. PD Meters
F LO W
Profile

55. PD Meters
F LO W
Profile

56. PD Meters
F LO W
Profile

57. PD Meters
F LO W
Profile

58. PD Meters
P D M e t e r
Inner Mechanism
Rotor Gear
Shaft
Extended
Blade
Retracting
Blade
Measuring
Chamber
Rotor
Inner mechanism
Housing